Strength of Materials

2nd Stage
2023-2024 (1st Semester)
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar H. Jasim
Ch. 4: Shear and Moment Diagrams in Beams
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss how to establish shear and moment diagrams for a beam
2. Determine largest shear and moment in a member, and specify where they occur

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Shear and Moment Diagrams by Section Method
3. Graphical Method (Area Method) for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagrams

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
4.1 Introduction
• Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular (transverse)
to their longitudinal axis are called beams.

• Transverse loads or lateral loads: Forces or moments having their vectors perpendicular to
the axis of the bar.
• (A slender member is one whose length is much greater than its cross-sectional
dimensions.)
• In general, beams are long, straight bars having a constant cross-sectional area.
• Beams are considered among the most important of all structural elements. They are used to
support the floor of a building, the deck of a bridge, or the wing of an aircraft.
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
• Often, Beams are classified as to how they are supported:
1. simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller supported
at the other,
2. cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the other, and
3. overhanging beam has one or both of its ends freely extended
over the supports.

• In most cases, the loads are perpendicular to the axis of the beam.
Such a transverse loading causes only BENDING and SHEAR in
the beam. When the loads are not at a right angle to the beam, they
also produce axial force in the beam

BENDING Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim SHEAR

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
• Beam can be subjected to:
1. Concentrated Loads
2. Couple
3. Distributed Loads
• Uniformly distributed
• Linearly varying

• Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they involve only three unknowns.
Otherwise, they are statically indeterminate.

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams

• BEAM’S REACTION

• If a support prevents translation of a body in a particular direction, then

the support exerts a force on the body in that direction.

• Determined using ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0 and ΣM = 0

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
4.2 Shear & Moment Diagrams (By Section Method)
• When a beam is subjected to transverse loads, the internal forces in any section of the beam
will generally consist of a shear force V and a bending couple M.

• In order to properly design a beam it therefore becomes necessary to determine the

maximum shear and moment in the beam.
• Express V and M as functions of arbitrary position x along axis.
• These functions can be represented Lecturer:
by graphs called shear and moment diagrams
Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
• Shear Diagram: This shows how the internal shear force (in the transverse direction) varies
along the beam.
• Moment Diagram: This shows how the internal bending moment varies along the beam.
• If numerical values are positive, values are plotted above axis, otherwise, negative values
are plotted below axis.
• Engineers need to know the variation of shear and moment along the beam to know where
to reinforce it.
• In general, the internal shear and moment functions of x will be discontinuous, or their
slope will be discontinuous, at points where a distributed loads changes or where
concentrated forces or couple moments are applied.
• Because of this, the shear and moment functions must be determined for each region of the
beam between any two discontinuities of loading.

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams

Shear & Moment Sign Convention

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.1: Draw shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD) by
section method
Solution:

Segment AB 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2

SFD

Segment BC L/2 ≤ x ≤ L

BMD
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
 CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
SAMPLE PROBLEM
If P = 20 kN and L = 6 m, draw the SFD and BMD for the beam.
Solution:

20kN
Segment AB 0 ≤ x ≤ 3

𝑓𝑦 =0 : 10 – V =0 : V=10 kN 10kN 10kN

𝑀𝑂 =0: M - 10 (X) =0 : M=10 X 10kN

10kN
SFD (kN)
Segment AB 3≤ x ≤ 6 10kN

20kN 𝑓𝑦 =0: 10 – 20 - V =0 : V= - 10 kN
30kN.M
3m
𝑀𝑂 =0: M - 10 (X) + 20 (X-3) = 0
M=60-10 X BMD (kN)
10kN
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.2: Draw shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD) by
section method
Solution:

SFD

BMD

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
SAMPLE PROBLEM L If W = 5 kN/m and L = 3 m, draw the SFD and BMD for the beam.
Solution:

7.5 KN

SFD
-7.5 KN

5.625
BMD

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.3:
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown
Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.3

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.4: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the overhanging beam.

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.4:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Important points
1- Simply-Supported Beam under a Point Load (Concentrated Load) at mid-span
𝐏 𝐏𝐋
𝐕𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐌𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟒

2- Simply-Supported Beam; Uniformly Distributed Load

𝐰𝐋 𝐰 𝐋𝟐
𝐕𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐌𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟖

Bending stress at neutral axis (NA) =zero

Shear stress at neutral axis (NA) =maximum

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
4.3 Graphical Method (Area Method) for Constructing Shear and Moment
Diagrams
• CASE 1 Shear and bending diagrams:
Regions with Concentrated Force and Moment

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
• The slope of moment diagram =The shear diagram
• If the slope Positive , The shear diagram Positive
• The slope of shear diagram = zero (when w=0)

• The moment diagram linear =The area of shear diagram

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
• CASE 2 Shear and bending diagrams:
Regions with Distributed Load

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.5: Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams by the area method.

Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.6: Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams by the area method.

Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.7: Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams by the area method.

Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.8: Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams by the area method.

Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
PROBLEM 4.9: Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams by the area method.

Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam.
Solution:

(a) =0 – (-14)= +14

(b) = 14-0= 14
(c) =14-(+30)= -16
(d) -16 – 0 = -16

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:

(e) MA = 0 (there is no couple applied at A).

(f) =0 + (+56) = 56
(g) = 56+ (-48) = 8
(h) = 8 + (+40) = 48
(i) ME = 0 (these is no couple applied at E

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Problems: Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagrams for the
following beams.

(A) (B)

(D)
(C) Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Problems: Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagrams for the
following beams.

(E) (F)

(G) (H)
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
The beam shown below is supported by a pin at A and roller at B. Calculate the reactions at
both supports due to the loading.
Draw the free body diagram:
ΣMB = 0

RAy = 33.3 kN

ΣFy = 0

RBy = 26.7 kN

ΣFx = 0 RAx = 0

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
Determine the reactions at support A and B for the overhanging beam subjected to the
loading as shown.
Draw the free body diagram:
ΣMA = 0

RBy = 61.07 kN

ΣFy = 0

RAy = 3.93 kN

ΣFx = 0 RAx = 0
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
A cantilever beam is loaded as shown. Determine all reactions at support A.
Draw the free body diagram:
ΣFx = 0

– RAx = 16 kN

ΣFy = 0

RAy = 17 kN

ΣMA = 0

MA = 66.3 kNm
Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim
CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
Draw shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD) by section method
Solution:

SFD

BMD

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams by the area method.

Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim

CH 4: Shear and Moment in Beams
Extra Solved Problem:
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam.
Solution:

Lecturer: Mr. Hawar Hassan Jasim