Literature Mapping

Reference Journal Title
Saini, P., & Nagpal, B. (2022). Deep-LSTM

model for wheat crop yield Prediction in India. 2022 Fifth International
Deep-LSTM Model for
2022 Fifth International Conference on Conference on Computational
Wheat Crop Yield
Computational Intelligence and Communication Intelligence and Communication
Prediction in India
Technologies (CCICT). Technologies (CCICT)
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Choudhary, N. K., Chukkapalli, S. S. L., Mittal, S.,

Gupta, M., Abdelsalam, M., & Joshi, A. (2020).
YieldPredict: A Crop Yield Prediction Framework 2020 IEEE International YieldPredict: A Crop Yield
for Smart Farms. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Prediction Framework for
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32
Kaur, A., Goyal, P., Sharma, K., Sharma, L., &
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learning model for early crop yield prediction. 2022 IEEE International A Generalized Multimodal
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917
Killeen, P., Kiringa, I., & Yeap, T. H.

(2022). Corn grain yield prediction using Corn Grain Yield
UAV-based high spatiotemporal 2022 IEEE International Prediction Using UAV-
resolution multispectral imagery. 2022 Conference on Data based High
IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops Spatiotemporal
Mining Workshops (ICDMW). (ICDMW) Resolution
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2.00137

Bansal, Y., Lillis, D., & Kechadi, T.
(2022). Winter Wheat Crop Yield
Winter Wheat Crop
Prediction on Multiple Heterogeneous 2022 International
Yield Prediction on
Datasets using Machine Learning. 2022 Conference on
Multiple
International Conference on Computational Science
Heterogeneous
Computational Science and and Computational
Datasets using
Computational Intelligence (CSCI). Intelligence (CSCI)
Machine Learning
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00040
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Dixit, A. K., & Chawla, I. (2019). Fuzzy Fuzzy Logic based
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2022 International
Temperature and Rainfall parameters using Temperature
Conference on
predicted through ARMA, SARIMA, and and Rainfall
Computational Science
ARMAX models. 2019 Twelfth parameters predicted
and Computational
International Conference on through ARMA,
Intelligence (CSCI)
Contemporary Computing (IC3). SARIMA, and ARMAX
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1

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Ermon, S. (2017). Deep Gaussian Deep Gaussian
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K., Sharma, G., & Shroff, G. (2017).
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Stattner, E., & Jadoul, N. (2019).
Climate Data Analytics Applied to Sugar Climate Data
2019 International
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(2018). A Prediction of PM2.5 2018 3rd International
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on Temporal-Spatial
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(2019). Price Prediction of Agricultural
2019 IEEE Intl Conf on
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Processing with
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Applications, Big Data & Price Prediction of
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Computing, Sustainable Computing &
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Chen, Y., Hsieh, W., Ko, Y., & Huang,
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Mohler, G., Becker, S., & Wiltse, C. G.
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2020 IEEE International
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G., & Escriba, C. (2018). A Connected
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Benbrahim, H., Merzouki, A., & Minaoui,
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S., & Chehbouni, A. (2021). Towards
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(2016). A Data-Driven Approach to Soil
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Lenka, S. K., & Mohapatra, A. G.
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Data Collection and Analysis
Problem investigated Identification of the methods used
Data collection: The dataset was collected from the

Directorate of Economics and Statistics for the year 1950-
2019.
The problem the study outlined is
innacuracy of historical data that farmers
Parameters considered for the experiment are Area,
depend on for predicting crop yield that is
Production, Yield, and, Area under irrigation.
used on various decision making.
Prediction model: Long Short-Term memory (LSTM). This
is a model that is used for time series prediction.
Architecture: They developed a novel framework that they

named YieldPredict which has three major parts: (1).
Integration of data with the existing smart farm ontology,
(2) population of knowledge graph once the data is
added to the ontology in the form of RDF triples, and (3)
The study argues that there is a need for
Predict the crop yield using machine learning algorithms.
technological advancement in the
agricultural sector because of the
Dataset: Data are collected from multiple sources which
increasing population and demand for food
include Open Government Data (OGD) and agricultural
across the world. The researchers said that
sites of Rajasthan, India.
crop yield prediction can help farmers and
stakeholders on analysing future trend
Machine Learning Model: they used and compared
which could avoid food crisis.
several ML algorithms which includes K-Nearest
Neighbors (KNN), SVR, XGBooast Regressor, Gradient
Boosting Regressor, Light GBM, Random Forest
Regressor, AdaBoost Regressor, Linear Regressor, and
Extra Trees REgressor.
The researchers focused on on Remote Sensing Data.
They used sattelite data: MODIS, Sentinel. They used it
in two ways: 1.) Vegetation indices and 2.) histograms for
solving Crop Yield Prediction problem.
Dataset: They combined data from multiple modalities

taken from different sources:
1. Yield data
The paper pointed out the problem of the
2. Surface Reflectance band data
other solutions in Crop Yield Prediction:
3. soil data
1). Manual surveys are prone to human
4.meteorological data.
error
2.) ML and Statistical approachers are
Location: USA and India for the experiment
incapable or approprietly modelying Crop
Yield prediction.
Since the data has different modalities such as numeric
time series for meterological, static for soil data, and
spatiotemporal for surface reflectance bands data, they
proposed a model that deals with the multimodal nature
of their dataset. CropYieldNet consists of four modules
that deals with the different data modalities.
Data Augmentation to artificially increase the dataset
Study Site: Corn was grown in 2021 at a smart

farm located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
There were 6 fields monitored.
The study stated the shortcomings Imagery: Imagery was captured using UAV
of satellite image data that are used with daily from May 26 to 31 and weekly from
on training a yield prediction model june 8 to October 1, 2021, generally between
and explored a better alternative, 11 am and 3 pm.
which is to use Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle (UAV) which according to Features: 33 Vegetation Index, Yield, Data
the authors could result into image fusion of Low and High spatial resolutio
data that has higher temporal and imagery (the high res represents the data
spatial resolution. captured using UAV, and the low res
represents the data captured using Sattelite)
Prediction model: Random Forest and Linear

regression.

Dataset: The data they used includes soil and
weather dataset covering a large number of
farms from year 2013-2018. The soild data
was obtained from CONTOUR, and weather
data was obtained from ClearAg weather
dataset.
The study intended to investigate
whether the addition of weather
Data preprocessing: data they obtained
data in yield prediction is helpful in
contains many inconsistensies, outliers, noise,
making better yield prediction
and missing values so they cleaned it by: filling
model.
in missing values, feature engineering
techniques to extract new features, and finally
data transformation and filtering.
Prediction models: Decision Tree, SVM, RF,

