Preface

You are taking the three-unit course, Art Appreciation. This course helps you to
develop the ability to appreciate, analyze and critique works of art. It equips you to know
the practical, historical, and social relevance of the arts to articulate a sound
understanding of the arts. To cultivate your competency, you will do research, art
curation, appropriation, conceptualization, mounting, and evaluation of art productions. It
also aims to deepen your knowledge and genuine appreciation for Philippine arts. You
have to explore the diverse and rich Filipino culture and even the cultures of other races.

This module is composed of four (4) parts, namely: Let us start! Let us ponder! Let
us talk! Let us reflect, and Let us do it! In Let us start, you will be given the learning
goals which will guide you to understand what the lesson is about and warm you up to
live up to what is expected of you. Let us talk! It contains the discussion, providing
information and insights to understand the lesson better. Let us reflect! It allows you to
think, process and digest what you read. Let us do it! It encourages you to unleash the
creative soul you keep in you. You will create works of art in various forms.

May this module help you learn more about arts, express your creative ideas,
distress yourself, uplift your spirit, appreciate Philippine culture and see the beauty in the
cultures of other races.
 CHAPTER 1: The Study of Humanities

Let us start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the relationship between humanities and art;
2. Differentiate art appreciation and art history; and 3. Explain the
importance of art in the modern world.

Let us ponder!

Nature which provides humanity resources for survival, has been deteriorating.
The government encourages citizens to be cautious about their daily activities, such as
irresponsible waste disposal, illegal logging, exhaustive mining, and others that harm
nature. They pass many laws and ordinances to resolve environmental concerns.

Despite their arduous effort and the punishment they impose, people continue to
do these operations. Concerned about the environment and humanity's sake, a group of
young advocates for Mother Earth published pictures, posters, and slogans about the
effect of nature's wrath on humankind. After spreading them, people start planting more
trees, segregating their garbage correctly, conserving water, and other activities
showing how conscious they are about the environment. In that way, how does art
become helpful? Based on the situation, does art limit itself to entertainment?

Let us talk!

Art is one of the fields sheltered under the vast umbrella of humanities. Derived
from the Renaissance Latin words Studia humanitatis, it finds its connection to
humanity, which is bonded through culture, maintains decorum through refinement, and
is nurtured through education. Humanities as a discipline of study tell about the
description of human development and the account of their various experiences. It has
enlightened humanity in the complexities of its roots and has found significant
connections between present and past generations.
 Humanities can be defined as the common denominator of fields such as
literature, language, philosophy, religion, music, and arts, which investigate human-
made artifacts. In other words, humanities bridges humanity to the disentanglement of
the mysteries intertwined in their uniqueness common to all. It also opens their horizons
to understand what it takes to be human and contend with the complexities of their
world.
According to Strauss (2017), humanities allow a person to experience culture outside
one's sphere, which exposes him/her to another point of view. In this way, humans can
cultivate a sense of compassion and empathy towards the feelings and condition of
others rather than focusing on his/her own as they intermingle with one another,
pushing through different undertaking the world requires and demands.

Since arts can be defined in various ways, it is subjective. It is said to be a

product of one's expression influenced by one's rich background, which extends from
one's innateness to one's vast community. It comes from the Latin word ars which
means skill, method, or techniques. A Filipino poet, F. Zulueta, says that art is born
due to one's desire for self-expression. The self is complicated to delineate, making art
challenging to explain. Since it can be described in many ways, one cannot just stick to
a single definition because defining things woven in words, portrayed through images,
and fleshed through handicrafts are often the result of an artist's distinctive
interpretation. It is multifaceted and takes anything into account. An artist can be a
product of his natural gift, parental upbringing, his exposure to his peers, his interaction
in the community, and his political, religious, and moral perspectives, which also dictate
his/her way of manifesting art itself.

No matter how wide art can be defined, it can sink into commonalities. Ariola
(2018) cited several salient characteristics of art.

Art is artificial, not God-made. Art cannot be defined through the trees,
mountains, rivers, and manifestation of nature. The latter can be a source of inspiration
and must be interpreted by an artist applying his skills, may it be through photography,
painting, prose, or a poem.

Art is creative, not imitative. Art triggers one's creativity in the world of
commonalities. In today's era, everything is already served, which calls for a challenge
to find a unique angle in presenting one's ingenuity. For instance, tattoo art is practiced
by many tribes worldwide, but each is distinct from the others in its processes, patterns,
and significance to one's culture.

Art benefits and satisfies man. Art is a form of catharsis. It is an avenue for one
to purge his/her desire for satisfaction in the broadest sense. An artist does not create a
piece of art without any purpose. It may be driven by emotional, moral, political,
religious, economic, and other aims. The art has served its purpose if the purpose has
been achieved intentionally or unplanned.

Art is expressed through a specific medium to communicate to his fellows.

However, it is absurd to note that art appears trivial to most people, but it always aims to
convey messages most creatively. The communication is channeled through the
medium, opening the audience's perspectives to be unlocked. The medium plays a
significant role because it bears the relevance the artist is eager to express.

Art assumes importance in human lives because it dramatically affects their

endeavors. People may say they are not inclined to art but have applied it in many
mundane activities. Its presence cannot be underestimated, for it molds the person they
are.

Art embodies culture. A piece of art reflects people's collective beliefs, feelings,
and aspirations. For example, the movie, Himala, starred by Nora Aunor, captured the
heart of many Filipinos in the '70s because it mirrors the people of the decade. The
characters of the movie feature people clinging to their superstitious and religious
beliefs. The people hoped to be cured by Elsa's healing, and people are taking
advantage of the influx of Elsa's believers by building any form of business. They were
people desperate to advance their careers in covering Elsa's story. People taunting
Elsa, who claimed to be conceded by the Virgin and her believers, and Elsa herself, who
has fought her plights and taught the people about true faith and others, bespeak a
typical Filipino community.

Art accounts for actual events. It records unforgettable and significant

happenings in society. People anthologize the happenings not only through narratives in
the newspapers or chronicles but also through stories, comics, paintings, films, and
other forms of art.

Art teaches humans to appreciate. It gapes people's consciousness about the

beauty of the things they are surrounded by. Many people think how unfortunate it is to
live in the barrio. They feel like people there would tend to be fed up with the fields and
farm animals they see every day, wondering what waits ahead outside the walls of the
mountains. Nevertheless, when they see Fernando Amorsolo's painting, The Planting
Rice, they begin to realize the beauty of nature and the joy and peace in the simplicity of
life they probably have missed.

Art influences people. It is a powerful tool to sway people's stand or choices,

either for support or rejection. For example, a politician who wants to win the voters'
favor must be impressive in conveying his governance platform through his/her
impressive public speaking skills worthy of more than a standing ovation. A writer once
claimed that the world should not have hated him if Hitler were only an artist. Many
artists were involved in various crimes and scandals, but the world still venerates them.
Their creativity through arts must have something to do with that. Nevertheless, an artist
does not necessarily paint, weave, sculpt or write; he can speak most eloquently and
emphatically, just like a politician does. He may have been involved in many
controversies, but he still sits for a position.

As discussed, art cannot be limited to self-expression, entertainment, and politics,

because it holds significance even in business or any practical undertakings. There is art
in the presentation of proposals, negotiation, advertisement, and other related tasks
which aims for people's approval.
 Art springs inspiration. It gives enlightenment on how to knit their plans, equip
themselves and attack for a battle. It also encourages a person who seeks guidance. It
inspires a person to continue one's cause. When Rizal wrote the novel Noli Me Tangere,
the ideas did not just puff from nowhere. He sought inspiration from creative works such
as Juan Luna’s Spoliarium, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and Eugene
Sue’s The Wandering Jews. Rizal awakened the Filipinos from these works and
strengthened them to uproar justice and freedom. Unknowingly, Rizal had become
Bonifacio's inspiration to lead a rebellion against the Spaniards through KKK.

Art stimulates creative and critical thinking. In schools, one of the everyday
activities is to let students analyze or create a story, a poem, a painting, or a poster to
sharpen their thinking. It allows them to connect with what they have grasped in the
lesson and have witnessed in the community. The story of Achilles, one of the mighty
warriors introduced in Greek Mythology, has made people realize that no matter how
strong you are, there will always be a spot in you where lies your weakest.

Art nurtures one well-being. Art is used in many therapies. It helps a person
relieves stress and expresses one's suppressed feelings. People resort to dancing,
singing or listening to music, drawing or painting, film viewing, and other entertainment
for relaxation.

Arts build one's identity. It leads a person to know himself/herself, build self-
esteemed and develop a sense of belongingness. A person can only be happy when
he/she feels secure about himself, which starts when he/she has confidence. Through
art, one can assess what a person is inclined to.

Art makes money. It can provide a person livelihood. Movie directors like Cathy
Molina, performers like Kathryn Bernardo, painters like Ben Cab, and museum owners
like J.K. Rowling become rich because of art. They do not just unleash their talents and
gain recognition but also earn a comfortable living.

Of all the essential discussed matters of art, it is undeniable that art could affect
human lives, which raises the need to teach people how to decipher the relevance of the
manifestations of art in any form. This unraveling in the enigma of art is called art
appreciation. This ability allows a person to understand arts through its mere
interpretation or application guided by one's learning about arts and the uses of its
medium. Beyond entertainment and satisfaction, it provides a window for a person to
connect to oneself, others, the community, nature, and faith. It also cultivates one's
open-mindedness and culture of respect since art serves as a channel that bridges
people to experience other cultures embodying other people or races' identities.
However, approaches to art appreciation may vary. Ariola (2018) posits the
subjectivity of art appreciation due to one’s preferences.
These factors are the aesthetics and form that shape art, the elements that compose art
and the principles of design that guide it, and the acknowledgment of social signification
and cultural relevance.

