NEW BALDWIN

INTERNATIONAL
SECONDARY SCHOOL
MANDUR, Bengaluru

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
The study of various factors on which
the internal resistance of a cell
depends on.

DONE BY: VAISHNAVI GOYAL

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “physics
investigatory project” on the topic
“The study of various factors on which
the internal resistance of a cell
depends on.” has been successfully
completed by Vaishnavi Goyal of
grade XII under the fulfilment of the
curriculum requirements of CBSE in
the year 2023-2024

Signature of signature of signature of

Internal examiner external examiner principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest
appreciation to all those who have
provided me with the opportunity to
perform this project. I would like to
thank my chemistry teacher Ms.Uma ,
whose valuable guidance has helped
me to complete the project. Her
suggestions and instructions have
served as a major contributor towards
the successful outcome of this project.
I would like to thank my parents for
giving encouragement, enthusiasm and
invaluable assistance to me. Last but
not the least, I would like to thank all
my classmates who have supported me
in various aspects.
 INDEX

1) AIM
2) INTRODUCTION
3) MATERIAL REQUIRED
4) PROCEDURE
5) OBSERVATIONS
6) ANALYSIS
7) CONCLUSION
8) BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM
To investigate and understand the factors that
influence the internal resistance of a cell.
This investigatory project explores the
concept of internal resistance in electrical
cells and investigates the factors affecting it.
Internal resistance is an important parameter
that impacts the performance of cells in
electrical circuits, and a deeper understanding
of these factors can help optimize the
efficiency of electrical devices.
 INTRODUCTION
The internal resistance of a cell is a measure
of its opposition to the flow of electric current
within the cell itself. It is influenced by various
factors, including the type of electrolyte,
temperature, cell construction, and the
composition of the electrodes. This project
aims to study and quantify the effects of
these factors on the internal resistance of a
cell.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Different types of electrical cells (e.g.,
alkaline, lead-acid, zinc-carbon)
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. Variable resistor
5. Thermometer
6. Connecting wires
7. Stopwatch
8. Beakers
9. Ice or hot water bath
10. Multimeter
11. Distilled water
 PROCEDURE
1. Set up a circuit with the cell, ammeter, and
voltmeter in series.
2. Measure the voltage (V) across the cell
when a known current (I) is flowing through
it.
3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the internal
resistance (r) of the cell (r = (V/I)).
4. Perform the above steps for different types
of cells.
5. To investigate the effect of temperature,
immerse a cell in an ice bath and measure its
internal resistance. Repeat the procedure
with a hot water bath.
6. For the effect of electrode composition, use
different electrodes (e.g., copper, zinc) and
observe changes in internal resistance.
7. Measure the internal resistance of cells
with different concentrations of electrolyte.
8. Record observations and data for each test.
9. Use a multimeter to verify and cross-check
results.
 OBSERVATIONS
Tabulate your observations for each factor
tested, including cell type, temperature,
electrode composition, and electrolyte
concentration. Include data on internal
resistance (r) for each case.

ANALYSIS
1. Analyze the data and plot graphs showing
the relationship between internal resistance
and the factors investigated.
2. Discuss the trends and patterns observed in
the data.
3. Explain the physical reasons behind the
variations in internal resistance.
4. Compare the internal resistance values of
different cell types.
 CONCLUSION
Summarize the key findings and conclusions
of your study. Discuss the significance of
understanding internal resistance and how it
can be applied to real-world scenarios.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physicsexperiments.com
Scribd
Activity for physics book