Extra Trees, LightGBM, Gradient Boosting.
Dataset: rainfall and temperature data was

obtained from indiawaterportal.org
Model:
> Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA)
and Autoregressive Moving Average with
The problem is that rainfall exogenous variables (ARMAX) for the rainfall
prediction is difficult because it dataset.
depends on various features such > For the weather dataset, they used ARMA
as cloud cover, evapotranspiration, and Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated
etc. so the reseearchers only Moving Average (SARIMA).
selected two: temparature and > They used Fuzzy Logic for the prediction of
rainfall. yield.
The study wanted to investigate is Categories: they used five categories for yield:
whether their developed model can Very bad, bad, average, good, very good.
predict beforehand using only
temperature and rainfall of previous classification rules (AYR=Average Yearly Rain,
years. AST=Average Seasonal Temperature):
> Very good = 62-87cm AYR, 20-25c AST
> Good = 50-62cm AYR, 15-20c AST
> Average = 25-50cm AYR, 12-15c AST
> Bad = 10-25cm AYR, 8-12c AST
> Very bad = all other values

Dataset: weather and crop data were collected
In the past, farmers rely on
from four meteorologial stations namely
previous experience of a certain
Tocklai Tea Research Institure, Tea Research
crop in order to estimate yield.
Association, Jorhat, Assam, India.
However, due to evidence that
shows rainfall, which is an
Data analysis method: Multiple Linear
important factor on yield prediction
Regression (MLR) to model the linear
of tea, has decreased over the
relationship between dependent (Tea
years. This challenge was trried to
production) and independent variables
be experimented upon by the
(temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours)s
researchers using Data Mining.
Dataset: Winter Wheat yield in the US from

2013 to 2014, and contains 150 countries from
5 states. 360,042 entries in total.
Data preprocessing:
> filling missing items with the nearest and
most recent entry due to to econtinuity of
climate data.
The paper pointed that the method
> Deleted abnormal data (data with conflicting
s on whch recent studies employed
information)
in yield prediction such as statistics-
based models cannot find the inner
Model architecture: The whole model consists
relations btween features and yield,
of 2D CNN sub-network and a Bi-LSTM sub-
which is higher in deep learning
network which separately extracts high level
models.
features and predicts the yield.
The paper introduced a CNN-based
model.
Algorithm evalutaion: Compute Mean Squared
Error to see the performance of the model
Comparative: They also compared their model

to oter ML algorithms: RF, KNN, Polynomial
Regression, LR, SVR, SVR RBF Kernel, SVR
linear kernel

Data: they combined atmospheric data and soil
data.Data for 3 cases (US-Soybean, US-
The paper pointed out that most
Maize, Brazil-soybean) was used in training
studies concerning yield prediction
and testing. 80% for training and 20% for
rely on remote sensing data such
testing. During experiment, 30% of the training
as the Normalized Difference
set was used for validation. total number of
Vegetation Index (NDVI). These
data points for US-soybean is 16,939, for
data according to the researchers
Brazil-soybean is 16,767, and for US-maize is
allow to forecast yield only after the
19,692.
planting occurs. So in their study
they proposed a method that allows
Model: Deep Neural Network.
yield prediction before the planting
season begins.
Models: ANN, SVM, KNN, RF, Gradient

Boosted DT, DT Learning, Regularized Greedy
The researchers proposed another Forest,
focus which is crop selection, which
predicts what type of crops is best Architecture: Predict the yield for different
suited on what season. They types of crops for a ceratin season, and have a
selected different ML models and program to select the crop that has the highest
comapared their performances yield.
Data: total of 22 diferent crops

Data: Data from the 2018 Syngenta Crop
Challenge. Dataset includes 2.267
experimental hybrids. The training data
included 3 sets: crop genotype, yield
performance, and environment (weather and
soil).
Data preprocessing:
> 37% of the genotype data had missing
values and to address, they used a two-step
Experimented with a deep neural approach: first, use 97% call rate to discard
network to predict yield, check yield genetic markers whose non-missing values
and yield difference of corn hybrids were below this call rate. Second, discard
from genotype and environment genetic markers whose lowest frequent allele's
data. frequency were below 1%.
Weather prediction: A separate task to predict

the weather, which is essential for crop yield
prediction. Used Neural Network for this task to
capture nonlinearities.
Yield prediction: they trained 2 DNN, one for

yield and the other for check yield, then used
to difference for the prediction of yield
difference.
Image preprocessing: Treat raw images as

Recent succesful studies related to
histograms of pixel counts.
yield prediction rely on survey data
and other variables related to crop
Model: train LSTMs and CNNs on the
growth such as weather and soil
histograms.
data. However this kind of data are
typically not availale in developing
Gausian Process: Included a Gausian Process
countries. Thus, the researchers
Layer in their moel to overcom the problem of
tested the use of remote-sensing
spatio-temporal dependencies between
data such as sattelite imagery,
datapoints e.g. due to common soil properties.
which are easy to acquire, to
predict crop yield.

Dataset: They collected high resolution images
from 602 corn fields in the US-Midwest over 2
They pointed out the problem with
seasons.(2020 - 2021). Collected using
low resolution sattelite imagery that
Manned aircraft.
are commonly used in solving crop
yield prediction. Thus they
ML models: Lasso, RF, LightGBM regression,
presented a method that uses high-
CNN. FInal model us UNet DenseNet-161 with
resolution in-field images that can
diffeerent paramaters.
be used even by small farmers.
One of the feature of their system is
Method of prediction: Since the images are
to be able to identify parts of the
high-resolutions, prediction happens at pixel
field that are underperforming. The
level which forecast the harvest at each point
novel method they present is to
in the field directly.
treat yield forecasting as a density-
estimation problem
Materials included: type of hybrids of maize,

irrigation regime and irrigation amount.
> Canopy reflectance was measured in the 220

nm to 1100 nm range, collected at 0.5 nm
intervals using a hand-held spectroradiometer.
The study investigated data mining Data were collected during cloud-free days
models to estimate amount of between 10:30 and 14:00 h.
maize crop yields using the
relationship between the numeric Data mining models: used WEKA for
valued crop yield attributes and the knowledge analysis.
numeric valued spectral reflectance
indices attribute calculated using Architecture: first part is use data mining
different range of canopy models to estimate the amounts of crop yields
reflectance. using the relationship between the numeric
valued crop yield attributes and the numeric
valued spectral reflectance indices attributes.
The second part is to use data mining
classification method to classify different types
of maize hybrids.

Dataset:
> Image: Satellite Sentinel-2.
> ground truth: Land Parcel Identification
This paper argued that technology
System.
should be easily made available to
> Region of interest: Denmark, Netherlands,
offer a global view of the
Austria
agricultural market status. They
presented a dataset that focuses on
Data prepartion: After downloading Sentinel-2,
the specific problem of crop type
they masked all the multi-spectal bands
classification, which can also be
against cloud and snow using the Scene
used for obtaining overview of
Classification files. Then a remote sensing
agricultural market status and yield.
expert on agriculture visually inspected the
They also presented experiments
data and removed outliers.
on the presented dataset.
DAtaset evaluation: SEmantic segmentation to
prove usefulness of the dataset (FCDensenet).
The paper pointed out that different Dataset: data collected from 2010-2019. Data
studies has interchangeably used for cotton, ground nut, and maize. Data for
weather and climate in their weather were collected by AWS-AGRI station.
decision support system. The paper
said that due to climate change, Data attributes: solar radiation, temperature,
weather and climate are becoming soil temperature, wind speed, humidity, rainfall,
uncertain in many places, which sunshine hours.
makes it hard to model a system
that takes weather/climate data as Model: Fuzzy logic. In the model, the
a parameter. So the researchers knowledge base is represented by using IF-
introduced a fuzzy logic model that THEN rules, and the inputs are commonly
deals with data uncertainty on the called ascendant are connected using AND
task of classifying correctness of connector, and output{consequent) is in crisp
crop plantation in a given duration. form.
The paper pointed out that recent

studies developed models that are
Model: WOFOST model. A model that can be
from single point ode which means
used for yield prediction, quantitative
choosing parameters is difficult for
assesment of land. Trained several models
regional application, regional
with different parameters.
differentiation, and field
differentiation. The paper
suggested a real-time monitoring of
crop which could solve the
mentioned problem.

