Physical Self
 The physical self refers to the body.
 Gregor Mendel (father of genetics) deduced that genes
come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one
from each parent.
 Heredity - transmission or passing on of traits from the
parents to the offspring.
What philosophers say about beauty?
 St. Augustine asked whether things were beautiful
because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight
because it was beautiful. He believed it to be the latter.
 Plato connected beauty as a response to love and
desire.
 Aristotle asserted that the chief forms of beauty are
order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be
demonstrated by mathematical sciences.
 David Hume “Beauty is no quality in things themselves;
it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them;
and each mind perceives a different beauty”.
 Immanuel Kant “The judgement of taste is therefore not
a judgement of cognition, and is consequently not logical
but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose
determining ground can be no other than subjective.
 Francis Hutcheson “The perception of beauty does
depend on the external sense of sight; however, the
internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex
sense.
Cultural Standard of Beauty
 African country of Tahiti, men and women are set
aside in a special place for fattening purposes wherein
they are covered in large amounts of tapa barkcloth.
- The goal of this ritual is to enhance their beauty, not
only by feeding them but by making sure that they get a
lighter skin afterwards.
 Nigeria, being fat was viewed as a sign of prosperity,
fertility, and beauty.
 Philippines, skin color signifies the value of the people
in society, where whiteness has become a goal for most
Filipinos.
What did psychology discover about beauty?
Research found that a person who is perceived as
attractive makes more money than a person of below-average
looks.
These study results can be attributed to a cognitive
bias called the “halo effect”.
 Cognitive bias is an error in reasoning, evaluating, or
remembering.
 Halo Effect refers to the tendency of people to rate
attractive individuals more favorably for their personality
traits or characteristics as compared to those who are
less attractive.
The Filipino Obsession with Beauty: The Case of Xander
Ford
 Xander’s decision to alter his physical appearance
was not without the pressure of society to look good,
if not better. He was not spared from bullying since
he became an internet sensation because by our
standards.
 The decision to go under the knife was because of a
lookist culture which dictates that happiness is only
afforded to good-looking people. (Estrada, 2017)
Body Dysmorphic Order
Those who are suffering from this disorder are very
much preoccupied by a perceived physical flaw that is either
absent or so trivial that only the one suffering from it sees it
as a problem, being so much distressed about it, that daily
routines are affected.
Anorexia
“A serious mental illness where people are low
weight due to limiting their energy intake. It can affect anyone
of any age, gender, background. As well as restricting the
amount of food eaten, they may do lots of exercise to get rid
of food eaten.
Body Shaming
The act of criticizing yourself or others because of
some aspect of physical appearance.
Body Image Disturbance:
1. Perceptual Component - how we accurately
perceive our body size, also known as body size
estimation.
1. Attitudinal Component - how we think and feel
about the size and/or shape of our body.
Steve and Whitenton (2002), found out that body
dissatisfaction is also linked with mental disorders including
depression and anxiety among adolescents.
The Filtered Self
Our filtered beauty-mode photos make us feel good.
Celebrating Beauty in Diversity
 Celebrating diversity is about showing respect and
gratitude for the differences between us.
 Celebrating diversity is important because it invites
people to appreciate and understand one another,
rather than to judge or criticize.
 Celebrating diversity enables us to break down
stereotypes.
You are Who You Look! Embracing Your Physical Self
  Surround yourself with supportive people.
 Focus on the aspects of your appearance you do like.
 Avoid comparing yourself to others.
 Take care of yourself physically.
 Consider what kind of clothes you’re wearing.

“You are imperfect, permanently and inevitably flawed. You are

beautiful”
SEXUAL SELF

Sexuality
It is a central aspect of being human throughout
life which encompasses sex, gender identities and
roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure,
intimacy and reproduction.

What is the difference of sex to gender?

 Sex
It refers to a person’s characterization as
female or male at birth, typically based on
the appearance of external genitalia or other
biological characteristics including
chromosomes.
 Gender
It refers to the social characteristics that
may be (or not be) aligned with a person‘s
sex and adopted by an individual as their
gender identity.

Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics

Secondary sex characteristics are traits that differ

between the two sexes but are not
Part of the reproductive system.
Puberty is one to three-year process of hormonal
and physical change that causes the
young person to reach sexual maturity, girls usually
entering it about a year (or two)
earlier than boys.
Diversity of Sexual Orientation  RA 10354, Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012, law which guarantee access to
Sexual orientation refers to our sexual preferences methods of contraception, fertility control, sexual
towards males, females, or both. education and maternal care.
Gender Identity is one’s concept of being male,
female, both, or neither and is “entirely OLD METHODS
determined by socialization.  Chinese women drink lead and mercury to control
fertility
Types of Sexual Orientation  Herbs, olive oil, ginger, tobacco juices to kill semen
 Heterosexual (Straight) sexually attracted to
opposite sex  French prostitutes used acidic douches
 Bisexual sexually attracted to people of both  Greek women jump seven times backward after
sexes intercourse
 Asexual not sexually attracted to any sex or
gender. TRADITIONAL METHOD
 Pansexual can be sexually attracted to any sex  Periodic Abstinence
or gender identity  Withdrawal
 Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) sexually attracted to  Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
members same sex
MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD
Types of Gender Identity
Hormonal Methods- prevents the ovary from releasing
CISGENDER/CIS an egg, thickening of the cervical mucus, making it
 Gender Identity consistent is with the sex they difficult for the sperm to reach the egg.
were assigned at birth. Example: pills, injectable, implants
TRANSGENDER/TRANS
 Gender identity does not match the sex they Barrier Method -Prevents pregnancy by blocking the
were assigned at birth. . egg and sperm from meeting.
AGENDER Example: spermicides, male condoms, female
 People who do not identify with any gender. condoms, diaphragmcervical cup, IUD
NON-BINARY
 People who “do not identify strictly as a boy or a EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE-must be taken 72 hours
girl - the could identify as both, or neither, or as of the act of unprotected intercourse or failure of
another gender entirely. contraceptive method.

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) SURGICAL METHOD - involves surgical procedure to

This refer to a condition passed from one prevent fertilization of the egg
person to another through sexual contact. Example: Tubal Ligation and Vasectomy
STDs: Chlamydia, Syphillis, HIV, Trichomonas, etc.