Art history tackles how art is influenced by historical evolution and stylistic
context. It scrutinizes major and minor arts, analyzing the historical penetration
manifested through the symbols used. They can be analyzed through time and its
 context, analysis of the form, usage of critical theories, and utilization of media and
digital technology.

Let us reflect! (20 points)

1. What is the relevance of Humanities in the study of art?

2. How can a person experience different cultures through art?
3. When does a person say that a piece of art can be subjectively analyzed?
4. How can one lessen the subjectivity in the examination of arts?
5. Is art appreciation biased? Justify your answer.
6. Recall any piece of art you know and explain how it helps you establish healthy well-
being.
7. How can a piece of art reflect reality while not being honest?
8. Why does a person need to study humanities even though his interest falls in natural
and social sciences?
9. How can people uninclined to arts use arts in their daily undertakings?
10. With all the importance and benefits discussed, do you think there are disadvantages to
art or the use of art?

Let us do it! (30 points)

From the discussions above, choose one salient characteristic of arts and then,
flesh your interpretation of that characteristic through a mosaic using any materials
such as rice grains, pebbles, small shells, sticks, paper and egg shells or anything
available at home. You can also combine the materials enumerated.

Take a photo and submit in Blearn in PDF file.

RUBRIC: Not so Tried a Did a Did her/his

much bit good job best ever

(4) (6) (8) (10)

Craftsmanship/
Creativity of work

Uniqueness of the
idea/Application
based on the
instructions

Neatness of work
and submission on
time
 CHAPTER 2

ASSUMPTION OF ARTS

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Clarify misconception about arts

2. Categorize work of arts based on personal experiences
3. Characterize the assumption of arts
4. Create an artwork related to the assumption of arts.

Let’s Ponder!

After watching a movie you like, you convinced your sister to watch it too. You told her
that its cinematography and screenplay are commendable. When your sister tried, she was
bored watching it and decided to watch the movie recommended by her friend. Knowing her
reaction, you told her that she really does not have good taste for arts. Do you make sense
either for having that judgment? Why do you think so?

Let’s talk!

Arts can trigger different emotions and reactions. It can be beautiful, peculiar, or
puzzling. It can make you laugh, think, cry or angry. Most importantly, people vary in the way
they perceive art. No one can dictate you how to judge it but of course could teach you to
arrive at logical art appreciation. In arts, every person is entitled by his own judgement about
anything.

Being subjective, arts open many windows of misconceptions. Its definition has evolved
through ages as debates about it have been emerging. Nevertheless, people are still confused
what art is because art changes over time and context. People may say that art has to conform
to some standards to be called such but other claim that art should be free from any criterion. It
is similar to the principle of arts for art’s sake versus arts for life’s sake. Arts for art’s sake
mean that a work of art is absolute by itself and must be reflection of any political, historical or
cultural relevance. On the other hand, arts for life’s sake fights for the significance of art to
resemble reality which directs that work of art must tell about life, culture, identity, societal crisis.
This conflict brings because of art’s subjectivity. No one could tell exactly what an art is or what
it is for. Law (2019) expresses that art allow the arts to convey his thoughts about his world and
communicate what his/her core is.

Gombrich maybe probably right when he underscores that there is no such things as art
but only artists to break the stigma behind arts. It is human’s expression regardless of one’s
status in life. It is not only for the rich, talented and intelligent people. It is for the entire humanity
of all gender, races, orientation, beliefs, age and any aspect of person. Art unites rather than
divides.

It does not only refer to paintings, sculptures, photographs, films, songs and literature. It
can include the way you decorate your house, you style yourself or other, or you convince others
when advertise something. Art can be in any form that can be found everywhere. It is not only
seen in museum and gallery. You see it where there is human penetration such as terminal,
residential areas, public institution or even in the comfort rooms. Art is truly ubiquitous.

There are five classifications of arts such as

1. practical arts,
2. liberal arts,
3. fine arts,
4. major art and
5. minor arts.

Practical arts include basket weaving, agriculture.

Liberal arts are Mathematics, Science, Grammar.
Fine Arts pertains to human creativity applied.
Major arts are painting, sculpture.
Minor arts refer to ceramics.

Art is universal. A work of art made by a person of a certain race of a certain

generation, it can still appeal to the senses of other races of different generation. For instance,
the film, Aladdin brought many people to the cinema all over the world. Although it tells about
Arabian culture in the past century, it captures the heart of people in today’s era. This means
that although people belong to different preferences, orientation and belief, they have something
in common. People share the same feelings which somehow have come through their instinct.
People get tired, hurt, worry, hungry and many more experiences which able them to relate from
each other. No matter what their races are, they experience to fall in love, to be greedy, to be
deceived, to be happy, to have desires and aspirations and other faculties and tendencies that
make people humans.

Art is cultural. Arts is an outlet for people to express their various identity dictated by
their culture. Arts conveys the artist’s perception about the generation he belongs because every
artist is influenced by people and time. It is a product of an artist’s expression shaped by his
culture just like BenCab’s Bulols or rice gods sculpture which embodies the beliefs of the Ifugaos
in Cordilleras about fertility and prosperity.

Art is not nature. Arts is the product of the artist’s interpretation about nature. It is not
made up of the trees, rivers, sea, mountains and other manifestation of nature. When the artist
paints the meadow, that is how arts is conceived.

Art is an expression of the mind. It is where the artist pours out his perception and
reaction to what he has seen or indulged in while interacting in his environment. Many arts can
hardly be understood by merely looking at it because artists tell mysteriously. Take the poems of
Pablo Neruda, a Chilean diplomat, poet and a Nobel Prize awardee for example. If examined on
the surface, you can say it is about his longing for a beloved or his admiration to nature.
Nevertheless, if you read closely using historical signification, you can say that it expresses his
political and social views and his deep nostalgia for his country while he was exiled.

Art is a form of creativity. Arts encourages a person to be innovative in creating work

of art or in appreciating it. It challenges one’s creativity in the application of his skills and talents.
It also stirs up one’s critical thinking skills to analyze what a certain work of art means. One
must investigate the form and background of a certain art and its artist to understand
what it expresses. Arts is an expression coded enigmatically. It fleshes the imagination of the
artists and communicates it to his audience.
 Art involves experience. Since art compiles human expression, it shall spring from
people’s emotion, moods, identity, imagination, culture and any characteristics that speak of
human experiences. It is a reflection of reality in a human society without telling it directly. Arts
dramatizes to capture beauty in the ordinary and unique human endeavors.

Let’s reflect! (Assignment: Answer this.) 15 Points

1. How can you determine that a person possesses a sense of art?

2. Why can art be an outlet of one’s expression towards himself and his environment?
3. What are people’s common misconceptions about arts?

Let’s do it! (35 Points 30+5 for the explanation)

Acquaint yourself with the assumptions of arts. Choose one assumption and create an
art using any of the classifications of arts that fits to the assumption. Give a short explanation
how that assumption relates to your chosen artwork.

Take a photo and submit in Blearn in PDF file.

RUBRIC: Not so Tried a Did a Did her/his

much bit good job best ever
(4) (6) (8) (10)

Craftsmanship/
Creativity of
work/performance

Uniqueness of the
idea/Application
based on the
instructions

Neatness of work
and submission on
time
 Chapter 3
Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art

PLATO ARISTOTLE
source: google images

Let’s start!

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the functions of art;

2. Explain the philosophical perspectives on arts;
3. Illustrate one's interpretation of arts based on one's point of view about it;
4. Clarify the misconceptions about art.

Let’s ponder!

The Functions of Art

Every art form has a definite function since it satisfies a particular need. To the
layman, art may have little function. Some find meaning in art in its ability to serve
 the purpose for which it was designed. Architecture is entirely functional because
buildings and other structures are always built for special purposes. Music and
dance were used in ancient rituals and worship of the gods, for social and folk
entertainment, and in the military. Paintings and sculptures may be used to narrate
events, portray people or events, instruct (as in the case of Christian art),
commemorate individuals or historical events, and serve as vehicles of personal
expression. Metalworks such as gates, grills, lamps, Christian religious objects,
armor, weapons, tools, ceramics, glassware, stained glass, mosaic, tilework, textile,
and furniture are among the many types of arts or crafts. Each of these examples is
made for some definite use.
1. Aesthetic function - Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauty of nature.
He benefits from his work and those done by his fellowmen. He learns to use, love,
and preserve them for his enjoyment and appreciation.
2. Utilitarian function - With the creation of various art forms, man now lives in
comfort and happiness. Through art, man is provided with shelter, clothing, food,
light, medicine, beautiful surroundings, personal ornamentals, entertainment,
language, transportation, and other necessities and conveniences of life. Art does
not only enrich man's life. It also improves nature through landscape gardening,
creation of superhighways, and propagation and conservation - of natural resources.
3. Cultural function - Through printed matter, art transmits and preserves skills and
knowledge from one generation to another. It makes man aware of his cultural
background, making him more knowledgeable and making his life more enduring
and satisfying.
4. Social function - Through civic and graphic arts, man learns to love and help each
other. International understanding and cooperation are fostered, and nations become
more unified, friendly, cooperative, helpful, and sympathetic.
5. Political function - Art reinforces and enhances a sense of identity and ideological
connection to specific political views, political parties, and politicians
6. Educational function - Art symbols and signs illustrate knowledge and attitudes that
are not expressed in words.
7. Spiritual function - Some artworks express spiritual beliefs, customs, ceremonies,
and rituals about the meaning and destiny of life. These artworks may have religious
significance.