The paper argued that although Data: Data Intense Farm Management
many studies has propsed a model (DIFM) , recorded during the 2017 season.
that relate environmental and Total of 40 fields, but only 9 were selected.
management variables to crop Data split 60/20/20 rule
yield, they are still constrained by
the representativeness of training Model: MSCNN model.
dataset.
The paper argued that current

collected datasets are
heterogenous, capturing different
information depending on their
Data: They used multiple datasets, in total they
geographic coverage. So they
assembled 50,169 samples, maority were
demonstrated the applicability of
binary crop/non-crop labels
meta learning (Model-agnostic
meta-learning, MAML), to learning
from heterogenous datasets without
losing the unique information
contained in each data.
The paper argued that current

solutions for predicting seed variety
Approach: 3-step: 1.) prediction of soil and
of mix of varities on specific region
weather attributes. 2) yield prediction. 3) yield
is hard due to differences in many
optimization.
factors. In their study the
researchers proposed an ML model
to predict seed variety or mix
Dataset: data from 2009-2015 using 174
variety in appropriate proportions
varieties. Total of 82000 in 583 sub-regions.
which is more likely to be chosen by
farmers in a certain region.

Data: data comes from Meteo-France, a french
The paper pointed out the fact that
public institution in charge of meteorology and
climate projection models work on
climatology. Dataset contains rainfall and
large scale but performs bad on
temperature data collected with beacons, on
smal areas, where reliable
several areas of the island of Guadaloupe over
projections are not allowed. The
the past 50 years.
paper seeked to understand the
impacts of disturbances in
Data preprocessing: they chose aggregate
agriculture sectore particularly in
data in a single datset that represents the
sugarcane's development cycle.
whole territory.
Model description: Artificial Neural Network,

LSTM, Model Tree.
Architecture: Long short-term memory neural

network predictor based on time dimension, 2)
The paper stated that a problem in Artificial Neural Network predictor based on
the prediction of PM2.5 is the spatial dimension, 3) Model Tree predictor
difficult task of predicting using based on temporal-spatial fusion.
temporal-spatial data.
data: DAta divided into three categories:
meteorological, concentration data of 35 air
quality monitoring stations, and longitude
latitude data of 35 air quality monitoring
stations.
Due to natural climate, supply-

demand realtion, emergencies and Data: Cabbage price data from 2010-2019.
other factors, the vegetable prices Total number of samples is 3,502. 95% of data
shows large fluctuation, non- for training set and 5% for test set.
linearity and non-stationary. The
researchers suggested that an Analysis tool: MATLAB
accurate price forcasting can help
farmers relize the goal of higher Models: BP, SVM, LSTM, WA-LSTM-1. WA-
income and reduce economy loss LSTM-2
of consumers.

Data: Data were monitored using sensor. Soil
The researchers stated that in
tem, soil humidity, air temperature, air
agriculture, many decisions rely on
humidity, light intensity.
the experiences of farmers but
these decisions are often dificult to
Model: Simple Linear Regression (SLR).,
quantify with simple numeric
Logistic Regression, and Linear Support Vector
values. The aper proposed the use
Regressor. These are the submodels of their
of a system using agricultural IoT.
ensemble.
Data: Data were monitored using sensor. Soil

The researchers stated that in
tem, soil humidity, air temperature, air
agriculture, many decisions rely on
humidity, light intensity.
the experiences of farmers but
these decisions are often dificult to
Model: Simple Linear Regression (SLR).,
quantify with simple numeric
Logistic Regression, and Linear Support Vector
values. The aper proposed the use
Regressor. These are the submodels of their
of a system using agricultural IoT.
ensemble.
The paper presented first a recent Design:

technology that was developed for > Capacitor: Based on basic capcitor with
soil monitoring with fast response cylindrical shape to facilitate soil insertion.
time. However the researchers see
a problem which is the complexity Frequency analysis: Spectral analysis in order
of the technology and its tendency to distinguish the useful frequency range of the
to deconstruct the soil. So they sensor.
present a new design that is based
on an affordable capacitatie sensor Architecture: 2 parts: 1) the frotn end, which
which the authors claim to be permits the conversion of the sensor's capacity
compatible with a large-scale variations into one electric variation. 2) The
deployment and easy to use. backend, delivers readings of the variations.

Study area: Canadian red river watershed. Site
dimension is approx 26km x 48km. Site has
large variety of annual crops (canola,
soybeans,. Wheat, corn, and oats.)
Ground measurements data: Study has

The paper proposed to test and
selected 60 soil moisture measurement
validate the potential of change
between june 08 and june 15 2016, for the
detection techniques for soil
calibration and validation of model.
moisture variability mapping in
agricultural fields.
Satellite data:
> Radar: 2 SAR images obtained from
SEntinel-1.
> Optical: 2 SEntinel2A scenes with less tyhan
10% cloud cover. Calculated the NDVI for the
scenes
Dataset: dataset contains a total of 2200

datapoints for 22 crop types. Data composed
The paper suggested that the way of 7 features: Nitrogen, phosphorous,
we use resources should be potassium, ph value, humidity, temperature,
changed in order to address and rainfall.
scarcity and to prevent escessive
usee of resources such as water ML Model: KNN, DT, RF, NB, and other
which is a key part of agriculture. CNNS. They used cross validation on the 4
The paper focused on water, soil, models for the crop classification.
and air to achieve efficient and
sustainable use of earth's They compard LSTM and Facebook Prophet
resources. for the forecasting weather.
The paper pointed out several

problems for Precision Agriculture: Collection system: a wireless sensor node
1. Crop management decisions and prototype for sensing soil moisture and other
data collection systems need to be meteorological data.
designed for specific farms
2. Automated and easy to use Prediction system: ML models to predict soil
sysetms needed for non-techy moisture n days ahead. Relevance Vector
farmers. Machine (RVM) vs SVM
3. Devices needs to be affordable
for large-scale deployment. Data source: data from Illinois Climate Network
which monitors weather and soil conditions at
The paper propsed a design that 17 different locations.
addresess the above problems
using a data-driven approach.