FAMILY PLANNING

 Program that enables parents to deliberately and

responsibly decide the number and spacing of their
children.
MATERIAL SELF
What is materialself?
“...a sum total of what he calls his, not only his
body psychic powers, but his clothes and his house,
his wife and children”
-William James
The Material Self Hierarchy
BODY
 Inner most part of our material self
 We strive to make sure that this body
functions well and good.
CLOTHING
 We are what we wear.
 Form of self-expression.
FAMILY
 Shape and influence the development of
self-identity.
HOUSE
 Earliest nest of our selfhood.
 Extension of self.
OTHER PROPERTIES
 Other things that you give value.
Consumer Culture and the Self
 “Consume” is defined as “use up, to spend
wastefully, to destroy” (Gusdorf, 1978)
 Behind every consumption there is
production.
 Necessity is the mother of consumption.
 Consumers are often portrayed as “victims”,
exploited by greedy companies. However,
every person has “free will”.
Diderot Effect
States that obtaining a new possession often
creates a spiral of consumption which leads you to
acquire more new things.
Langue and Parole (Saussure)
Langue (Language) - structure that dictates the
rules and conventions.
Parole (Speech) - any given linguistic fragment
or item extracted from that very structure.
Langue of Consumption: This is the set of general rules
and ideas in consumer culture, like "expensive brands
mean high status" or "green products are eco-friendly."
Parole of Consumption: Your personal shopping choices,
such as buying a luxury brand bag to show your high
status or choosing eco-friendly products to reflect your
concern for the environment.
DENOTATIONANDCONNOTATION
Denotation refers to the literal, objective, and primary
meaning of a sign or symbol. In the context of the material
self, denotation relates to the physical attributes and
characteristics of the objects or products one owns or uses.
These attributes are often straightforward and universally
understood.
For example: The denotation of a luxury watch may include
features like its brand name, materials, design, and
functionality.
Connotation refers to the secondary, implied, or symbolic
meanings associated with a sign or symbol. It's the
additional layers of meaning that go beyond the
denotation and are shaped by cultural, social, and personal
interpretations.
For example: The luxury watch, the connotations might
include
notions of wealth, success, prestige, and sophistication.
ANCHORAGEANDRELAY
 Anchorage refers to the process of using additional text
or images to clarify or reinforce the meaning of a sign. It
helps guide the interpretation of the primary sign and
makes its intended message more explicit.
In the context of the material self, anchorage could be seen
as the deliberate use of objects or products to reinforce or
clarify one's identity or self-image. It involves using
material possessions to solidify and make clear the
desired image or identity.
 Relay involves the use of multiple signs to work
together to convey meaning. One sign sets the
stage or provides context for another sign to be
fully understood. This is often seen in advertising
and communication where a series of signs are
used to create a specific message.
 In the context of the material self, relay can be
applied to the use of objects and products that
collectively convey an individual's identity or story.
Each item contributes to a larger narrative or
image.
CALVINIST PRINCIPLE
John Calvin a key figure in the development of
Calvinism, emphasized certain principles that
could influence attitudes toward consumption.
Calvinism is a theological and religious tradition
that has had historical and cultural implications,
including in the realm of consumption and
materialism.
PRINCIPLES
1. Predestination and God's Sovereignty -
believe that material wealth does not
necessarily indicate divine favor or a
guarantee of salvation.
2. Work Ethic - The idea that work is a form of
service to God and that success in one's
profession is a sign of God's blessing can
lead some Calvinists to engage in diligent
work and productive
labor.
3. Simplicity and Moderation - choose to live a
more modest lifestyle, avoiding excessive
extravagance in consumption.
4. Stewardship - individuals are viewed as
stewards of the resources and wealth
entrusted to them by God.
THE MARXISTPERSPECTIVE
Commodity Fetishism
 Marxists argue that in a capitalist society,
commodities (goods and services) take on a
"fetishized" quality.
 Certain goods are given high monetary value with
no regard for the labor that went into its
creation... (Felluga, 2015)
ALIENATION
 It refers to the estrangement or separation of
individuals from the products of their labor, their
own human nature, and their social and
economic relationships.
THE MARXISTPERSPECTIVE
Marx thought that feeling disconnected and unhappy at
work is a natural part of the way capitalism works. He
believed that many people in the working class would
experience this feeling. It's like feeling unsatisfied and not
happy with your job because of how the system works.
SPIRITUAL SELF
SPIRITUALVSRELIGIOUS
SPIRITUAL
 “relating to or affecting the human spirit or soul
as opposed to material or physical things”
 Spiritual people may engage in practices such as
meditation, mindfulness, and self-reflection to
nurture their inner spirituality.
RELIGIOUS
 someone who believes in God or group of Gods
and consciously adheres to the beliefs of his/her
religion.
 A religious person typically adheres to organized
religious beliefs and practices.
 Why is spirituality important? 3. Spiritual Experience - feeling of immediate
connection with a higher being.
Meaningless in life is a significant factor in causing 4. Unique social forms of community - unite in one
anxiety, depression, and other mental health single community called Church.
concerns.
Spiritual practices are associated with optimal
health and well-being.

Contemplative Practices
Contemplative practice can be understood as a
method to develop concentration, deepen
understanding and insight, and cultivate awareness
and compassion.