Philosophy of Art
Philosophy of art refers to studying the nature of art, its concept, interpretation,
representation, expression, and form. The philosophy of art is closely related to
aesthetics, which is the study of beauty and taste.
Humans (Adam 3) are perceived as generally mimetic beings who are embodied
with feelings and the impulse to indulge themselves in the creation of art. They tend to
emulate what exists around them and reinterpret it according to how they perceive the
world. In ancient times, this term was used by the great philosophers Plato and
Aristotle. They both believe that art copies nature, but they differ in their perception of
how imitation is done. Plato asserts that art is a copy of a copy of reality (Adam 1). He
assumed that reality is twice removed in arts which makes imitation misleading.
On the other hand, Aristotle (Gbenoba and Okoroegbe, 172) maintains that this
world is real but incomplete that artists need to imitate to make it absolute. He believes
that appearances are not merely a copy of the changeless ideas. Change is regarded as
a creative force with a direction that is a fundamental process of nature that is subjected
to decay and to evolve. Unlike Plato, Aristotle does not deem art to be dangerous and
futile; instead, he argues that it is natural and beneficial. He perceives it as natural due
to humans' innate capacity to mimic and to be creative through their imagination.
There are five (5) philosophical perspectives of art. These are

1. Art as Mimesis
The word mimesis is a Greek word that means "imitation" or "copying", although it
may also mean representation. The philosophers Plato and Aristotle spoke of
mimesis as the representation of nature.
Plato believed that all artistic creation is mimesis. It exists in the "world of ideas" and
is created by God. The concrete things that man created are just shadows created
by man's mind. All artists are imitators of nature.
Aristotle speaks of tragedy as an "imitation of an action" - that of a man falling from a
higher to a lower estate. Thus, when an artist skillfully selects and presents material,
that artist is purposely seeking to imitate or copy the action of life.

2. Art as Representation (Aristotle)

Art represents something. When an artist uses signs and symbols to take the place
of something else, he is using art to represent such signs and symbols. It is through
representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming
its elements. Signs and symbols are arranged to form semantic constructions and
express relations with other things.
Humankind has a collective unconsciousness that serves as a reservoir for instincts
and archetypes that store a collection of memories and images of human
experiences transmitted across changing times and culture. This human capacity
greatly affects human lives since this allows them to perceive its symbols, signs, and
meanings since immemorial times and awaken deep emotions. Through arts, these
become universally accepted and lead people to come at the same concept as they
see different works of art, leading them to arrive at a common understanding about a
certain image projected.

3. Art for Art's Sake (Kant)

Victor Cousin, a French philosopher, translated this slogan which means "T'art pour
l'art." Artists associated with aestheticism believe that art needs no justification. Art
does not serve political didactic, on the other hand.
Immanuel Kant's main interest was not in art per se but in Beauty in the Sublime.
Kant, an Enlightenment writer, thought that beauty or sublimity were not properties of
objects but ways we respond to objects. Kant pointed out that what he meant by
Beauty is not the Form of the Beautiful but about Taste. Kant's concern is not on the
subjective aesthetic response but on the function of an individual or personal taste.
He claimed that the judgment of taste is both subjective and universal.
He said that aesthetic universals are subjective because they are responses to
pleasure and do not essentially involve any claim about the object's properties. On
the other hand, aesthetic judgment is universal because it is not merely personal but
also disinterested.
According to Emmanuel Kant, arts does not need to be justified. The substance of
art should be judged based on the social reality it bears. If an artist has the freedom
to extract his true self in the creation of a work of art. Art itself is absolute.
 4. Art as an Escape
According to Allen Weinstein, without mental escape, we build up a lot of anxiety
within ourselves. Artists have to eliminate this anxiety and pressure because if we
keep these worries and anxieties within our minds, they will come out in the form of
anger and even hatred. Unfortunately, anger and hatred are often taken out on the
wrong people.
According to Señeres and others (2008), the artist's works of art reveal the
emotional outburst that has been kept for many years in their mind. The only way to
remove such tension is through painting, dancing, music, and other art forms. They
are cathartic solutions to one's anxiety and life's difficulties. Likewise, the awareness
that these works of art created among the viewers may also lead to a positive or
negative emotional reaction.
Arts is an avenue for people to communicate this thought about themselves and their
community. It is a way for them to purge out what they have within. It can be their
source of entertainment, or a means to be recognized. Art has been seen to be a
useful way to relieve stress and find oneself.

5. Art as Functional
The artist's intent in creating a functional piece of art is to bring creativity, beauty,
and usefulness into people's everyday lives. Whether it's a curvy chair made of
cardboard, a Banca made of paper, and functional art makes us rethink and re-
assess the way we look at ordinary things, sometimes by using unusual materials in
their construction.
Arts does not only exist for nothing. It is used by humankind in their everyday
routines. It is used to propagate their advocacy and causes. It is used for economic
purposes, self-expression, and therapies. People utilize arts in satisfying their basic
needs.

Let’s reflect! Assignment (20 points)

1. How do arts make the world a better place to live?

2. If every culture is unique, how do different races understand each other’s work of art?
3. Compare and contrast Plato's and Aristotle's perception about art?
4. Is it possible that a certain work of art can be mimetic and representational at the same
time? Explain your answer?

Let’s do it!

Create any artwork illustrating one function or philosophical perspective of arts as

your own interpretation of arts per se or based on one's point of view about that
function or philosophy. Any means you can do painting, crafts, music (song), dance,
architecture and others that you know. Pass/Share it in Blearn and be ready for your
classmates’ viewing for appreciation purposes and critiquing. (This will happen
during our class virtual meeting in which I will choose somebody’s work which will be
the subject for viewing.)
 CHAPTER 4

Subject and Content of Arts

sources: google images

Let’s start!

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

✔ differentiate content from subject

✔ classify artworks according to subject

✔ analyze how artists present their subject about the real subject

✔ characterize sources and kinds of art

✔ Distinguish content of arts from the subject of arts.

✔ Explain the differences among the types of subjects in art.

✔ Classify work of arts according to its subject.

Let’s ponder!

If you are analyzing a piece of art, how will you do it? Will you focus on the message of
the painting based on your perception or look at how the elements are combined to get the
message conveyed?

Let’s talk!

Meaning of Subject of Art

In any art form - painting, music, sculpture, architecture, or dance - there is always a subject
that serves as the foundation of the creation of the work of art. A subject of art is usually
anything that is represented in the artwork. It varies; it may be a person, object, scene, or
event.

Sources of Subjects

Subjects of art may be found in primary sources such as

● artwork ● documents

● autobiographies ● nature

● film of the artist ● history

● interviews ● mythology

● diaries ● Christian tradition

● Speeches ● Sacred oriental text

● Letters ● Others not mentioned above

Where to Find the Primary Sources:

● Archives ● sketchbooks

● catalogs ● art galleries

● exhibits ● art museums

● notebooks ● art and cultural centers

 In manifesting art, an artists need to flesh it through its components. Like humans, art
has a body and a soul. It has a subject, a form, and content.

The subject of arts pertains to the portrayed object that the artist makes.

The form is the visual presentation of the elements of arts such as line, color, and
others.

The content refers to the meaning of the work of art.

For instance, the artists sculpt a woman, so the sculpture of a woman is the subject. The
form is how the woman is projected, whether she is standing modestly or sitting carelessly. The
content is the depiction of the images, whether it means women empowerment or women's
submission to men.

Sources of the subject of arts can be inspired in many things around us. You can find
inspiration from the artwork itself, prose-whether fiction or non-fiction, poetry, drama, films,
interviews, speeches, letters, photographs, documents, nature, history, mythology, religion, and
many things which relates to the human society.

If you wonder where to find them, you have to look around you. The way your house is
built could offer you something. If not, stroll in your vicinity. Observe the trees, flowers, rivers,
mountains, fields, and anything that makes up your place's topography. If you would like to
check examples from artworks collected, you may visit exhibits, museums, gallery and cultural
centers. You could also browse from anthologies, catalogs, classical books, and other materials
available.

TYPES of SUBJECTS

Subjects of art can be representational, abstract or non-objective.

1. Representational or Objective Arts

There are artworks that depict something easily recognized by most people. Painting,
sculpture, graphic arts, literature, and theatre arts are generally classified as
representational arts, although some paintings and sculptures are without subjects. Music
and dance may or may not have subjects.
Traditional sculptures and paintings have subjects. When looking at a traditional
painting or a statue, one expects to recognize the subject - a man-animals, a landscape, a
waterfall, figures, dreams, fantasies, seascape, still life,

When it is representational, it resembles the objects seen in reality, such as people,

events, landscapes, seascapes, celestial bodies, and others perceived by the eyes. The
kinds of arts that fall under this category are literature, theater arts, and graphic arts.
Painting and sculpture can be considered representational arts but due to the evolution of
their movements, it can also be non-representational or non-objective art. Subcategories
under representational art include Realism, Impressionism, Idealism, and Stylization.