The paper argued that timely
prediction of soil moisture content
will provide better irrigation
management in a land by Model: Stochastic Gradient Descent.
considering almost all the required
parameters which affects soil water Agricultural data collection: based on the
evaporation. But this task required Wireless Sensor Network for real time
efficient algorithm. The paper monitoring and analysis of soil moisture
proposed an optimized algorithm for content.
predicting soil moisture content in
one-hour advanced by considering
different soil and environmental
parameters.
A standar method of classifying

color of soil is the Munsell soil color
Dataset: used 13MP camera to take photos of
chart, which classifies soil colors.
Munsell soil chart.
However, the problem that this
paper saw is that it is difficult for a
Preprocessing: Noise data removal, median
human to correctly classify the
filtering, segmentation.
colors. Thus, the authors proposed
a method using Artificial Intelligence
Model: KNN
to classify soil colors based on the
Munsell soil color chart.
Data: collected data from different locations of

The researchers claim that crop two land types across Bangladesh which
production is dependent on the contains soil nutrients, climatic factors, and
country's land type, soil properties, crop production.
and climatic factors so it is
important to evaluate a relationship Clustering: Performed clustering using K-
between thse factors to forecast means on the soil dataset to analyze soil
crop yield and maximize production. properties, climatic data, and crop yield.
They propsed a model that uses
the above mentioned factors to Model: They used Linear REgression.
predict yield.

Data aggregation protocol: The protocol is
The researchers argued that in
described in 4 phases:
many cases such as in greenhouse
Phase 1: Virtual grid creation
wherein average temperature and
Phase 2: Plane Identification
hujmidity level is necessary to
Phase 3: Data fusion centre selection
know, data aggregation shall help.
Phase 4: Data communication centre selection
The paper pointed out that there is

a large technological gap between
farmers and information du to: 1)
lack of adoption of modern
technoliges. 2)farmers reluctance to
System: the porposed system works by
share their personal/farm data. 3)
aggregatind data of weather, soil, geo-spatial,
high cost that farmers have to pay
crop data, and social media data on the cloud
to get sophisticated and
to perform analysis using apache spark and
customizable solutions. 4) farmers
visualized using visualization tools. The result
are getting piecemeal of inofrmation
of the analysis is then sent out to the data
rather than comprehensive insight
scientist, domain expert, and agro users.
and solutions using existing
information systms. So the paper
proposed a solution for agricultural
information system that includes
geo-spatioal data.
Tool: MATLAB for Vectorization concept.

The authors argued that weather
Data: 3 weeks data of max and minimum
prediction is a complex and
temperature rainfall and the corresponding
challenging task and cannot be
day.
done with simpler means. So their
work was proposed to be able to
Weather classifier analysis: Showed the curve
perform easily with higher rate of
by plotting max temp vs number of days and
accuracy.
min temp vs number of dars and reainfall vs
nummmber of days.

The paper said that the traditional
method of determining the amount Data: Obtained from the SoilHealthDB which
of fertilization mainly use the nutriet includes 5,241 data items from 281 published
balance method and fertilizer effect research.
function method, both of which
always produces innacurate result. Computing: MATLAB
So the authors suggested an
approach using the combination of model: Tensor multi-task regression
temporal and spatial information to
predict specific amount and time of
fertilizer application.
Segmentation algorithm: U-Net, LinkNet, Multi-

scale Attention Network (Manet), Feature
According to the paper one
Pyramid Network (FPN), Pyramid Scene
component of precision algorithm is
Parsing Network (PSPNet),
site-specific treatments such as
application of herbiides, and
Dataset: they collected 1,850 images from corn
fertilizers at precise location.
fields in Mooresville, Indiana. The images are
However, this process required
then hand labeled for a binary segmentation
accurate guaidance with respect to
task. The networks were trained for 100
crop rows so that sprayers can
epochs.
efectively maneuver in between
crops. So the authors introduced a
Validation: mean Intersection Over Union (IoU)
method of Crop Row detection
using Semantic Segmentation.
Weeds are one of the problems that Image: Timages were reduced to a fixed size
needs to be addressed in crop 20x20. Images are captured from the fields
farming. Normaly herbicides are using HD camera.
used but these are applied
uniformly in the field although Featurea extraction: Texture features includes
weeds are not distributed in the intensity, mean, standard deviation, third
right manner. So the authors of the moment, smoothness, uniformity, and entropy.
paper developed an automated
system which prevents Model: SVM
unnecessary use of herbicides.

The problem is that temperature is
changing, and high temperature is Cloud monitoring: Fish-eye camera based
not good for cranberries. The paper system for taking the sky pictures.
showed a 3-part approach to deal
with this problem: 1) segment and Cranberry counting and segmentation: Used
count cranberries to count number Tripe-S network.
of crops with potential high risk of
sun exposure, 2) analyze sky Cranberry internal temperature prediction:
imagery to determine cloud cover Regression using Random Forest with
and motion for future irradiance Multilayer Perceptron.
prediction. and 3) predict internal
berry temperature to asses crop Models: U-Net, LC-FCN, RF, Triple S netowrk,
risk of overheating.
In their literature review, the

authors found that Deep learnin is
more prefered in agriculture Model: Convolutional Neural Network-based
settings rather than traditional ML architecture. The baseline models are:
methods. But the problem is that AlexNet, VGG16, GoogleNet, Inception-DR.
Deep learning models has a large
volume of parameters which has Data enhancement: They used the PlantVillage
impact in real world use. So in this dataset which containes 38 classes and 54,305
paper they tried to combine the images of 14 plants. Since DL models require
advantage of residual block and large number of training samples, they
inception block for fine tuning but performed data augmentation to artificially
instead of using a standar increase the dataset.
convolution, they used depthwise
separable convolution to reduce the
amount of parameters in the
network.
Traditionaly,crop disease
identification is performed by
farmers by relying on field
Dataset: Data from the PlantVillage dataset.
observation. The problem here is
that this task is labor intensive and
Transfer learning: This is a method that takes
equires expert knowledge. SO the
knowledge from an already trained model and
author presented a model for
transfer it to another model.
identifying diseases of crop.
Another problem that the paper
DL models: AlexNet, ResNet, GoogleNet,
tried to address is the challenging
MobileNet
task of training a model from
scratch which would need careful
Training parameters: SGD for optimization.
parameter tuning and lots of data.
The paper tried to address this
using a method called Transfer
Learning.

Methods:
The paper argued that manual 1. Collected data by visiting different farms
detection of crop diseases is time 2. manually sorted the quility image of the
consuming and unreliable dataset
especially in large fields. To 3. Labeled the images in the datset using
address this issue the authors LabelIMG
presented a system for crop 4. Trained a model using the YOLO v5
disease detection using Raspberry algorithm
Pi and YOLO v5 algorithm . 5. Deployed the model to a raspberry Pi
Aside from the labor intesive

manual disease detection, the
paper argued that another problem
is when the number of plants and Dataset: A subset of dataset from the
diseases grows. A solution they PlantVillage dataset.
suggested is by the use of mobile
devices. However, this means that Model: A CNN-based architecture. Uses Adam
the model must be efficient in order optimizer vs Categorical Cross Entropy.
to perform well in a mobile device.
so they presented a model that
uses less computational and
memory complexity.
Deep learning shows high

performance but a problem is that it Dataset: Northern Leaf Blight Infected dataset.
takes time in order to finish training
and requires high experimental Image preprocessing: Synthetic Minority Over-
conditions. So the researchers Sampling Technique (SMOTE).
combined GBDT algorithm and data
balance algorithm to achieve Models: Bayesian Classifier, Boosting
identification of corn diseases which Integration algorithm, LightGBM, GBDT, Linear
solves the problem of small amount SVM, DT, Neural Net,
of data, high noise, and unbalanced
data.
In general corn kernel assesment

evaluates constituent features such Dataset: Corn kernels were acquired in a
as moisture, crude protein, fiber, controlled environment using a visible
etc. and also visual features such spectrum camera. Total of 523 images.
as shapre, impurity, and color.
Manual inspection of this requires Image segmentation: they used Mask R-CNN
specialized tools and expert VGG16, ResNet-50, and CKCNN to segment
knowledge. The author presented a the kernel images.
model that is able to classify corn
kernels based on the mentioned
features.
Data sources: Meteorological data from 2000-