1. Meditation
2. Prayer The Major Religions
3. Yoga
4. Journaling 1. Judaism
2. Christianity
Meditation 3. Islam
Mental exercise for the purpose of reaching a 4. Hinduism
heightened level of spiritual awareness. 5. Buddhism
Prayer
A spiritual communion with God as in supplication, The Concept of Dungan - Spirit or Soul
thanksgiving, adoration, or confession.  According to Socrates and Plato, the soul will
Yoga survive the death of the body.
A system of physical postures, breathing techniques  St. Thomas Aquinas, each living thing has soul and
and sometimes meditation to promote physical and that physical death is not the end.
emotional well-being.  The Muslims believe that the soul existed at the
Journaling same time as the body but that it will survive bodily
Help you become more aware of your death.
inner life and feel more connected to your  Animism is a belief of our ancestors that souls are
experience and the world around you. quasi-physical and can exist outside the body.
 In the point of view of Babaylan, “dungan” gives
The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural life, animation and sensibilities to a person.
Being and Power  Tan Mulong, he guards the spirit cave that
imprisons the soul.
Religion is defined as belief and worship as a
superhuman controlling power, especially a God Rituals and Ceremonies
or gods.
A particular system of faith and worship. A ritual is a ceremony or action performed in a
customary way.
The Four Dimensions of Religion A ceremony is formal act or ritual performed
in observation of an event or anniversary.
1. Belief - generalized system of ideas and
values.
2. Rituals - repeated gestures or activities
such as prayers and mantras.
 Classification of Rituals
1. Imitative Ritual - patterned after myths, and the ritual
repeats the myth or aspects of the myth.
2. Positive and Negative - positive ritual are concerned with
giving blessings to an object or to an individual, while
negative ritual focus on rules of prohibition.
3. Sacrificial Rituals - total destruction of the sacrifice as an where you are born.
offering to a “higher being”.
4. Life Crisis Ritual - transition of one mode or stage of life
into another.
Religion, Magic and Witchcraft
Religious rituals involve the community whereas, magic
gravitates on the needs and wants of an individual only.
Magic means method that somehow interface with the
supernatural and by which people can bring about
particular outcome.
Witchcraft generally refers to individuals who have an
innate ability to do evil.
Witchcraft is generally associated with immoral and
antisocial behavior such as greed, vengeance, and envy.
Finding and Creating Meaning. Three Ways of Discovering
the Meaning of Life
1.by creating a work or doing a deed
2. by experiencing something or encountering someone
3. by the attitude we take toward unavoidable
Suffering
POLITICAL SELF
What is political self?
 One's political self is his identity being a member of
a community or a country where he belongs. It
must be taking pride of his belongingness.
 According to Aristotle,” Man is by nature a political
animal”. Man is a social being and people naturally
drawn to various political involvements in order to
satisfy their social needs.
SEEKING THE FILIPINO IDENTITY
1987 Constitution Art, 4. Sec.1
1. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of
the Philippines
2. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
3. Those who are naturalized in accordance of law.
CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH
1.JUS SOLI (LAW OF THE SOIL) Your citizenship is
2. JUS SANGUINIS (LAW OF THE BLOOD) Your
citizenship is based on your parents.
NATURALIZED CITIZENSHIP
To be eligible for naturalization, you must meet the
following requirements:
1. Be at least 18 years old.
2. Have resided in the Philippines for a
continuous period of at least 10 years.
3. Possess good moral character and have no
criminal record.
4. Be able to speak and write in Filipino or any
of the Philippine regional languages.
5. Have a thorough understanding of the
Philippine government, culture, and
history.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: INDIO TO FILIPINO
 The Spanish colonizers claim that the
citizens of the Philippines are Indio.
 Jose Rizal seek the true identity of the
Filipinos.
 Americans established a public school
system which would
 “cure the Filipino of his laziness and
prepare him for a large participation in the
affairs of government;” (Taft,1902)
  One administration after another have tested the
survival of instincts of the Filipinos.
 We were a recovering people, conscious of the
mistakes of the past and wart of repeating those
mistakes.
 “The Filipinos are worth dying for” -Benigno
“Ninoy”
 Aquino, sought to inspire a hurting and
recovering nation.
DEMOCRACY- FROM THEIRS TO OURS
Three things should be provided by the government
before we can enjoy democracy:
1. maintenance of peace and order
2. protection of life, liberty, and property
3. promotion of general welfare
 We should be able to participate and be heard in
the political process.
 There must be a consistency in the principles and
policies declared in the constitution and in how