2. Abstract Art.
 Another subject of art is abstract art. It considers reality in its subject but uses deviation
in its presentation. It transforms reality by applying unconventional techniques in the
interplay of color, shapes, lines, and other arts elements. The examples of abstract arts are
what Cubism, Minimalism, and Precisionism present.

3. Non-Representational or Non-Objective Arts

Some artworks have no resemblance to any real subject. they do not represent
anything and are what they are; they rather appeal directly to the senses primarily because
of the satisfying organization of their elements.

Some contemporary painters have shifted their interest to the work of art as an
object, an exciting combination of shapes and colors that fulfill the aesthetic need without
having to represent an image or tell a story. Many modern paintings have a purely visual
appeal, so difficult that literal-oriented spectators cannot appreciate them.

Non-objective art is the third type of art which is often confused with being abstract
art. Unlike abstract art, which is inspired by reality, non-objective art does not reflect anything
from reality. It is ultimately for aesthetics that conceived meaning through the thought-
provoking fusion of elements and principles of arts.

It does not stick to subject that is distinguishable, which means it portrays any object
found in the natural environment. The arts comparable to non-objective art are Bauhaus,
Constructivism, Cubism, Futurism, and Op Art.

Content in Art

Content in art refers to the meaning, significance, and/or feeling imparted by a work
of art. This is not the same thing as the subject matter the work depicts. The content of art is
inextricably linked with form. Form refers to the pictorial aspects of art such as words,
design, choice, shapes, sizes, colors, contrast, medium, soft, or hard edges, and many other
decisions.
Content in the art may be classified as factual, conventional, and subjective.

Let’s reflect! (Let’s practice)

What kind of subject does each artwork belong?

1. Tomato Pickers by Anita Magsayay-Ho

2. Moments of Infinity by Kylo Chua

3. Wildflower Series II by Constancio Bernardo

4. Love Rite by Jose Joya

5.Sandugo by Napoleoon Abueva

 6.Where by Moris Louis

Let’s do it! (20 Points)

1. Give examples of artworks that have subjects and no subjects?

2. Which do you prefer as an artwork, with a subject or no subject? Explain your
answer.
3. Why are history, mythology, and fantasies considered artwork with a subject?
Support your answer.
4. Which do you prefer as the art content: factual, conventional, or subjective?
Explain the reason for your choice.
5. How does the content of art differ from the subject of art
 CHAPTER 5

Artist and Artisan

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Outline the history of the emergence of artists and artisans;

2. Identify and define the different individuals and groups who take on varied
roles in the world of art and culture; and
3. Classify the practices of artists in terms of form, medium, and technique.

Let’s ponder!

The art is one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how
the present unfolds. In Robert Henri’s The Art Spirit (1923), he stated that “Art when
really understood is the province of every human being. It is not an outside, extra thing.
When the artists is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes
an inventive, searching, daring, self-expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other
people. He disturbs, upsets, enlightens, and he opens ways for a better understanding.
Where those who are not artists are trying to close the book he opens it, shows there are
more pages possible.” There is a gap when one continues to persist with the idea that art
is something that is detached from the every day. In what has been reduced to a blur, it
became more integral that man pursues a better understanding of the world where he
lives. One of the avenues that make this both possible and exciting is the engagement
with art and culture.

Let’s talk!

Artists have treaded a long history. Their roots can likewise be traced in one of
the major milestones in human civilization. In the first episode of the video series “New
Ways of Seeing,” a project by The New York Times’ T Brand Studio and jewelry giant
Tiffany & Co., art critic Jerry Saltz (2016) underscored the significance of not only the
discovery of the cave paintings, but also the paintings themselves. He asserted that
“these first artists invented a way to get the three-dimensional world into two
dimensions and attach value to their own ideas. And all of the history of art flows forth
from this invention”. He is apparently referring to the drawings and painted images of
animals, hunting scenes, and a variety of symbolic figures created during the Stone Age.
Examples of these are scattered all around the world, from France, Spain, Namibia,
Australia, and Argentina to name a few. Of course, these works were not yet subsumed
in the highly systemized art world, let alone considered as “art”.

Out of the shadows of these caves, astounding headway was seen moving down
history from Bronze Age down to the Middle Ages in terms of how man continued to
utilize his surroundings to create varying expressions of his ideas and feelings. Through
the exploration of his immediate environs, trade, and other experimentations, new
modes, media, and techniques brought to light a wide array of artworks that instantiate
the wealth that can be done when the artist’s vision is tapped, harnessed, and realized.
But the most integral development that allowed this identify of an “artist” to fully
emerge is the systematization and sophistication that his world – the art world – has
become.
 The impulse to create is at the core of human civilization, much like the impulse
to communicate through language. Early on, artists were embedded in the development
of culture, and in turn, art was nurtured by the varying cultures in which it existed. The
works produced varied from the prosaic to those that explored a wide range of aesthetic
possibilities seen every day. The interaction with these objects was intimate in the sense
that their presence was experienced in a multitude of ways and in all of the affairs of
man: ornamentations in tools and other surfaces, weaving patterns in textiles, visual
features and the design/plan for architectural structures, and ritual and burial
implements, among others.
 Artists even created places and spaces where communities may gather. There are numerous
monuments and memorials that are plotted over the world such as the infamous Vietnam Veterans
Memorial in Washington DC. There are others like the cave paintings that have an aura of mystery
like the Pyramids of Giza, or have alluded comprehension like the Stonehenge.

It was in this light that artists worked and most of the time, the products were considered not
as artworks at all but rather as craft or placed under some other category. The use of the word
“embedded” may be taken to mean that what was created automatically circulated in the operations of
society and was not integral to an art object that the identity of its maker be known. It did not take
long before this changed.

A master artisan or craftsman would then be open to hiring apprentices who would be under
his tutelage and instruction. In these guilds, artistry and technology flourished under one roof. In the
context of the cathedral construction site, the master mason oversaw the work by numerous men of
varying artistic proclivities and skills, from the smiths (metal work), carpenters, carriers, and glaziers
(stained glass artists), among others.

The Artisan and the Guilds

The designation Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, Sancti Quatuor Coronati)
refers to nine individuals venerated as martyrs and saints in Early Christianity. The nine saints are
divided into two groups:
1. Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus (Carpoforus), Victorinus (Victorius,
Vittorinus)
2. Claudius, Castorius, Symphorian (Simpronian), Nicostratus, and Simplicius
According to the Golden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time
of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed.”]They
were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the
crown of martyrdom).

Albrecht Durer

In the visual arts, an example of an artist strongly influenced by this

was Albrecht Durer. Born in 1471, his father was a goldsmith; that is why
he also apprenticed as such. Later on, he shifted to the visual arts. During
that time, it was customary to travel after completing an apprenticeship to
gather more experience and knowledge elsewhere. His life was ripe with
travels, fame, and fortune. One of the biggest credits to his practice was
his dedication and interest in scholarship with his attendance to a close
friend’s meetings of artists and scholars. He also published quite a number
of books and treatises including those that talked about practical skills as
an artist which would be useful to other artisans and
craftsmen who dared to read it. Mostly on perspective and human proportion, his works were written
in the first-person singular helped that his illustrations were laid out opposite the text that explains it.
Although he was caught between the times when canons were still being followed, he suggested to his
readers that his was merely recommendations, and that if they found a better way to go about it, then
one should depart from what he had learned.

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

Labelled the country’s first National Artist in 1972 by then President Marcos, Fernando
Amorsolo is often known as the ‘Grand Old Man of Philippine Art’. The Spanish-trained realist
developed a backlighting technique, where his colorful depictions of local people reflect the radiance
of the Philippine sun. The figures and illuminated landscapes magically glow on the canvas. Despite
his deteriorating health and failing eyesight, he remained prolific until the end, producing up to 10
paintings a month until his death at the age of 80. Amorsolo’s creativity defines the nation’s culture
and heritage to this day.

The Vargas Musuem – found inside the campus of his alma mater, the University of the
Philippines, displays a notable selection of his work.

Although the timeline is a bit skewed, the culture of

artisans became prevalent in the Philippines as well,
particularly during the Spanish colonial period. Formerly
done with the spirit of the communal and the everyday,
patronship changed the way art was perceived. This was
both the case for religious and secular art, wherein the
existence of artisans proved to be of immense use. It was
through mimesis or copying that artisans first learned to
depict religious images and scenes. Friars, being non-artists
themselves, provided the references that artists could use.
During the
propagation of the faith, Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans to carve, paint, and engrave
images for churches and public sites. Each locality had a characterizing style or feature in the way
their depictions were made; the manner in which Boholano artists would paint saints and scenes were
different from those of Rizal or in Laguna. Like other Baroque churches that benefitted from the
talents of artists, Spanish colonial churches were also lined with frescos and ceiling paintings, with a
number of them undergoing restorations in the early 1900s. Project Kisame is a collective endeavor
amongst enthusiasts and advocates who aimed to promote this art form through documentation,
engagement, and appreciation of surviving ceiling paintings in more than 60 churches in the
Philippines. Technology and heritage conservation occupied a substantial part of this project.