2005, rice cultivation data from the China
The study sought to investigate the
Meteorology Bureu, Statistical yield from the
dynamic prediction technique of
Statistical Yearbook
regional application of rice
productivity based on model and
Spatial interpolation of meteorological data:
GIS, Combining the dynamic
Inverse Distance Weighting for the spatial
establishment of meteorological
interpolation of meteorological data.
data during rice growth season.
VAlidation: RMSE.
The paper stated that agriculture Dataset: Dataset containes 87k images of
food wastage is a key reason for healthy and 48 disease leaves. Data split is
the increase in the Global Hunger 80/20 rule. Plants include Tomato, grape,
Index. Statistics show that every orange, soybean, squash, potato, corn, apple,
year in india, crops worth RS blueberrry, cherry, peach,perpper,
50,000 are lost due to low strawberry,rspberry.
consumption of pesticides which
leads to disease attacks. A solution CIELAB: used for color scaling.
that was seen by the authors is to
have a system that finds out the Gabog filer: image feature extraction.
disease or pest of the plant at the
initial stage. Model: ResNet
The paper investigated the use of Satellite images: Using LANDSAT data,
crop classification based on satellite computed NDVI
images and proposed a pipeline
that implements this application.
In Bangladesh the, Bangladesh

Input attributs: Dataset contains information
Bureau of Statistics has a lot of
abut temperature, humidity, rainfall for all
statistical data for proper decision
twelve months from 2007 and 2013.
making. However, according to the
authors the system is not yet fully
Data testing on ANFIS: tested their dataset for
capable of analyzing the data to its
demonstration on the ANFI.
optimum level. So they presented a
neuro-fuzzy inference system that
Tool: MATLAB.
might improve the capability of
decision making.

The paper argues that if the rise in
global temperature continues, it will
have a major impact in the global Data source: Time series of monthly means
economy. So forecasting and based on land-surface air temperature
predictiong of global temperature anomalies of GISS, NASA.
becomes important. The
researchers tried to find something Tool: ARIMA
in seasonal trend or seasonal
influence for the temperature
changes in season shifts.
Findings of the Study Conclusion/Discussion
The researchers introduced an

The result of the prediction model shows a
efficient method using LSTM
robust performance. For validation purposes,
architecture for Wheat Yield
they showed the figures for the actual and
Prediction using Historical data.
predicted data from 2016-2019 which has a
LSTM is a type of a Neural Network
difference of 0.10, 0.22, 0.36, and 0.22
and the researchers credited its
resprectively. They compared the
performance for the architecture's
performance of their model to the existing
ability to finding non-linear patterns
Gausian Process Regression (GPR) as well
in the dataset. Furthermore, the
as with the Holt Winter Time Series method
resul of the prediction model shows
and found that their model outperforms the
a growing linear trend in the
two other models.The Root Mean Square
upcoming years. The researchers
Error (RMSE) of their LSTM model is 0.20
then recommended to further
while the GPR is 0.51 and the Holt Winter is
enhance the model by training on a
0.61
larger dataset to improve its
performance
The conclusion of the paper

highlights the Third part of their
developed architecture which is the
prediction part. They trained 10 ML
models and compared them from
Since the task for crop yield prediction
each others and computed the
involves time series data, they used RMSE to
RMSE for which the XGBoost
evaluate the results of the model. The best
Regressor had the best result with
performing model is the XGBoost Regressor
a minimal RMSE of 0.37. The
which had a value of 0.37 RMSE.
researchers discussed their plan on
gathering more data and
investigating other environmental
variables that could have an impact
in crop yield prediction.
The paper is the first attempt to use
representation learning method for
crop yield prediction and addresses
> The baseline model shows lesser RMSE
problem of data scarcity using data
for The MODIS Data than The Landsat and
augmentation. The researchers'
Sentinel Data due to The larger and better
use of data augmentation
temporal resolution of The MODIS data.
increased the performance of their
> Data Augmentation has resulted to better
model. The researchers
performance of The model.
recommended to explore the
> the best RMSE is 11.328 for India and 5.99
possibility of combining sattelite
for US.
data having different spatial,
temporal, and spectral resolutions
to handle data scarcity problems.
The study's conclusion said

that better performance of th
prediction model was
obtained using higher spatial
They examined the performance of
resolution imagery, which
the model performance differences
they obtained using UAV. On
between HRe and LRe datasets.
the other hand, low
They found that using the Hre
resolution spatial imagery
dataset decreseaded the RMSE and
also performed acceptably,
CC variance for both the LR and RF
but only on several time such
models. In particular, the RF model
as in mid-season data and
with the Hre dataset showed the best
when a good VI is chosen.
performance with an RMSE of 14.56
for the mean and RMSE of 3.916 for
They suggested a future
the standard deviation.
work in which to use
classification instead of
regression and to also use
weather data.

For each of the ML models, they
calculated the z-score using the The study answered they
mean and standard deviation, and question which is whether
calculated the p-value using the the weather data makes the
standard normal deviation. The result model better, which it did
showed that the performance of all albeit minimally. They
the models did not have large discused their observation
difference, however, Decision Tree on which linear learning
has the highest MAE and Gradient models did not perform well
Boosting the lowest MAE in their stuy due to the fact
that soil data, weahter data,
In the Soil data alone, DT has 2.25 and yield are not linear, so
MAE and GB has 1.63 MAE Non-linear models such as
the GB obtained the best
fot the Soil and Weather data, DT performance.
has 3.41 MAE and GB has 1.48 MAE
They concluded that rainfall

is dificult to estimate
Predicted and actual rain and temp precisely
from 1997-2001: All years has
predicted actual yield correctly using they also concluded that
the categories. propsed fuzzy logic to
estimate crop yields works
Temperature is best predicted by the on a set of range rather dan
SARIMA and for the rainfall, it is best discrete values so errors did
predicted by the ARMA over not cause problems as long
ARMAX. as the predicted and actual
values of temp and rainfall is
not drastically different

Predicted and actual rain and temp
from 1997-2001: All years has
The result described that
predicted actual yield correctly using
chart of the actual and
the categories.
predicted yields from 1997 to
2001. The chart shows that
Temperature is best predicted by the
the predicted values is not
SARIMA and for the rainfall, it is best
far from the actual values
predicted by the ARMA over
ARMAX.
They compared their model

with traditional ML models
and their method showed the
best performance. However,
The paper's proposed model CNN-Bi
the researchers said that
LSTM achieved the best
there are still factors that are
performance having the lowest MSE
not present in their study
of 12.37.
which are very hard to
acquire including how
on other ML models, RF has MSE of
farmers plant the crop and
47.85, KNN 60.65, Polynomial
the condition of the sow in a
regression 108.48, LR 179.83, SVR
certain location. They
188.46, SVR RBF kernel 193.61,
observed that the weather
SVR linear kernel 197.06
greatly influence the yield of
crops but some human
behaviors can still influence
the yield.

