B5860

Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

Course Lead & Course Instructor:

Dr. Praveen Oggu
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Kacharam, Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501218, Telangana, India
 Seismic-resistant building architecture
• Introduction

• Lateral load resisting systems – moment resisting frame, building with shear wall or bearing
wall system, building with dual system

• Building configuration – Problems and solutions

• Building characteristics – Mode shape and fundamental period, building frequency and
ground period, damping, ductility, seismic weight, hyperstability/ redundancy, non-structural
elements.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 2

What are the Seismic Effects on Structures?
• Inertia Forces in Structures
• Effect of Deformations in Structures

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 3

What are the Seismic Effects on Structures?
• Horizontal and Vertical Shaking
• Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundations

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 4

How Architectural Features Affect Seismic
Resistance of Structures?
• Size of Buildings
• Horizontal Layout of Buildings
• Vertical Layout of Buildings
• Adjacency of Buildings

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 5

Size of Buildings
• In tall buildings with large height-to-base
size ratio (Figure a), the horizontal
movement of the floors during ground
shaking is large.
• In short but very long buildings (Figure b),
the damaging effects during earthquake
shaking are many.
• In buildings with large plan area like
warehouses (Figure c), the horizontal
seismic forces can be excessive to be
carried by columns and walls.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 6

Horizontal Layout of Buildings
• In general, buildings with simple geometry
in plan (Fig.a) have performed well during
strong earthquakes.
• Buildings with re-entrant corners, like
those U, V, H and + shaped in plan (as
illustrated in Fig.b), have sustained
significant damage.
• Frequently, the bad effects of interior
corners in the plan of buildings can be
avoided by making the buildings in two
parts.
• For instance, an L-shaped plan can be
broken up into two rectangular plan
shapes using a separation joint at the
junction (Fig.c).

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 7

Vertical Layout of Buildings

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 8

Adjacency of Buildings
• When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other during
strong shaking.
• With increase in building height, this collision can be a greater problem.
• When building heights do not match, the roof of the shorter building may pound at
the mid-height of the column of the taller one; this can be very dangerous.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 9

Oscillations of Flexible Buildings
• When the ground shakes, the base of a building
moves with the ground, and the building swings
back-and-forth.
• If the building were rigid, then every point in it
would move by the same amount as the ground.
• But, most buildings are flexible, and different
parts move back-and-forth by different
amounts.
• Fundamental natural period T is an inherent
property of a building. Any alterations made to
the building will change its T.
• Fundamental natural periods T of normal single
storey to 20 storey buildings are usually in the
range 0.05-2.00 sec.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 10

How do Earthquakes Affect Reinforced Concrete
Buildings?
• A typical RC building is made of horizontal
members (beams and slabs) and vertical
members (columns and walls), and supported by
foundations that rest on ground.
• The system comprising of RC columns and
connecting beams is called a RC Frame.
• These forces travel downwards - through slab
and beams to columns and walls, and then to the
foundations from where they are dispersed to the
ground.
• As inertia forces accumulate downwards from the
top of the building, the columns and walls at
lower storeys experience higher earthquake-
induced forces and are therefore designed to be
stronger than those in storeys above.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 11

Strength Hierarchy
• For a building to remain safe during earthquake
shaking, columns (which receive forces from beams)
should be stronger than beams, and foundations
(which receive forces from columns) should be
stronger than columns.
• Further, connections between beams & columns and
columns & foundations should not fail so that beams
can safely transfer forces to columns and columns to
foundations.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 12

Earthquake behaviour of buildings

Four virtues:
• Configuration
• Stiffness
• Strength
• Ductility

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 13

Structural Systems
• Using an appropriate structural system is critical to good seismic performance of
buildings.

• While moment-frame is the most commonly used lateral load resisting structural
system, other structural systems also are commonly used like structural walls, frame-
wall system, and braced-frame system.

• Sometimes, even more redundant structural systems are necessary, e.g., Tube, Tube-in-
Tube and Bundled Tube systems are required in many buildings to improve their
earthquake behaviour.

• These structural systems are used depending on the size, loading, and other design
requirements of the building.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 14

Structural Systems

(a) moment-frame (b) structural wall (c) braced-frame

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 15

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 16
Beam and Column behaviour
Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 17
Shear and Flexure behaviour of structure

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 18

Natural Period
• Natural Period Tn of a building is the time taken by it to undergo one complete cycle of
oscillation.

• It is an inherent property of a building controlled by its mass m and stiffness k.