Project Kisame

We are saddened to hear the news that the roof

and ceiling of the left transept of the Parish Church of
the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol collapsed two
weeks ago, according to Fr. Joel Halasan, cura of the
parish, and fellow friend Arch. Reynaldo Lita of
NHCP. That area was being supported by shoring and
temporary bracing, since the church structure had
greatly weakened after the earthquake. However we
are very fortunate that the Project Kisame team had
completed and provided its most comprehensive documentation work of the ceiling paintings of
native Boholano painter Rosalio Oritz in Loay church, thanks to the support and funding from the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the Diocese of Tagbilaran. It its hoped that our 2D
and 3D plans, ultra-high resolution images, studies and recommendations will pave way for an
eventual restoration of the parish's enduring artistic legacy.

One example of Spanish architecture that has been documented is the Church of the Most Holy
Trinity in Loay, Bohol. Built in 1822, the ceiling paintings were rendered trompe l’oeil
 biblical scenes. In 2003, it became a National Historical Landmark. It was therefore unfortunate that
this church was one of those heavily damaged during the devastating earthquake that rattled Bohol in
2013. The only section of the structure that remained erected was the bell tower. Although it is but a
fragment of the real thing, the photos taken by Project Kisame were able to document the beauty of
the ceiling paintings prior to its distraction.

The Artist and His Studio

Today,
artist studios have been a place
of interest for the public. It is
interesting to see and learn
where creativity manifests
itself, especially since an artist
studio is an extension of artist
himself. The studio model
dates back from the
Renaissance. Therein, artists
flexed their relationship with
their patron as a site where
negotiations and works were
made.
There were those whose work stations were segmented into two, the studiolo and bottega; the latter
is where the work usually happened. Apprentices studied under masters, assisting with menial tasks or
the preparation of the painting surfaces. In the seventeenth century, these demarcations became lose,
eventually merging together. This was especially true with artists who explored oil painting
techniques whose long process can be described by cycles of mixing, layering, and drying of paint.
This format remained throughout the latter part of the 1800s.

The terrain in which the artist traverses in becoming increasingly complex. In the last century,
some of the roles that have been existent since the beginning of art history have been properly dealt
with – ascribed with a name – and legitimized into a sophisticated network of relationships and
exchanges. This network is what we call the art world.

Let’s reflect! (For oral recitation)

1. What art form can you most relate to and appreciate? It may be architecture,
sculpture, painting, music, literature, film, dance, performance/theater, and living
traditions.
2. Name an artist whose works you really like.
3. Is there a particular work of art created by him or her that you can relate and
appreciate? What is it and why?
4. Based on what you wrote, make an assumption about what the painting means.

Let’s do it! (20 points)

1. Identify and select one artist. He or she may be a Filipino or foreigner; and may be identified
with any art form: architecture, sculpture, painting, music, literature, film, dance,
performance/theater, and living traditions, among others.
● Research on him or her and select at least five aspects of his or her life (events, ideas,
works, awards/citations) that you think have a substantial contribution not only to the local or
foreign art scene, but also to human history.
● Print it in a long bond paper and place it in a long white folder. Attach also a picture of the
artist and artisan. Pass it during our face to face meeting.

Chapter 5

Mediums
in
Various Forms
of Art

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● identify the medium in various forms of art (visual, auditory, and combined)

● define an artist's or artisan's medium and techniques

● define the role of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, art dealers in the art world

● differentiate between artists and artisans work as an end in itself, and the artist's work is a
means to an end
Mediums of Visual Arts
Medium comes from the Latin word medium by which an artist communicates his idea. These
are the materials that an artist uses to interpret his feelings or thoughts. Many mediums have
been used in creating different works of art. The architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone,
concrete, and various building materials. Furthermore, the painter used pigments on wood or
canvas to recreate the reality of nature. A sculptor uses steel, marble, bronze, metal, and wood;
A musician uses instruments to produce and communicate a message and a literary writer uses
words. Thus, the medium is essential in arts.
Based on the medium, the arts are primarily classified as visual and auditory based on the
medium. Visual arts are those mediums that can be seen and which occupy space. These are
grouped into two classes: (1) the dimensional or two-dimensional arts, which include painting,
drawing, printmaking, and photography, and (2) the three-dimensional arts, which include
sculpture, architecture, landscape, community planning, industrial designs, and crafts like
ceramics and furniture.
Visual arts are those arts that can be perceived with our eyes. The most common visual arts are
painting, sculpture, and architecture. Their mediums are discussed as follows.
Painting
Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface using pigments. Different
mediums are used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the finished product,
is capable of varied treatment, and determines its stroke. These mediums are applied to wet
plaster, canvas, wood, or paper.
Watercolor
is difficult to handle because producing warm and rich tones using this medium proves
challenging.
On the contrary, watercolor pigments invite brilliance and a variety of hues. Simple spontaneity
is its main essence. While changes may be made once the paint has been applied, such
changes usually tend to make the color less luminous. These effects are rendered by watercolor
artists through some techniques. An example of such technique is the method of gouache, an
opaque watercolor painting the major effects of which are caused by the whitepaper itself. The
gouache is done by mixing zinc white with the regular watercolor paints to tone them down,
giving the appearance of sobriety suitable for dramatic purposes.
Fresco
Fresco is a painting method done on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a
limewater mixture. Fresco must be quickly done because it is an exacting medium - the moment
the paint is applied to the surface, the color dries into the plaster, and the painting becomes an
integral part of the wall. The image becomes permanently fixed and almost impossible to
remove. An example of a fresco painting is Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam on the Sistine
Chapel ceiling.
Tempera.
These paints are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk, egg white, and more. This egg-based
emulsion binds the pigments to the surface.
Moreover, Tempera is characterized by its film-forming properties and rapid drying rate. It
requires a more deliberate technique than oil because it does not possess the flexibility of oil.
Throughout the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, tempera was one of the favorite mediums
of many painters before oil was adopted. Tempera painting is usually done on the wooden panel
made very smooth with plaster called "gesso" (chalk and gum).
Since this medium dry quickly, corrections are difficult to make. thus, the artist must be precise
and exact in his work. It is a well-designed medium for careful detail. One distinguishing
advantage of tempera is its luminous tone - the colors being clear and beautiful.

Pastel
Pastel is a stick of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk compounded with gum water.
It is very flexible medium whose colors are luminous. In spite of the richness and varied effects
it yields, pastels are less popular than the other mediums because it is difficult to preserve the
finished product in its original state. Some artists use a fixing medium or a protecting surface
such as glass, but when the chalk rubs off, the image loses some of its brilliance.
Encaustic
Encaustic is one of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for painting portraits on mummy
cases. This is done by applying wax colors fixed with heat. Painting with wax produces luster
and radiance, making subjects appear at their best in portraits.
Oil
Oil painting is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive cost of
materials. It is the heaviest of painting mediums. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with linseed
oil and applied to the canvas. One good quality of oil paint as a medium is its flexibility. The
artist may use a brush, palette knife, or even his bare hands when applying pain on his canvas.
In some cases, we do not even notice the artist's strokes because the paint is applied very
smoothly. One distinctive characteristic of oil paint, compared with other mediums, is that it dries
slowly, and the painting may be changed and worked over for an extended period. Because of
this, it is possible to apply many corrections without much difficulty. Painting done in oil appears
glossy and lasts long.
Acrylic
Acrylic is a medium used popularly by contemporary painters because of the transparency and
quick-drying characteristics of watercolor and the flexibility of oil combined. The synthetic paint
is mixed with acrylic emulsion as binder for coating the surface of the artwork. Acrylic paints do
not tend to break easily unlike oil paints which turn yellowish or darker over a period of time.
Mosaic
Mosaic is the art of putting together small pieces of colored stones or glass called "tesserae" to
create an image. The tesserae are most often cut into squares and glued on a surface with
plaster or cement. Mosaic is usually classified as painting, although, the medium used is not
strictly pigment.

Mosaic art is an important feature of Byzantine churches. A prominent religious artwork in

Manila done in mosaic is found in the altar of Sta. Cruz Church. It shows a wounded white lamb,
symbolizing Christ, with a stream that flows down directly to the tabernacle.
Stained Glass
Stained glass as an artwork is common in Gothic cathedrals and churches. It is made by
combining small pieces of colored glass, held together by bands of lead. It is also a kind of
patchwork. In large windows, the lead is reinforced by heavy iron bars that form heavy black
lines in the picture. The pictures in the stained glass commonly depict the lives of saints and in
effect, also serve as a means religious instruction among Christians. Beautiful stained-glass
windows showing scenes from the Bible are commonly found in Philippine churches.
Tapestry
Tapestry is a fabric produced by hand-weaving colored threads upon a warp. The woven
designs often end up as pictorials, wall hangings, and furniture covering. During the Middle
Ages, they were hung on the walls of palaces and in cathedrals on festive occasions to provide
warmth.
Drawing
Drawing is usually done on paper using pencil, pen, and ink, or charcoal. It is the most
fundamental of all skills necessary in arts. Drawing has always been considered as a very good
training for artists because it makes one concentrate on the use of line. Shading can also be
used to make drawings more life-like and realistic. Some of the world's best-known drawings are
by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). He drew everything from animals and birds
to ideas for flying machines.