The major lesson that the
researchers learned from
this study is that it is possible
to predict crops yield even
before the planting season
US-soybean dataset worked best on
begins by the use of Neural
their propsed model with a Mean
Network model because of
Absolute Percentage (MAPE) error
its ability to detect and
of 9.80%. For the US-Maize, MAPE
exploit redundant information
is 11.31% and for the Brazil-soybean
both in the soil and weather
MAPE is 10.70%.
data. The researchers also
observed that the model may
have been able to learn an
implicit representation of the
cycles of the crops.
The study presented an

architecture that first predicts
the yield of 22 different crops
for a given season, then
The study presented the predicted select the crop with the
the yields for 22 crops. Result highest yield value.
showed that best crop for sept-oct is However, the researchers
rice, nov-dec is soy-bean, etc.. recommended to further
improve the prediction model
because accuracy depends
on predicted values of
influenced parameters.

One of the observation they
seen was, solar radiation
and temperature have
considereable effects on the
variation in corn yields
across different
environments. High corn
yield is associated with low
temperature and high solar
radiation. High corn yield is
The average RMSE is 23% for the
also associated with less
validation data.
rainfall in the planting period,
and average rainfall
troughout may when seed
germination and emergence
happened.
The researchers also said

that a major limitation of their
proposed model is its black
box property.
The researchers suggested

that their proposed model
can be used for real-time
crop yield prediction trouhout
The experimental results showed the year and is applicable
that their propsed model outperforms worldwide because of the
traditional methods by 30% in terms worldwide-availability of their
of RMSE and 15% in terms of used training data.
MAPE.
They claimed that this study
is the first to use modern
representation learning ideas
for crop yield prediction.

They compared the performance of
the model between using tile-level
They discuss that this is the
prediction and field-level prediction.
first study that ever treat
The performance is not far from each
yield forecasting as density-
other but the performance of the
estimation problem. Aside
field-level is better. The highest
from yield forecasting, the
performning setup is the UNet
density-estiamtor nature of
DenseNet-161 with RGBN, MSE of
their system is also able to
255.23, MAE 12.88, and MAPE of
identify parts of the field that
5.78 for the field level test. For the
are underperforming.
pixel level test, MSE is 379.54, MAE
15.42, MAPE 6.98.
In their classification method, the

In the results and discussion
percentage of correctly classified
of this paper, they only
instances is 92.8571%, MAE for the
discussed the results.
regression model is 0.0259

The findings of their semantic The paper discussed the
segmentation shows that even challenges when using the
though there are tiles that achieved dataset: 1: for semantic
great performance on validation, the segmentation due to large
score on majority of the testing tiles number of classes, 2: for
is low. temporal information.
The paper conclude that the

For the maize crop, highest accuracy presented model is able to
is 92%, for the cotton 89%, and for accurately output corretnes
the ground nut 91%. index of the given sowing
strategy.
WOFOST model crop parameter The researchers concluded

sensitivity analysis results showed that their approach bears
that TEFFMX has the highest better performance after their
performance. modifications.

The paper concluded with
the discussion that their
The result of their analysis showed model can leverage a multi-
that there is 3.5% average ncrease stream architecture of CNN
in the expected profit (yield). to model a nonlinear
dependencies among input
variables.
The paper concluded that

result showed that their model the propsed model is better
outperformed the baseline model than other models including
and other tested models on all the the baseline of the model
datasets that they used. AUC ROC they used. They also stated
score: Kenya-0.849, Bazil-0.898, that the use of meta-leaning
Togo-0.910 has contributed to the
performance of their model.

their approach can be
applied as 2 solutions: 1) for
common solution for entire
N-RMSE of yield predicted on region. 2) differentiated
validation and test set using RFC is solution for sub-region level.
6.01% and 6.25% respectively The model was also used for
geo-spatial visual analysis
wherein solutions can be
explored at sub-region as
well as global level.

The pape concluded with the
contributions of the study:
> Data analysis that reflec
In their analysis on both seasons, the changes that takes place on
sum of temperatures increases with climate.
the years, and the change is much > Their study showed the
more marked for dry season. In climate tendencies observed
terms of rainfall, the analysis showed affect sugar cane
that precipitation seem to shift the development, and observed
favorable period over time. how the optimum sonditions
for sugar cane growth and
maturation have moved over
decades.

their proposed solution can
decompose the complex
Their model achieved the highest
problem of of temporal-
performance of using the propsed
spatial data. They suggested
architecture with 14-24 RMSE in the
that future works can further
35 stations.
imporve the performance of
the model by merging data of
pollution sources.
their proposed model

outperformed other models
MSE---
in terms of MSE. The
BP: 0.00623
researchers said that a
SVM: 00261
shortage of their model is
LSTM: 00136
that it is only based in
WA-LSTM-1: 0.00023
historical data so a potential
WA-LSTM-2: 0.00036
improvement could be to add
other factors as well.

the use of the four models
built into 1 shows acceptable
The performance of their Ensemble performance. The
is 15 MAE. researchers stated that the
current study is still ongoing
as they are continuously
collecting new data.

the use of the four models
built into 1 shows acceptable
The performance of their Ensemble performance. The
is 15 MAE. researchers stated that the
current study is still ongoing
as they are continuously
collecting new data.
The paper concludes that the

Their developed sensr for soil
developed soil moisture and
moisture monitoring showed
salinity sensor is able to
performance on par with the
replicate performance as the
Decagon, a major player in the
market leaders but for lower
market.
cost and newer functionality.

the result of their new
technology performs better
than the technologies from
The proposed combination of the
recent studies. The authors
satellite data obtained better
recommended that the
estimation of soil moisture variability
performance of the
with RMSE of 0.0927.
technology can be further
improved by including a
larger ground truth soil
moisture measurement.
For crop classification, Random

forest got best performance with The paper concluded that
100% accuracy 100% recall, their developed technology
and100% precision on the validation performs well in the task of
data. forecasting weather and
recommending crops. They
in LSTM vs Facebook Prophet, the claim that the tchnology can
latter got the highest performance be tweaked in order to be
with 3.74 RMSE compared to the used in yield forecasting.
LSTM that has 12.50 RMSE

the collection system, which
collects real data instead of
estimated data, reduced the
MAE of SVM is 2.78 while of RVM it estimation errors of their
is 3.93. system. The automatic
collection data also allows
farmers to obtain high quality
soil data without frequently
measuring it in the field.