• Buildings that are heavy (with larger mass m) and flexible (with smaller stiffness k) have
larger natural period than light and stiff buildings.

• When a building oscillates, there is an associated shape of oscillation.

• The reciprocal (1/Tn) of natural period of a building is called the Natural Frequency fn.

• The building offers least resistance when shaken at its natural frequency (or natural
period), and it undergoes larger oscillation when shaken at its natural frequency than at
other frequencies.
Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 19
Fundamental Natural Period of Building
• Every building has a number of natural frequencies, at which it offers minimum
resistance to shaking induced by external effects (like earthquakes and wind) and
internal effects (like motors fixed on it).

• Each of these natural frequencies and the associated deformation shape of a building
constitute a Natural Mode of Oscillation.

• The mode of oscillation with the smallest natural frequency (and largest natural period)
is called the Fundamental Mode; the associated natural period T1 is called the
Fundamental Natural Period and the associated natural frequency f1 the Fundamental
Natural Frequency.

• In reality, the number of natural modes of a building is infinity.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 20

Fundamental Natural Period of Building

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 21

Mode Shape
• Mode shape of oscillation associated with a natural period of a building is the
deformed shape of the building when shaken at the natural period.

• Hence, a building has as many mode shapes as the number of natural periods. For a
building, there are infinite numbers of natural period.

• But, in the mathematical modeling of building, usually the building is discretised into a
number of elements. The junctions of these elements are called nodes.

• Each node is free to translate in all the three Cartesian directions and rotate about the
three Cartesian axes.

• Hence, if the number of nodes of discretisation is N, then there would be 6N modes of

oscillation, and associated with these are 6N natural periods and mode shapes of
oscillation.
Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 22
Fundamental Mode Shape
• The deformed shape of the building associated with oscillation at fundamental natural
period is termed its first mode shape.

• Similarly, the deformed shapes associated with oscillations at second, third, and other
higher natural periods are called second mode shape, third mode shape, and so on,
respectively.

• There are three basic modes of oscillation, namely, pure translational along X-direction,
pure translational along Y-direction and pure rotation about Z-axis (Figure 2.15).
Regular buildings have these pure mode shapes.

• The overall response of a building is the sum of the responses of all of its modes.

• The contributions of different modes of oscillation vary; usually, contributions of some

modes dominate.
Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 23
 Mode Shapes of Building

Translational and Rotational Modes

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 24

Mode Shapes of Building

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 25

Factors influencing Mode Shapes
Mode shapes of buildings depend on overall geometry of building, geometric and
material properties of structural members, and connections between the structural
members and the ground at the base of the building.

• Effect of Flexural Stiffness of Structural Elements

• Effect of Axial Stiffness of Vertical Members

• Effect of Degree of Fixity at Member Ends

• Effect of Building Height

• Effect of Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls in RC Frames

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 26

Damping
• Buildings set to oscillation by earthquake shaking eventually come back to rest with
time.

• This is due to dissipation of the oscillatory energy through conversion to other forms of
energy, like heat and sound.

• The mechanism of this conversion is called damping. In normal ambient shaking of

building, many factors impede its motion, e.g., drag from air resistance around the
building, microcracking of concrete in the structural members, and friction between
various interfaces in the building (like masonry infill walls and RC beams and columns).
This damping is called structural damping.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 27

Damping
• But, under strong earthquake shaking, buildings are damaged. Here, reinforcement
bars and concrete of the RC buildings enter nonlinear range of material behaviour. The
damping that arises from these inelastic actions is called hysteretic damping; this
further dampens oscillations of the building.

• Modeling damping mathematically is a major challenge; many models were proposed,

e.g., friction damping, viscous damping and hysteretic damping. Of these, design
practice uses the mathematically simplest of them, namely viscous damping.

• Damping is expressed as a fraction of the critical damping (which is the minimum value
of damping at which the building gradually comes to rest from any one side of its
neutral position without undergoing any oscillation).

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 28

Damping
• Damping is said to be different for different natural modes of oscillation of a building.

• Indian seismic codes recommends the use of 5% damping for all natural modes of
oscillation of reinforced concrete buildings, and 2% for steel structures.

Effect of damping: Amplitude of oscillation reduces with increase in damping

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 29
Ductility
• Ductility of a building is its capacity to accommodate large lateral deformations along
the height.

• It is quantified as the ratio μ of maximum deformation Δmax that can be sustained just
prior to collapse (or failure, or significant loss of strength) to the yield deformation Δy.

• A ductile building exhibits large inelastic deformation capacity without significant loss
of strength capacity.