Pencil, Pen and Ink, and Charcoal

Drawing can be done with different kinds of mediums, the most common of which is pencil.
Pencil leads (graphite) are graded in different degrees of hardness or softness. Grades are
chosen depending on the kind of drawing the artist will undertake. For line work, hard pencil
lead is applied. When working on a granular surface, soft pencils are used because they invite
effects of mass and texture of gray. Ink, one of the oldest mediums still in use, offers a great
variety of qualities, depending on the tools and techniques used in application. India ink, which
comes in liquid form, is the favorite medium of comic strip illustrators and cartoonists. Chinese
ink, meanwhile, comes on solid sticks that are dissolved in water before they are used.
Charcoal is a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic substances in
the absence of oxygen. It is used in representing broad masses of light and shadow. Like
drawing pencils, soft charcoal produces the darkest value, while the hardest produces the
lightest tone.
Granite
Granite is a granular igneous rock composed of feldspar and quartz, usually combined with
other minerals. This medium is quite difficult to chisel. It is good for large works with only a few
designs. The Egyptian sculptures of Pharaohs were mostly done in granite. Marble is limestone
in a more or less crystalline state sufficiently close in texture, and capable of taking a high
polish. It occurs in many varieties. Breciated marble is composed of angular fragments while
serpentine marble is prized for its variegated patterns and is often used in large flat planes.
Marble is easier to carve than granite because it is relatively softer. Sculptors have used marble
for detailed carving of figures. Sandstone is relatively soft, making it easy to work on. Basalt is
hard and black. Limestone has a fine and even texture, Its color ranges from light cream to buff,
and from light gray to a darker, bluish gray. It lends itself very well to carving.
Jade
Jade is a fine stone, usually colored green, and used widely in Ancient China. It is highly
esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashion jewelry. Today, it is made into
women's fashion accessories because it carries certain social significance. It is believed to
symbolize virtues such as faithfulness, wisdom, and charity.
Ivory
Ivory which comes from the main parts of tusks of elephants, is the hard-white substance used
to make carvings and billiard balls. In the home of some well-to-do families in the Philippines,
faces and hands of saints are made in ivory. the bodies are made of carved and painted wood.
Metals
Metals include any of a class of elementary substances such as gold, silver, or copper, all of
which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by capacity, ductility,
conductivity, and peculiar luster when freshly fractured. Being ductile, metals can be
transformed into fine wires or threads. They can be shaped or deformed under great pressure
without breaking. Traditionally, the metal used as mediums for sculpture are copper, brass,
bronze, gold, silver, and lead. Aluminum is a recent addition to the list.
Bronze is one of the oldest alloy of metals composed chiefly of copper and tin with color. It is
one of the most popular metals for cast sculpture. Bronze as a material is strong, durable, and
resistant to any atmospheric corrosion. It is best suited for sculptures in open or outdoor places
like parks and plazas as well as for large-scale modeling. Polishing will give the bronze a shiny
finish.
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is not popularly used by contemporary artists because of its
limitations as a medium. It has many practical uses, as brass does not rust and takes a brilliant
polish. Copper, which has a peculiar brilliance, is used as a casting medium. It is basically
shaped by hammering and fashioned into relief forms. The rich, reddish color and strength offer
many possibilities to the sculptor and the craftsman. One characteristic of this medium is its
resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
Gold and silver are used as casting materials for small objects like medals, coins, and pieces
of jewelry. Because they are quite expensive, they are used either for personal accessories or
for religious adornments. Lead, a bluish-gray metal, is used for casting and forging. It is a
flexible and permanent material. With the help of a welding torch iron, it can be worked into a
variety of unique and exciting forms.
Plaster
Plaster is composed of lime, sand, and water. It is worked on an armature of metal wires and
rods in addition to various materials and fibers. It is applied on walls and ceilings and allowed to
harden and dry. The medium is used extensively in making manikins, models, molds,
architectural decorations, and other indoor sculpture.
Clay
Clay is a natural earthy material that is plastic when wet. It consists essentially of hydrated
silicates of aluminum and is used for making bricks and ceramics. Clay is generally fragile so it
becomes necessary to cast it in another durable material. the surface of the finished product
made of clay may be painted or glazed. Earthware, commonly referred to as terra cotta or
"baked earth", is cheap compared with stone or bronze. Brilliant cloves are made possible by
glazing. Like all pottery, terra cotta is easily broken. As a medium for sculptor, it has been used
during the early times. Most oriental sculpture come in the form of terra cotta.

Glass
Glass is a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less transparent substance
produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates and contains
soda and lime. It can be molded in various colors and shapes. It is used to make beautiful but
fragile figurines.
Bistre
Bistre is a brown pigment from the soot of wood, and often used in pen and wash drawings.
Crayons
Crayons are pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for drawing. It is
especially popular among children in the elementary grades. Crayons adhere better on paper
surface.
Silverpoint
To produce a silverpoint artwork, the artist uses a silver stylus to produce a thin grayish on
specially prepared paper. Silverpoint drawings were popular during the Renaissance period.
Printmaking
A print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from the duplication process. The
painting or graphic image, usually done in black ink on white paper becomes the artist's plate.
Some calendar pictures and Christmas cards are reproduced through printing. One of the
advantages of printmaking is the ease with which one can make multiple copies of the original
drawing.
Lithography
Lithography is a surface printing done from an almost smooth surface which has been treated
chemically or mechanically so that some surface areas will print and others will not. Lithographic
painting known as planographic process, involves the process in which grease repels water and
fatty substances stick to each other. The artist draws his design using greasy crayon or pencil
on a slab of special limestone or zinc plate. the drawing is then fixed with an acid solution.
Afterwards, a greasy ink is spread all over the surface area with a roller. A print can then be
made by pressing any piece of paper on the plate.

Sculpture
In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing to consider is the material. The
materials available for sculpture are limitless. Each of these materials presents a challenge of
the sculptor's creativity.
Stone
Stone is the hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material. the finished
product is granular and dull in appearance. Stones are normally used for gravestones in
cemeteries. Stones include sandstone, granite, basalt, marble, and limestone.
Wood
Wood as a medium is easier to carve than any other mediums available because it can be
subjected into a variety of treatment. It is lighter and softer to carve despite having greater
tensile strength than stone; hence, it can be used in long pieces without breaking. The character
of the grain and the color of the wood are the most important qualities that the sculptor
considers in choosing what kind of wood he will use. Wood should be treated to preserve its
quality. Common wood used for sculptures are dapdap. white lauan, oak, walnut, mahogany,
narra, and dao. They are selected for aesthetic purposes and permanence.
Architecture
Architecture is an art, its strictest meaning, it is the art of designing a building and supervising its
construction. It may also be regarded as the procedure assisted with the conception of an idea
and its realization in terms of building materials. In its broader meaning, architecture is
producing shelter to serve as protection of men in carrying out his activities - work. recreation,
and sleep. One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill man's needs. These include:
Materials used in architecture are classified into three:
(1) the material found in nature (direct product of nature);
(2) materials manufactured or made by man; and
(3) indigenous materials.

Materials in Nature
These materials are direct products of nature given as gift to man. Often, these materials may
be used directly without preliminary work of any kind, only requiring shaping, and at times, minor
 conditioning. Examples of these materials are stone (granite, sandstone, marble, limestone) and
wood.
1. Stone is one of the oldest and perhaps the most permanent building materials. It is used in
most of the great architectures of the world. Concrete is a building material made of sand and
gravel mixed with cement. Like stone, it has high compressive strength. It doesn't easily crumble
or break down when subjected to heavyweight. It does not rot or corrode and is fire resistant.
For stronger structures, ferro-concrete is used. It is concrete reinforced with steel.
a. Limestone - This type of stone has a fine, even texture. Its color ranges from a light cream to
a buff and from a light gray to a darker, bluish gray. It is most useful in walls and exterior parts
of the building and lends itself very well to carving.
b. Granite This is a coarse-grained stone useful for large, bold forms with little carving. It is the
hardest and the most durable of the types of stones. It is often applied to base courses where
protection is desired. When polished, it is frequently used as shafts of columns with limestone or
terra cotta capital and bases. The nature of this material makes it very adaptable to monumental
work.
c. Marble - This is metamorphosed limestone which is capable of taking a polish. There are two
types of these material: breciated marble which consists of angular fragments and serpentine
marble which is characterized by its variegated patterns and often used in larger flat planes.
d. Sandstone - It consists of various colors from white to different tints of red, brown, blue, or
gray. Sandstone is widely used in buildings which have informal character than the informal
ones. It comes in a variety of colors and is much easier to quarry and shape than the other
stones. Because of this, sandstone can be found in structures of the earlier years up to present.
2. Wood is not a permanent material but with proper care, it can last for a century. It is the
common building material before the 90s. It owes its popularity to its abundance, relative
durability, and high tensile and compression strength. However, it can easily be destroyed by
moisture, insects, and fire when unprotected. A new material, plywood, has greatly improved the
structural possibilities of wood. Plywood, which comes in thin sheets is stronger than the other
wood products. It is also cheap and readily available.

Mediums of Auditory Arts

Auditory arts are those whose mediums can be heard and which are expressed in time. The
mediums of auditory arts are:
● motion pictures, film, or movies

● theatre (a place for viewing)

● television or TV for short

Mediums of Combined Arts (Mixed Media)
● doing a charcoal sketch before painting

● doing a pencil sketch before painting

● combining watercolor with pastel in landscape painting

Artists and Artisans
Artists are the creators of tangible or intangible products (works of art) as an expression of
creativity and imagination for purely aesthetic reasons.
Artisans (craftsman) are the makers of products or crafts, not only for aesthetic value of for
decorative purposes but for practical value, such as for business purposes.
Art Management
Art management (also referred to as art administration) is the process of running the daily
business operation of art institutions either private or public in nature. Art institutions includes
museums, art galleries, theatres, opera house, art and cultural centers, among others.
Art Manager
An Art Manager has the following duties and responsibilities:
1. He/She plans, directs, and coordinates all activities in the art department.
2. He/She executes the marketing objectives, specifications and concepts in design, advertising,
media, print, and campaign materials.
3. He/She monitors the department projects.
4. He/She prepares the department reports that track and analyze productivity trends and
other factors that impact costs.
5. He/She evaluates the staff and other employees of the department.
6. He/She selects any additional staff as the need arises.
7. He/She selects any additional staff in the day-to-day performance of jobs.
8. He/She ensures that project, milestones, and goals of the department are carried out and
adhering to approved budgets.