The paper discussed that it
is possible to accurately
predict soil moisture content
one hour advance by using
low cost and reliable SWN
The MSE of their proposed environment. The SGD
prediction model is 0.039622 and model they tested showed
RMSE is 0.19905. acceptable performance.
They suggested that the
technology can be utilized by
farmers to follow irrigation
strategies througout the
entire cropping period.

the developed system can
output the equivalent color of
The study found that their developed
a soil in the munselll soilt
model is able to classify the color of
chart. They stated that a
the soil in an image based on the
future work for the
munsell color chart.
improvement of the system
is to be able to detect the
minerals present in the soil.

among the different setup of
Computed the RMSE for each of the
models they used, the
crops:
generalized linear model has
shown the lowest RMSE.
Mustard: 0.08
They suggested that their
Jute: 0.13
odel can be useful for
T-Aman: 0.16
agricultural research or
Wheat: 0.09
knowledge to learn to avoid
adversity.

the developed data
aggregation protocol can be
result of their analysis showed that
used in precision agriculture
the average througput of the
with fault-tolerance. The
protocols has shown improvement of
authors discussed that the
14% compared to other protocols.
protocol saves energy which
is the major source of energy
in many IoT networks.
For the crop yield prediction, result

for 6 regios, the difference on actual
and predicted values ranged from
The paper discussed that the
13-168. For the weather data,
developed system has taken
visualization of the map was shown
advantage of the huge
on the classification of land types.
amount of diverse and
For the market data, they used the
complex data generated
geolocation information to plot
from various sources like
markers on the map.
weather stations,
meteorological depts, and
Through the analysis they noticed a
department of agriculture.
sudden drop in production in the year
2000 due to drought in some of the
locations and then it rose in 2003.
The method they presented

can be verified with multi
class classification using
They computed the deviaton of their
logistic regression and with
result and these are as follows:
ANN. The authors stated that
max temp: 1.26%, min temp: 3.5%,
the only effor which is to be
ranfaill: 0%.
taken by the user it to update
the data set in order to show
more accurate results.

Following are the observation after that the combinatin of spatial
training: and temporal data for
> The proposed approach can fertilizer prediction can be
effectively predict the fertilization of achieved using their
corn and wheat but the effect in corn proposed approach.
is slightly worse
> Best performance given by TMTR- The authors suggest that a
bl2 further improvement of this
> Standard deviation of the result method is to increase the
generated by 20 iterative experiment databsae in order to achieve
is small. better generalization of the
model

Comparison of the models used the study has shown what
using mean IoU: role architectural differences
U-Net: 0.643 does the segmentation
LinkNet: 0.726 process play in stage growth
MA-Net: 0.652 of crops. Among the different
FPN: 0.644 architectures, LinkNet was
PSPNet: 0.647 best suited for the purpose of
semantic segmentation.
The paper discussed that the

developed approach can be
used to explore more aout
The SVM accuracy in detecting weed feature extraction techniques
is 82%. and cn be further impobed
by including the hardware
part on the automatic
removal of weeds.

Cranberry counting and
segmentation: MAE of U-Net is
18.67, LC-FCN is 17.46, and the
Triple S Network is 13.46
the developed system is low
cost, high efficiency and
Berry temperature prediction: MAE
preciion and result are near-
of the RF is 1 and the MLP is 3
realtime.
Irradiance Prediction: Best
performance achieved is 8.41 MAPE.

the use of depthwise
Among the baseline models, the separable convulition
Inception-DR achieved the highest allowed themodel to have
accuacy of 92.538%. The AlextNet high performance and
lowest accuracy of 67.116%. accuracy while greatly
reducing the umbe of
parameters.
Accuracy comparison:
ResNet: 97.03%
the MobileNet showed the
MobileNet: 99.27%
highest performance among
GoogleNet: 99.15%
the used DL models.
AlexNet: 97.92%

The final performance of the model after testing the device on a
after 212 epochs is 0.63 precision, farm, it achieved acceptable
0.701 recall, and MAE 0.702 performance when detecting
spinach diseases.
Their 2 model setup achieved 1.0,

and 0.98 for the Adam optimizer and
using their model, it can
CCE respectively and trained
achive accuracy that is on
between 0.058-0.55 hours. This is
par with other state-of-the art
compared to other models such as
models witch less training
the VGG-16 which achieved 0.98%
time, less parameter, and
accuracy and trained for 15.93
less complexity.
hours.

their presented model
After training several models, the
achieved better performance
GBDT algorithm achieved best
when compared to other
performance of 92% accuracy.
models, including a Neural
network.

Average accuracy: the bes performing model is
Mask R-CNN = 0.803 the CK-CNN which got
VGG16 = 0.950 94.5% accuracy. The
ResNet50 = 0.91 authors also mentioned that
CK-CNN is 0.945 the dataset they gathered
was made public.
The paper concluded that it

is important to predict the
Result showed that RMSE is 1.3% future weather conditions in
the dynamic forecast of crop
productivity.
As per the research, the validation The paper concluded that

accuracy found in the first epoch was the high accuracy result of
0.8319 and the validation accuracy in the ResNet can be credited
the last epoch was increased to to the ability of the
0.9953. After the first epoch, the architecture to back
value of validation loss was found to propagation. The developed
be 0.5865 and till the last epoch, it model was suggested to be
decreased to 0.0269. used for early stage.
The paper discussed that

the authors observed that on over
they validated their
70k hectares analyzed just 7 crop
architecture with a 90%
types represent over 90% of the total
identification of wheat and
cultivated area
maize.
The paper concludes that the

Based on their testing, input of devloped system is able to
humidity=80, temperature=26.3, and provide farmers with data
rainfall=497 results to yield 108. that can help in decision
making.

Their first observation is that
before 1980, there is maybe
a small increasing thermal
trend but after that year,
temperature become
zooming and by their
Visualization of their result shows
prediction that wont stop until
that almost all true values lay in their
we take action.
prediction intervals. An interesting
trend is that a surge in 2002, 2004,
Another of their observation
2007, and 2017, can be predicted by
is that their prediction model
the model.
show that the global land
surface air temperature is
increasing consecutively.
Forebasting indicate that the
earth is becoming more and
more warm.
Potential Gap
The study used parameters Area, production,

yield, and area under irrigation. While these
parameters are essential for predicting crop yield,
data about the climate condition and soil condition
is also an important factor which the study did not
include.
The researchers compared 10 ML algorithms.

They did not include an algorithm that is based on
a Neural Network. It would have been interesting
to know the result of the model when it was trained
on a Neural Network which is known for its ability
to discover more patterns when compared to ML
models.
The study only focused on sattelite data which only
shows visual information about the crop fields. This
makes the study to focus only on large lands of
crop fields which would not generalize on smaller
crop fields.
Drawbacks
The study did not clearly explain how

they divided their data for model training
and validation and did not show data for
predicted values versus actual values of
the corn yield.
Drawbacks
The study did not stated the size of their
dataset which is crucial on identifying
weather there are class imbalance, and
the number of validation set.
Drawbacks
The study used classification instead of

regression. Therefore, this is not a yield
number estimation task. They did not
address the problem that arise when
using only 5 categories for yield
prediction such as the wide range of
estimation, which does not solve the
problem of "Precise yield estimation".
Drawbacks
The result of the study was not
adequately discussed. The researchers
showed the charts, but the actual numeric
values are nowhere to be seen.
Drawbacks
The paper accomplished their main