Filipinos live their lives.
PHILIPPINE POLITICAL CULTURE- A PROBLEM OF
VARITATION
There are culturally two categories of communities:
1. Minority
 Culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group
that coexist with but is subordinate to a more
dominant group.
 Marginalized and perceive themselves as
unrecognized by the national government.
 Examples: Ifugao of Kala, Bukidnon of Iloilo, and
Muslims
 Problem: Feeling of alienation
 Example: Deciding to have an education, they will be
educated with the foundation of a Manila-based
background, science, technology, and lifestyle.
 There is no connection at the national level that they
hardly feel they are the Filipino citizens.
 characterized by Tagalog/English speakers
 Christianity/Catholicism as the basis of faith
 Prompted by emotion rather than intellectual
speculation.
 Example: People who will vote into power
1. limited venues for political participation.
2. a deeper or less superficial understanding
of the issues owing to the weakness of
schools or mass media
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Strengths
1. Hospitality
 Filipino hosts will always offer food to a guest or
anyone.
 Foreigners who have gone to the Philippines find
themselves falling in love with the warm hospitality
shown to them.
2. Strong Family Orientation
 Keeping families intact through generations.
3. Joy and Humor
 We can laugh at those we love and hate, and we can
make jokes about good or bad fortune.
4. Flexibility, adaptability and creativity
 ability to overcome life’s challenges, tremendous in
adjusting and adapting to any circumstances, and
improvise and make use
 of whatever it is at hand to create and produce.
1. Faith and Religiosity
 This trait is actually a positive side to “bahala na”
mindset, which serves as a “kickstarter” or a
“pampalakas loob” to move someone into action.
2. Ability to Survive
 This trait is demonstrated by a Filipino to carry on
and endure even through harsh economic and social
circumstances.
Weaknesses
1. Extreme Personalism
 This involves personal contacts, which make
requests become difficult to turn down and may lead
to the prevalence of graft and corruption in the
country.
2. Extreme Family Centeredness
 Family is valued above anything and everyone else
because the family is the source of strength.
3. Lack of Discipline
 Characterized by our idiomatic expression “ningas
cogon” , projects start with full enthusiasm and
interest, but sooner it starts that enthusiasm and
interest just as soon as it dies down.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative
 Strong reliance on leaders and the government to
solve the nation’s problems, but ordinarily, Filipino
also do not feel the need to initiate or contribute to
the solution.
 Colonial Mentality
 This trait is connected to our general feelings of
inferiority, where we think Foreigners are superior.
6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome
 This trait emphasizes personal and in-group interests,
which are insensitive to the common good.
7. Lack of Self Analysis and Self Reflection
 The expression that Filipinos are “madaling makalimot”
or have a short memory.
 We easily forget the mistakes we have made; hence,
we make the same mistakes again.
DIGITAL SELF
Is there a big difference between the self online and the real
self?
DIGITAL SELF
 It is the persona you use when you are online
 A mask that we put on to engage the technological
world
 The term “online identity” implies that there is a
distinction between how people present themselves
online and how they do offline.
 We are living in a digital age and other than face to
face interaction, we have interactions involving
technology- cellular phones, computers and other
gadgets. Thus, we build our digital self.
REALITY AS ABSTRACTION
Abstraction is the non-physical properties one gets to try and
interact with when consuming technology.
 Real-life Reality
 Simulation
 Augmented Reality
 Virtual Reality
 Hyperreality
REAL-LIFE REALITY
Pertains to life away from digital devices and where interaction
happens on a physical level.
SIMULATION
Basic purpose is to copy reality as closely as it can.
Offers uncanny representations of real-world aspects, and can
also be used for instruction.
AUGMENTED REALITY
This is real-life spliced with the unreal.
Permits you to simultaneously interact with both the tangible
world and various digital add-ons for a more enhanced
experience.
VIRTUAL REALITY
This is completely detached from real-life reality.
You are granted relative freedom to explore and eventually
inhabit digitally made-up worlds vicariously through a
character or avatar you can create yourself.
HYPERREALITY
Hyperreality has a state of mind.
Hyperreality is the ability to distinguish the real from the
otherwise.
A more evolved form of reality, a utopia of the mind, where
people exist as the best version of themselves and are
insulted from the woes of real-life reality.
THE CYBERSELF
 Identity refers to one’s perception of the self, or also
known as selfhood and subjectivity.
 With the advent of the digital age, we nowadays are
termed not just simply as “individuals” but also as
