JOCET GENERALAO BSBA-FM

FINAL ACTIVITY

TOPIC: BUSINESS ETHICS

1.

Stockholder Stakeholder

- is someone who has shares in a - is a person, group or organization

company. Stockholders own a
piece of that company. If
you're a stockholder in the
latest, greatest, financially
sound new start-up company,
your stock is probably
worth a lot of money!
Stockholders are people who
hold stocks in other words, own
shares in a corporation.
with a vested interest, or stake, in
the decision-making and activities
of a business, organization or
project. Stakeholders can be
members of the organization they
have a stake in, or they can have
no official affiliation.

Compare
Social contract
- Regardless of whether they
- argues that businesses exist
own stock in the company, a
with the permission of society,
stakeholder is anyone who is
so long as the business acts in
affected by the actions made
ways that benefit society. Social
by that organization or
contract theorists believe that a
corporation. Those who have
business should make decisions
purchased shares in a firm and
and structure their operations in
thereby have a portion of its
ways that offer the maximum
ownership are known as
benefit to society.
shareholders. Regardless of
the situation, paying attention
to stakeholders strengthens .

2. Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional

Level 1: Pre-conventional morality

Stage 1: Obedience and punishment (example) Children think that a

behavior's morality depends on how it affects other people. People should
abide by the law in order to stay out of trouble.

Stage 2: Individual interest (example) Maintaining one's health and well-

being is in the best interests of the group or society at large.

Level 2: Conventional morality

Stage 1: Interpersonal (example) A young girl believes she is being kind

when she donates her lunch to a street vendor.

Stage 2: Authority (example) A manager has the power to alter a worker's

schedule in accordance with the demands of the business.

Level 3: Post-Conventional morality

Stage 1: Social contract (example) The norms and sanctions that students
and teachers jointly establish in the classroom are known as social
contracts in the educational context.

Stage 2: Universal Ethics (example) For individuals greatly inspired by the

philosophy of the Enlightenment and its vision of a human nature, natural
rights, or those found in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen, might be regarded as universal.
TOPIC: THE QUESTION OF WOMEN AND THEIR EMANCIPATION

1. The philosophy of feminism promotes gender equality and opposes

sexist behaviors, attitudes, and ideas in the community. Its goals are to end
prejudice against women and advance their empowerment. Equal chances
for all people, regardless of gender, are emphasized by feminism, which
also opposes patriarchal structures that support oppression, uneven
wages, lack of representation, and other types of violence against women.
Feminism also acknowledges that non-binary people, gender queer people,
and people who defy conventional gender standards are impacted by
gender discrimination in addition to women.Feminism, in summary, is
important because it works to create a more just and equal world where
everyone may live freely without worrying about being constrained by
stereotypes or gender expectations.

2. The movement takes into consideration a number of concerns, including

property ownership, job equality, education, legal, marital, and parental
rights, as well as bodily autonomy and fair compensation. This is so
because feminism places a high value on the requirement that all women
and girls have access to the same possibilities in life as men and boys.

3. United States' Alaska- The Cup'ik traditionally held a “bladder festival”

every year in November or early December.

Canada - Cottage culture

 TOPIC: BIOMEDICAL ETHICS

1. A moral dilemma in the context of medical ethics is a circumstance in

which medical professionals have to choose between opposing moral
principles, ideals, or allegiances. Numerous issues, including patient
autonomy, confidentiality, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, might
give birth to these conundrums. Here are a few instances of moral
conundrums in medicine:

1. End-of-life care: When providing treatment for patients who are

approaching the end of their lives, medical professionals may encounter
moral conundrums. For example, they might have to choose between
intensive treatment and comfort care, taking the patient's quality of life and
family preferences into account.

2. Organ transplantation: Deciding which organs to donate for

transplantation might present moral challenges for medical personnel. They
have to weigh competing interests and scarce resources against the needs
of each individual patient.

3. Scarcity of resources: In the event of a pandemic or other natural

disaster, healthcare systems may see a surge in demand that results in a
shortage of workers, supplies, and equipment. Medical personnel may
have to give some patients more priority than others in these
circumstances depending on their prospects of surviving or making a full
recovery.

4. Confidentiality vs. disclosing suspicious cases: Medical professionals

may struggle with whether to disclose possible child abuse or neglect,
which could breach confidentiality and undermine patient-physician
confidence.

5. Personal convictions versus clinical practice: When a medical

professional's moral principles run counter to accepted medical norms or
practices, they may find themselves in a moral bind. For instance, a
physician could find it difficult to administer medicine that conflicts with their
religious convictions or carry out an operation they view as immoral.

6. Obtaining informed permission from patients who lack capacity due to

sickness, drowsiness, or other causes might provide ethical issues for
clinicians. They have to balance their duty as healthcare professionals with
the patient's right to autonomy.

7. Research using human beings: When employing human subjects in

research investigations, researchers may run into ethical conundrums.
They are responsible for making sure the study is carried out morally and
with regard for the participants' rights and wrongs.
2. When an embryo implants outside the uterus, generally in the fallopian
tube, it results in an ectopic pregnancy. If the mother's condition is not
treated, it may become life-threatening. Let me now discuss the double
effect principle in terms of ectopic pregnancies. When there are two effects
—one good and one bad—decision-making in such circumstances is
guided by the moral principle known as the principle of double effect.
Saving the mother's life in the case of an ectopic pregnancy is a positive
outcome, but the fetus may suffer injury or even die. Surgery or drugs that
would purposefully terminate the pregnancy may be necessary in certain
situations to manage an ectopic pregnancy. The goal is to preserve the
mother's life rather than to intentionally cause the fetus to die. The concept
of twofold effect states that, notwithstanding the possibility of a negative
outcome (fetal injury or death), it is morally acceptable to give priority to the
beneficial impact of saving the mother's life. It's crucial to remember that
this idea only holds true in dire situations where the mother's life cannot be
saved in any other manner. Generally speaking, medical professionals will
always look for alternatives to terminating the pregnancy.

3.

Lastly, drastic medical procedures like feeding

tubes, dialysis machines, and ventilators that
may hasten death but do not treat the
underlying illness are referred to as
The deliberate taking of a person's life to
"extraordinary means." Patients should be
stop their suffering usually as a result of a
informed about these measures in advance so
fatal illness is known as euthanasia. DNR, or
they can weigh their options and make
"do-not-resuscitate, indicates that medical
decisions regarding their care. However, for
professionals shouldn't try to revive a
individualized advice catered to your particular
patient if their breathing or heart stops.
circumstances, please speak with a licensed
medical expert. They will determine the best
course of action for end-of-life care based on
each patient's unique situation and the
available treatments at the time.