9. He/She has full authority for personal actions in his department. 10. He/She reports to a
senior manager.

Typically, an art manager requires a bachelor's degree. The position requires 5 years'
experience in the related area as an individual contributor or artists. One to three years
supervisory experience may be required.

Role of Curators in the Art World

Curators are involved in nearly all facets of a museum's functions.
His roles are:
1. preserving and safeguarding the heritage of art
2. selector of new work in the museum
3. deciding which works are to be displayed
4. deciding how works are hung in the galleries
5. decide how the viewing public experience the exhibition
6. researching hoe to show artworks in art historically coherent and in an
entertaining way

Role of Dealers in the Art World

1. To bridge the gap between artist and collector by championing their chosen artists and
bringing their work to public attention
2. Sometimes, act as a curator by travelling extensively, creating a collection which can be
shown to the art buying public in their art galleries, art fair, or online.

Role of Art Collectors

Art collectors must have good relationship with their artists. Some collectors are duty-bound to
collect pieces of art work for display in art institutions; they must get the trust and confidence of
artists. Artists like to find collectors that truly believe in their work of art.

Role of Buyer in the Art World

1. He must be well-versed in all types of art techniques and development process.

2. Keep up to date on the art theory and art criticism
3. Knowledgeable in evaluating the quality and worth of a piece of art
Art Production Process

Art is concerned with the actual doing and how actions can be achieved seeing the art as pure
human expression. Art production often entails an inherent motivation, rationale and
intentionality.

Thus, art is valued as a creative journey or process rather than as a deliverable or end product.

Three (3) Parts of Art Production

1. Pre-Planning/ Pre-Production
2. Production
3. Post-Production

1. Pre-Production is the process of fixing some of the elements in art (such as film, play or
other performance) For example, in movie production, there are nine (9) stages involved. (Jack
Picone, 2017):

1. Finalize a Shooting Script - You need to finalize that screenplay and convert it to a shooting
script
2. Storyboards and Shot Lists - Create a visual interpretation of the screenplay for the director
and cinematographer to reference and prepare for
3. Find the Right Crew - You should work to get the entire team rounded out before pre-
production gets too involved.
4. Location Scouting You may need to tailor your storyboards to your location or vice-versa, so
finding them early is key.
5. Create a Proper Budget (and Stick to It!) - By now you should be finalizing your budget, to
make sure you can find the gear and afford the locations you want to use. Very often,
this is the most important part in pre-production.
6. Choose Your Gear - Are you shooting digitally or use your 16mm film or shooting the entire
film on your iPhone. Figure out just exactly what your budget will allow for the
expenses.
7. Clear That Red Tape - Permits and insurance are needed. Permits are required when
shooting in public places and private homes. Insurance is required to protect the cast and
employees from accidents and injury.
8. Find the Right Cast - You need to find the cast that suits the movie and the budget.
9. Rehearse - Rehearse weeks before shooting to ensure that the cast will be giving the right
performance the movie truly needs.

2. Production

Production is the process of combining various material inputs and non material inputs to be
able to make something for consumption (the output). In other words, it is the act of creating
output such as a good or service which has value that contributes to utility of individuals.

Economic well-being is important in this aspect if it directly or indirectly satisfy human needs and
wants.

3. Post-Production
 This is the process of filmmaking, video production, and photography. The selection of an expert
editor is the one who will go through all the scripts and the scenes of the movie and decide
which shots will be used to create a flow of the story correctly.

Technique in Arts

Artists differ from one another in technique even if they use the same medium. A musician's
technique is his ability to make music sound the way he wants it. For instance, a pianist, may
sound different from another pianist even as they handle the same instrument and play the
same musical composition.

Technique differs in the various arts. An arts and techniques in one medium will be quite
different from his technique in another. A painter may have a fine technique in watercolor but a
poor one in oil. The distinction between an art and a craft may be made on the basis of the
technique used. For an artist, technique is not the end but the means, while a craftsman's
technique is the end. The making of a piece of sculpture for example, is not the same as the
making of a chair. While both require technique, knowledge, and competence, creativity comes
to play in the work of a sculptor. Technique, thus, is an important aspect that distinguishes an
art from a craft.

Some techniques of Visual Art

• blowing etching
● printing transfer design

● tinkering, splattering

● throwing coloring

● flowing cutting

● scratched etched

● stencil process

● relief painting

Some techniques in auditory arts

● sound as in music

● speech
• signaling with instruments

Some techniques in combined arts

Items attached to painting might include:

• photographic images
● clothing

● newspaper clippings

Technique Approaches in Visual Arts, Auditory Arts, and Combined Arts

According to Katherine Brooks, there are eight (9) techniques that anyone can do in
approaching creativity in arts.

1. Paint an object from your home or office.

Always draw from life, and not from photographs and not necessarily a model. Simple convex
objects like apples, pots, opaque bottles, or smooth rocks or seashells are tremendous subjects
of study.

"Train the mind to see form and understand how it sees form, and the hand to represent that
understanding, is the start to gaining visual artist's tools of expression," Brooks added.

2. Perfectly frame an architectural photograph.

"It is good to study a photographic scene slowly and carefully, observing how objects interact in
space. To do this, you have to shift your angle in space concerning your subject, which can
make or break the dynamism of a photograph (Doskow, 2011). Doskow also pointed "Start at a
central point, then walk five feet to the left, five feet to the right, and keep photographing,
observing how the spatial relationships shift with every step. Before you know it, you will
discover the 'sweet spot' from which to take your photograph." (Doskow, 2011).

3. Design a whimsical collage.

Picasso, who originally invented the collage, is a simple technique that artists and anyone can
do it. In preparing a collage, use assorted printed paper, which is then altered and rearranged
by cutting, shaping, and gluing to construct something entirely different from the original. An
attractive advantage to constructing a collage is that ability to draw is helpful but not at all
necessary, as collage is design-oriented, allowing the artist to 'sketch' by
manipulating glued bits of paper together to create both abstract and narrative compositions of
art.
You do not need to mix oil, acrylic medium, complex printmaking, or sculpture. Select interesting
sheets of the printed page, cut them with a scissor to tear them into pieces, and reposition them
to form a collage. Alternatively, even though the paper materials are appropriated from another
source, you can reuse them to become unique and original and complete your collage.

4. Craft a metal sculpture from thin steel.

Anyone can make metal sculptures and small steel objects by cutting, folding, and pasting them,
as in poster board. Here is how:

"Cut shapes in thin sheet steel (18 gauge, less than 1/16 in. thick) with 'aviation' snips. Wear
gloves and smooth any sharp edges with a metal file or sandpaper. Fold/bend parts using pliers,
a table vise, or anything that can act as a wedge. Small non-weight bearing pieces can be
epoxied or notched and folded together. To attach bigger parts, make holes with a metal hand
punch or electric drill using a drill bit for metal. Join pieces with hardware nuts and bolts,
hammer, pop rivets, riveter, or wire." (courtesy of Marsha Trattner)
 5. Make a fabric masterpiece.

A quick and easy way of making a fabric masterpiece with great results:

1) Mix medium gel with a small amount of water to create a more liquid consistency.
2) Apply the mixture to the surface of the base object using the paintbrush.
3) Cut the fabric and arrange the pieces onto the object as desired.
4) Apply another coat of the gel medium on top of the fabric to ensure it remains in place.
5) Cover the entire object, and you are done!" (courtesy of Saya Woolfalk)

6. Turn your camera on the clouds.

Take pictures in outdoor settings, especially when taking photos of landscapes. Use the natural
elements that work to your advantage. They all provide "drama, depth, and uniqueness to your
shots." Taking pictures of clouds is very enjoyable and attractive but too cumbersome. The best
way is to set the camera in autofocus (Jamie Rojo, a photographer).

7. Turn your journal into a visual diary.

Try a journal that focuses on one of these things, using the material that pertains to the subject,
like an accumulated project. Install these journal pieces in groupings of about 50 at a time
attached to a wall with sewing pins.

8. Fingerpaint
Fingerpainting is still the most gloriously direct way of applying paint. This procedure is still
enjoyable because the touch and feel upon the object's surface are sensual. Visceral and
delightfully messy (courtesy of John A. Parks)

9. Doodle like a Traditional Animator

The basics of traditional animation can be applied to one's concept, story, or abstract ideas. In
the process of animation, you can use drawing. Start drawing on paper and create a personal
stylistic approach by making drawings that move, a story flow, design, animation principles,
expressionistic style, and content.

In conclusion, there is no such thing as good or bad art. It is how you create an art based on
your technique approach, visual, auditory, or combined arts.

New Trends in Art Advertising

A trend is a change or development towards something new or novel. To set the trend is to do
something that becomes accepted or fashionable so that many other people copy or follow.