“users”, slowly adjusting to the notion that multiple
realities naturally require the construction of multiple
representations.
 Technology provides new venues for forging
identities and personhood, real or make-believe.
 Participating online is equivalent to performing in a
crowd. (Shelly Turkle, 2012)
THE DRAMATURGICAL OF THE SELF
 Erving Goffman emphasizes that, as in theatrical
performances, social interaction also has the front
stage, back stage, and off- stage regions.
 The front region is when people’s carefully-
constructed digital selves engage in online activities,
such as publicly commenting on posts, choosing
which “selfie” to upload, or even deciding on what
thoughts to publish.
 The backstage region is when someone simply logs
out and momentarily abstains from social media use.
 Off stage region is when people actually meet up
with people they only know on the internet, or at
least those they perform online through various cues
and expressions.
 Goffman added that people, when engaged in social
interactions, internalize what he calls impression
management: a process wherein each attempts to
manufacture and present one’s self positively to
avoid embarrassment.
 He also stated that people often give out
expressions or cues that aid in the formation of an
identity for others to confirm or deny later on.
THE ELEMENTS OF THE DRAMATURGICAL SELF
1. PERFORMANCE
 The set of activities in which the self
participates in front of others
  wherein people are able to express meaning
about themselves and their present situation.
1. SETTING
 This primarily centers on the scenery where
an interaction will take place.
 Facebook, Twitter
2. APPEARANCE
 Ability to portray the self’s various statuses, with one of
its several props being a person’s attire of choice.
 Can also visually portray one’s gender orientation,
profession, and even age.
 Selfies, cover photos, display pictures
3. MANNER
 This pertains to how an actor sends various signals to
the audience to ultimately inform them in advance of
the role he/she seeks or is about to perform; a prompt,
if you may.
4. FRONT
 This works as one of the social scripts that actors
follow for a more guided performance.
 These are ready-made fronts that actors choose from
for every specific situation or undertaking.
IDENTITY CRISIS: ANONYMITY AND PSEUDONYMITY IN
THE CYBERSPACE
ANONYMITY
 is the act of communicating wherein the sender does
not openly reveal his/her identity
 Taking part in online interactions sometimes require
that one’s digitally performed identity be temporarily
concealed.
 Protection is emphasized when it involves the act of
whistleblowing on certain illegalities.
 Example: The question and answer website.
PSEUDONYMITY
 lies in the middle of the identity continuum
 It combines both the benefits of anonymity and the joys
of assuming some semblance of identity.
 Affords a user with a “Self”, albeit a stylized or
refashioned one.
 Example: The satirical “Senyora”
THE DISINHIBITED SELF
 Online disinhibition effect is when people behave
differently online than they would in real life.
 There are two main categories of behavior of
disinhibited self:
a. Benign Disinhibition is the digital equivalent
to “self actualization, or the act of working
through one’s identity. Example: Somebody
with social anxiety finding a
b. community online where they feel more at
ease opening up.
c. Toxic Disinhibition, this second category
zeroes in on disparaging remarks, death
threats, blackmails, and hate slurs, among
others, that a user may relish in.Example:
The Dark Web
ONLINE DISINHIBITION: THE CAUSE
1. DISSOCIATIVE ANONYMITY (‘People Don’t Know
Me”)
 This is the confidence you feel every time you
anonymously engage in online activities.
Example:Arguing online in the comments sections,
emboldens you to use profanities and even hate
slurs because none of them really knows you
personally.
2. INVISIBILITY (“People Can’t See Me”)
 Enables you to alter your virtual avatar’s personality
and even appearance, sometimes to lure attractive
people into taking notice of you, or just to generally
avoid security when you are participating online.
3. ASYNCHRONICITY (“See You When I See You”)
 Time is a very important element in face to face
communication but you have the luxury of time to
delay in the virtual world. The pressure of real-world
communication was removed completely.
4. SOLIPSISTIC INTROJECTION (“It’s All in the
Mind”)
 We essentially communicate online through
typewritten words. Verbal cues, though ever-present,
are not the accepted norm in interacting virtually.
You unconsciously recite in your head both the
messages you send
 and those deployed your way. You play your voice
when you read the messages.
1. DISSOCIATIVE IMAGINATION (“It’s All a Play”)
 The online interaction is a game, and whose rules
you can easily break with no perceived implications.
This often rationalizes criminal behavior online,
particularly identity theft or even sexual harassment.
2. MINIMIZATION OF STATUS AND AUTHORITY
(“Your Rules Don’t Work Online”)
 In the online world, people are perceived to be
equal. Take notice how complete nobodies suddenly
have the guts to engage influential people in
arguments on social media.