objective which is to compare the
performance of their Neural Network
model to ML model. However, in most
cases, Deep Learning models really are
known to show better performance
because of their complexity and ability to
better make sense of patterns in data
compared to statistics-based models
(ML). So it would have been a little more
fair if they compared their model also to
other Neural Network models.
Drawbacks
The result of this paper could be further
improved by experimenting with other
types of neural network and a dataset
with more factors included.
Drawbacks
The source of the data they used was not

mentioned, including the sample size.
Also, in their result they only showed the
predicted values and not the actual
values so it is impossible to compare the
difference between actual and predicted
data. There is also no information about
the performance of each of the model
they used.
Drawbacks
They datasource was provided by
Syngenta which composed of different
varieties of Syngenta corn seeds. Also,
one of the features they used for training
is crop genotype, which means these are
data that are exclusive to Syngenta. This
means that the developed model is
expected to generalize on Syngenta
brands and not on other brands.
Drawbacks
The approach they presented only allows

for prediction of yield on a certain region
or state so it is not applicable to be
applied on targeted farms.
Drawbacks
They did not specify the performances of
the other models such as the Lasso, RF,
and LightGBM. They only mentioned that
these types of models are very hard and
time consuming to setup.
Drawbacks
There was no conclusions given in the

paper.
They did not justify why they used Data

mining instead of classical ML models or
Deep learning methods.
Drawbacks
The dataset coud be further improved by
adding more countries.
Drawbacks
The work can be further improved by

including a prediction of the correct
sowing season.
Drawbacks
> source of data was not mentioned.

> performance of the prediction model
was not mentioned.
Drawbacks
They used models with several
parameters but they did not mention or
show the performance of each.
Potential Gap
The presented method could be furtther

improved by including other agricultural
parameters such as the agro-ecology of
the region being learned.
Potential Gap
Not enough information regarding the

dataset such as preprocessing
techniques, data split rules, and image
resolution.
Potential Gap
They could have included more
information on the data processing part.
Potential Gap
In essence, the RMSE is acceptable but

they did not mention that it can still result
into wrong analysis on real time
applciation.
Potential Gap
The information about the data is not

substantial. For examples, the features
are not mentioned as well as weather
there is a preprocessing that was
performed.
Potential Gap
The paper did not mention the implication
of using an ensemble, that the system
would have to handle 4 models which
adds to the already resource-intensive
proccess of one.
Potential Gap
The paper did not mention the implication

of using an ensemble, that the system
would have to handle 4 models which
adds to the already resource-intensive
proccess of one.
Potential Gap
The paper only compared their developed

technology with one other technology, the
Decagon.
Potential Gap
The paper compared the performance of
their technology with only one literature.
Potential Gap
Not enough information about the

Facebook Prophet, like its architecture,
the parameters ued, and the reason of
selecting this model.
Potential Gap
The study did not discuss the implication

of the data collection technology for
larger fields wherein it becomes possible
that certain areas of a field have variying
soil data.
Potential Gap
The study only used one model, the
SGD. There are several models that are
typically used aside from this model and it
would have been better to compare its
performance with other models in order to
find a more optimize performance.
Potential Gap
The paper did not show the results of the

trained model so the accuracy was not
mentioned. Also they did not mention the
implication of shadows in the image,
which potentially changes the color of the
soil.
Potential Gap
The paper did not show enough

information about the result of the trained
model such as the precision score, recall,
and other metrics that are important.
Potential Gap
The paper did not include any complexity
analysis of the proposed data
aggregation algorithm in terms of
computing and communication.
Potential Gap
Not enough information about the dataset

such as the actual size of the samples,
the features, and the preprocessing steps
if there are any
Potential Gap
Using their developed model, it gives us

an output of the day and not the nearest
value probability of how the day is going
to be.
Potential Gap
Not enough information about the dataset
used. No info about the classses
included, the features, and the
preprocessing methods.
Potential Gap
This could be tested on other crops aside

from corn.
Potential Gap
The paper did not clearly explain the

result of the trained model. It also did not
mention that 82% accuracy is not
acceptable due to the nature of the task
which is identifying weeds from crop and
there is about 18% chance of error.
Potential Gap
One problem this could face is the
presence of anomalies that could cover
the camera such as clouds, debris,
animals, etc., which could cover the
cameras field of view.
Potential Gap
They did not mention that the PlantVillage

dataset contains data that almost does
not reflect real time use since this data is
taken indoor.
Potential Gap
The paper did not show the performance

of the models without the application of
Transfer Learning
Potential Gap
The developed model only labels the
detection as "good" and "infected". It
does not say what is the name of the
disease that was detected.
Potential Gap
The model was not tested on real-life

images. It just relied on the PlantVillage
dataset which often does not represent
real-world data.
Potential Gap
The dataset they tested on consist only of

one corn disease. The propsed model's
performance on multiple diseases is not
validated.
Potential Gap
The model has a significant level of false

positive and false negative rate.
Potential Gap
The study sought to target reional

application but they did not include
regional climate data.
Potential Gap
The technology can be further improved

by implementing it with a drone
technology for wider range of data.
Potential Gap
Not enough information about the used

prediction models.
Potential Gap
Not enough information about the

validation result of the trained model such
as the accuracy. The paper only
presented example inputs and outputs on
the result of their training.
Potential Gap
Not enough information about the used
data set such as the number of samples,
how the data was split for training and
testing, and whether there are
preprocessing techniques used.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Questions
Are the research aims clearly specified?

Was the study designed to achieve these aims?
Are the used techniques clearly described and their selection justified?
Are the variables considered by the study suitably measured?
Are the data collection methods adequately described?
Is the data collected adequately described?
Is the purpose of the data analysis clear?
Are statistical techniques used to analyze data adequately described and their use justified?
Are negative results (if any) presented?
Do the researchers discuss any problems with the validity/reliability of their results?
Are all research questions answered adequately?
How clear are the links between data, interpretation and conclusions?
Are the findings based on multiple projects?
YieldPredict: A Corn Grain Yield Prediction
Deep-LSTM Model Crop Yield A Generalized Multimodal
for Wheat Crop Yield Prediction Deep Learning Model for
Using UAV-based High
Prediction in India Framework for Early Crop Yield Prediction Spatiotemporal Resolution
Smart Farms Multispectral Imagery
Y Y Y Y
Y P P Y
Y Y P Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
N N N N
N N N N
P P Y Y
Y Y Y Y
N N N N
Fuzzy Logic based Crop Yield Prediction
Winter Wheat Crop Yield Prediction on
using Temperature and Rainfall
Multiple Heterogeneous Datasets using
parameters predicted through ARMA,
Machine Learning
SARIMA, and ARMAX models
Y Y
y P
Y P
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y N
N N
Y Y
Y Y
N N
Use of Data Mining
A Scalable Machine
Technique for Wheat Yield Forecasting
Learning System for
Prediction of Tea Yield using Regression
Pre-Season
in the Face of Climate Algorithms and Neural
Agriculture Yield
Change of Assam, Network
Forecast
India
Y Y Y
P Y y
P Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
N N N
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
N N N
Crop Selection Method to
maximize crop yield rate
using machine learning
technique
Y
P
Y
Y
N
N
Y
P
N
N
P
N
N

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