Six (6) Big Visual Trends for 2017 by Tom May

1. Unfiltered Imagery (the antithesis of glossy advertising) - This imagery helps brands connect
with younger, savvy consumers and bring a raw, spontaneous edge to their storytelling.

2. New Naivety Trend - Loose and irreverent, this imagery proudly displays traits we once tried to
hide - such as being freckled, chubby, or geeky - and is full of personality, humor and
individuality.

3. Virtuality Trend. This is about people nowadays who are immersed in an experience and
exciting ways of art.

4. Color Surge - This is the use of an unnatural combination of color that immediately ignite
 interest and excitement in the works of art.

5. Gritty Woman Trend about a whole new type of female representation that's starting to appear
in design, branding, and advertising. Tenacious, laser-focused, and unafraid to get their hands
dirty, these women are not to be crossed, overlooked, or underestimated.

6. Global Neighborhood Trend - a trend where people are more concerned about what they
believe based on their connections.

New Trends in Art Forms

The development of new art forms has led to new trends in arts, especially in visual arts.
Because of this impact of technological advancements, our lives have changed, and even the
way we perceive and represent art. As a consequence of technological advancements, art
forms have broadened tremendously, taking art beyond the frame of canvas and paper.

Artists, too, began experimenting and stretching their limits of creativity. New mediums in visual
art have emerged, such as computer paintings, graphics, installation, video installation, land art,
body art, street paintings, mask making, digital photography, mixed medium, and installation art.
According to Ms. Guneeta Chudha of India, artists are experimenting with all kinds of waste
materials to create new and interesting works of art.

In the Philippines, lanterns, Belen, and children's toys are made of waste materials that should
have been thrown away but are still useful in producing art.

The present digital technology has brought the buyer and seller face-to-face. Anyone can view
art in any place setting from their desk.

Contemporary art is being revolutionized and "re-defined" with the help of new technology.

New Trends in Performing Arts

The Performing arts trend is on the rise. Live performance continues to grow elsewhere, and
Broadway plays and lives opera performances are rising. Even the demand for new trends of
commercial recordings in televisions and radios is stronger now than ever.

Learning Activities
Name: _________________________ Score:____________
Date: __________________________ Time:____________

I. Word Bank (For oral recitation)

Define the following terms according to your understanding.

1. curators

2. medium

3. dimensional art

4. combined arts
5. technique in arts

II. Shape Up Your Mind (For oral recitation)

1. What is the difference between artists and artisans?

2. What is the relationship between artists and artisans?

3. Which is more important the artist or the artwork? Justify your answer.

4. Differentiate medium of arts from technique of arts.

5. What are the new trends and practices in art?

6. What are the role/s of the following figures in art management in the community?

a. art manager

b. art curator

c. art collector

d. art dealer

e. art buyer

7. Identify the mediums and techniques of the following art forms.

(a) visual arts Medium Techniques

1.___________________ __________________ ___________________

2.___________________ _________________ ___________________

3.___________________ _________________ ___________________

4.___________________ _________________ ___________________

5.___________________ _________________ ___________________

(b) auditory arts

1.___________________ _________________ ___________________

2.___________________ _________________ ____________________

3.___________________ _________________ ____________________

4.___________________ _________________ ____________________

(c) combined arts

1.___________________ _________________ ____________________

2.___________________ _________________ ____________________

3.___________________ _________________ ____________________

III. Imaging (Do not include this!)

Direction: Draw or post cut out pictures, image, or photo of the following items. Then describe
them.

A. Art Production Process

1. Pre-Production/Planning

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___

2. Production

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___

3. Post-Production Process
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____

B. Using these techniques or approaches in Visual Arts, create one which you like best
or which
you want to try and bring your finish output next meeting. (30 pts.)

1. Paint/draw an object or anything you like

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____

2. Frame Photograph

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____

3. Whimsical collage

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___
4. Metal structure for a thin steel

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____

5. Fingerpaint

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_____

IV. Essay (Not included)

Write an essay consisting of 150-300 words on the topic: The Role of (Select: Art Manager, Art
Curator, Art Dealer, Art Buyer) in the Community.

Reflection Figure
(Do this!)

Direction: Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure. Determine what you have
learned (the knowledge that serves as your foundation to stand and keep) the things you have
realized and appreciated (attitudes toward learning) and the things you have discovered (skills
that you will cherish in life).

Fill in each part of the reflection figure.

Things I have learned

(Knowledge)

Things I have realized and

appreciated (Attitudes)

Things I have discovered

(Skills)
 CHAPTER 6: GAMABA Awards and the National Living Treasures

Let’s start!

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Elucidate the importance of the GAMABA Awards;
2. Recognize the National Living Treasures; and
3. Create crafts from indigenous materials.

Let’s ponder!

Belonging to the era of globalization, it is undeniable that we, Filipinos, have been
influenced by different cultures worldwide, especially since access to communication these days
has been made convenient through the use of new media. Along with our effort to equip ourselves
globally, we cry to preserve our culture. It is good that we have learned so much about the world,
but unconsciously, we have forgotten our own. With this concern, how does the government
resolve the matter of cultural preservation manifested through the arts?

Let’s talk!

Envisioning the preservation and empowerment of Filipino cultural heritage, the Republic Act
No. 7355 is also known as the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA); the National Living
Treasures Award was given birth in April 1992. Anchored criteria made by UNESCO for the
identification of the Living National Treasure, its administration, and implementation are
spearheaded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) together with the Ad
Hoc Panel of Expert and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan committee. The highest policy-making
and coordinating body pursues the quest for the finest indigenous artists and The NCCA through
the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee and embraces the procedures that transcend
tradition, skill, and talents to the next generations. It also adheres to inculcating national pride
among Filipinos through the undying exhibition of Filipino ingenuity and true identity.
Undeniably, it aims to promote national character by reviving Filipino customs, lifestyle, and
crafts that survive through ages, the odds of time, and diverse cultural influences due to foreign
invasion.

The Act awards the Filipino citizen who has been practicing any indigenous art which is
exquisite in an artistic and technical sense and is uniquely Filipino. The Act awards are folk
architecture, ornament, literature, weaving, graphic and plastic arts, carving, pottery, maritime
transport, performing arts, and textile or fiber art.

To qualify for the award, they must be a resident of the indigenous cultural community in
the Philippines. The community must be known to preserve their indigenous tradition, culture,
and heritage observed since time immemorial despite the penetration of external influences. They
must have indulged in the traditional folk art that has been acknowledged for at least 50 years.
They have committed themselves to the performance and production of the finest and unique
works of art for a long time. They must also show reputable connoisseurship using the materials
and equipment to make the indigenous artwork. Most importantly, they exert effort to pass the
indigenous knowledge to the other community member for its preservation.

Suppose the artist qualifies for all the qualifications above but has not taught his successor
due to age and infirmity. In that case, they may be considered if they have made a remarkable
collection of indigenous art or shows superiority in the manifesting of the art, t o t hrive over
time. Moreover, they would still be qualified to receive the
 recognition if they are the instrument for the ongoing development of the community's creative
tradition and have been renowned as teachers and masters of the craft.

GAMABA Recipients

Name of Artist Year Awarded Category of the Award Place of Residence

Alonzo Saclag 2000 Kalinga Music and Lubuagan, Kalinga
Dance
Ambalang 2016 Yakan Tennun weaving Lamitan, Basilan
Ausalin
Whang-od Oggay 2018 Tattooing Buscalan, Kalinga
Darhata Sawabi 2004 Pis Syabit Weaving Parang, Sulu
Eduardo Mutuc 2004 Metal Work (Bronze and Apalit, Pampanga
Silver
Estelita 2016 B’laan igem Weaving Malapatan,
Tumandan Sarangani
Bantilan
Federico 2000 Sugidanon Poetry and Sulod-Bukidnon,
Caballero Epic Chant Iloilo
Ginaw Bilog 1993 Ambahan poetry, Mansalay, Oriental
Mindoro
Haja Amina Appi 2004 Mat Weaving Tandubas, Tawi-
Tawi
Lang Dulay 1998 T’nalak Weaving Lake Sebu, South
Cotabato
Magdalena 2012 Inabel Weaving Pinili, Ilocos Norte
Gamayo
Masino Intaray 1993 Poetry (Kulilal and Brooke's Point,
Bagit) Palawan,
Music (Basal / Gong)
Salinta Monon 1998 Weaving (Abaca – ikat / Bansalan, Davao del
Inabal), Sur
Samaon 1993 Music (Kutyapi) Mamasapano,
Sulaiman Maguindanao
Teofilo Garcia 2012 Casque Making San Quintin, Abra
(Tabungaw)
Awang Ahadas 2000 Music (Yakan Lamitan, Basilan
specifically Kulintang,
kwitangan kayu,
gabbang, agung, and
tuntungan)
Yabing Masalon 2016 Weaving (Ikat) Polomolok, South
Dulo Cotabato

Let’s reflect!

1. What is the aim of the government in establishing the GAMABA award?

2. How would a particular person qualify for this award?
3. How would this award spring inspiration for Filipinos to preserve our culture?
4. Why is this award important to indigenous artists? How would this make an impact on
their lives?
5. Why do we need to protect our culture?
 Let’s do it!

Have an interview with your parents or grandparents. Solicit any indigenous knowledge they
have learned from their ancestors, which they also have embraced. Choose any from the categories of
indigenous knowledge or skills mentioned above. Then, make a sample output. If it is a performance,
provide a video and send it in BLearn.