• The state of the building prior to collapse or at failure is called the plastic condition of
the building.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 30

Ductility
• This property of a building, namely ductility, makes it possible to design it for only a
fraction of the forces that are induced in the building, if it were to remain elastic all
through, because the loading imposed by earthquake shaking is displacement-
controlled.

• In a ductile building, the structural members and the materials used therein can stably
withstand inelastic actions without collapse and undue loss of strength at deformation
levels well beyond the elastic limit.

• Ductility helps in dissipating input earthquake energy through hysteretic behaviour.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 31

Ductility at different levels
• Earthquake-resistant design of buildings relies heavily on ductility for accommodating
the imposed displacement loading on the structure.

• Overall ductility of a building is realized through ductility at different levels, namely

structural or global, member, section and material levels.

• Good material ductility helps in achieving better section ductility, which, in turn, helps
in achieving improved member ductility.

• And, global ductility depends on all three of them - member, section and material
ductility.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 32

 Ductility

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 33

Utilising inelastic capacity

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE 34

Material ductility/non-linearity

Concrete

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE

Steel 35
Section ductility/non-linearity

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE 36

Section ductility/non-linearity

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE 37

Member ductility/non-linearity

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE 38

 Seismic Weight
The Seismic Weight of each floor is the self weight of all members
associated with that particular floor.

Self Weight of Structure

Applied Loads

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 39

 Hyperstability or Redundancy
• A redundant or indeterminate structure has more structure than is absolutely necessary.

• So, if some part of the structure is damaged or removed, the structure will not
necessarily fail or collapse, as another part can bear the load of the damaged or
missing piece.

• A non redundant structure is dependent on every piece of the structure.

• Redundancy means the structure's forces and stresses cannot be determined by just the
basic equilibrium equations.

• Usually in these cases structure can be solved by energy or displacement and

geometrical compatibility methods, not basic static equilibrium methods.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 40

 Hyperstability or Redundancy
• The redistribution of the peak stress from one member to members with lower stress
would prevent the collapse of the structure and is referred to as redundancy.

• For an assembly of members prior to the collapse of an overstressed member, the load
carried by that member will be redistributed to adjacent members or elements.

• The latter have the capacity to temporarily carry additional load.

• Redundancy therefore reduces the risk of failure and increases the factor of safety.

• When any support or supporting system available is more than the minimum required
to make the structure or the system statically stable, it is called redundancy .

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 41

 Hyperstability or Redundancy
Structural redundancy: Structural redundancy is defined as redundancy
that exists as a result of the continuity within the load path. Any statically
indeterminate structure may be said to be redundant.

Load path redundancy: Load path redundancy refers to the number of

supporting elements, usually parallel, such as girders or trusses.

Internal redundancy: With internal redundancy, the failure of one element

will not result in the failure of the other elements of the member.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 42

 Non-Structural Elements
• The design of every structure subject to seismic movements should consider that the
non-structural elements in the building, such as ceilings, panels, windows, and doors,
as well as equipment, mechanical and sanitary installations, etc., must withstand the
movements of the structure.

• Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the excitation of the non-structural

elements, caused by these movements of the structure, is in general greater than
excitation at the foundation.

• Thus, it can be said that the safety of the non-structural elements is more compromised
in many cases that the safety of the structure itself.

• The seismic design of structures usually gives very little importance to these elements,
so much so that many design codes do not include standards.
Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 43
 Non-Structural Elements
• In the case of hospitals, the problem is of major importance, for the following reasons:

• Hospital facilities should be kept as intact as possible in the event of a strong earthquake, due to their
importance in responding to a seismic disaster in the city or region in which they operate. This goes for
both structural and non-structural elements.

• At the time of an earthquake, hospitals house a large number of patients who are practically incapable
of evacuating the building, in contrast to the occupants of any other building. This means that the
failure of non-structural elements should not be tolerated in this type of structure, as it indeed tends to
be in others.

• Hospitals have a complex network of electric, mechanical, and sanitary facilities, as well as large
amounts of usually expensive equipment.

• The ratio of the cost of non-structural elements to the total cost of the building is much higher in
hospitals than in other buildings. Indeed, whereas in apartment and office buildings it is approximately
60%, in hospitals, due mainly to the cost of medical equipment and special facilities, it reaches
between 85% and 90%.

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 44

Open Ground Storey Buildings in Seismic Areas

Dr. Praveen Oggu, Dept. of Civil Engg., VCE, Hyd. 45