Organic Small Ruminant Raising “ Goat Production “

Philippine National Standard ( PNS ) for Organic Agriculture: General Standards

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS

BPI Compound, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines

Phone: (632) 456-6552, 467-9039, 455-2856

Telefax: (632) 455-2858

E-mail address: bafpsda@yahoo.com, bafpsorganic@gmail.com

Website: www.bafps.da.gov.ph, www.organic.da.gov.ph

 Organic Agriculture standards consist of the following parts:

- Part 1: Conversion to organic agriculture

- Part 2: Crop production

- Part 3: Livestock

- Part 4: Beekeeping

- Part 5: Processing

- Part 6: Special Products

- Part 7: Labeling and Consumer Information

 Concern on providing the behavioral needs of the animals

- Animal husbandry management

- Breeds and breeding

- Mutilations

- Animal nutrition

- Brought-in animals
 - Veterinary medicine

- Transport and slaughter

- Draft animals

1. Scope

 This standard establishes a system for organic agriculture mainly for livestock production
purposes.

3.1 Animal Husbandry Management

3.1.1 Management of the environment of the animals shall take into account the behavioral needs
of the animals and provide for:

 Sufficient free movement, as applicable

 Sufficient fresh air and natural daylight according to the needs of the animals;

 Protection against excessive sunlight, temperatures, rain, and wind according to the needs of
the animals;

 Enough lying and/or resting area according to the needs of the animals. For all animals
requiring bedding, natural materials shall be provided;

 Free access to fresh water and feeds according to the needs of the animals.

3.1.2. Landless animal husbandry systems and/or complete confinement of animal systems (e.g.
‘battery-type’ cage, single pen) are prohibited.

3.1.4 Herd animals shall not be kept individually, except in cases of the following:

 Animals about to give birth or has just given birth should be separated from other animals and
should be given the necessary veterinary attention.

 As part of biosecurity measures, sick, injured or disabled animals should be separated from
healthy animals and should be given the necessary veterinary attention

3.2 Breeds and breeding

3.2.1 Breeding goals are such that animal diversity should be maintained. Indigenous / Native
breeds should be preserved and promoted. Breeding activities should take into consideration the
following traits:

 A reasonable productivity level even with low external input

 Adaptability to local conditions

 Longevity, temperament, and good health,

 Breeds that are able to provide good quality traits and products

 Ability of animals to give birth with minimal veterinary attention

3.2 Breeds and breeding

3.2.2 The use of artificial insemination techniques are allowed, however, Breeding techniques that
employ any of the activities listed below are not allowed:

a. Embryo transfer.

b. Genetic engineering.

c. Treatments with reproductive hormones.

d. Semen sexing.

e. Artificial insemination using segregated, separated or otherwise modified sperm.

3.2 Breeds and breeding

3.2.3 The use of genetically engineered species or breeds is not allowed.

3.3 Mutilation and animal identification

3.3.1 Mutilations are prohibited. However, the following methods are exceptions in specific cases
that these can improve the welfare, health or hygiene of the animals or for safety reasons:

 Castration

 Tail cutting of lambs

 Trimming of beaks

 De-horning
 Nose and limb ringing, for restraining

 Cutting of teeth

3.3 Mutilation and animal identification

3.3.2. The following methods of identification of animals are allowed

 Tattooing

 ear notching

 ear tagging

 wing tagging

3.3.3. Keeping the animals tethered is prohibited. However the tethering of animals is allowed if
this is necessary for safety or welfare reasons, and that such tethering is for a limited time only.

3.4 Animal nutrition

3.4.2 Changes in proportion of the feed ration are allowed if in cases of unforeseen severe natural
or man-made events and extreme climatic conditions

3.4.3 For the calculation of feeding rations, feed ingredients produced on the farm unit starting
from the first year of integrated organic management may be classified as organic. This refers
only to feed for animals that are being produced within the farm unit. Such feed shall not be sold
or otherwise marketed as organic.

3.4.5 The diet shall be offered to the animals in a form allowing them to execute their natural
feeding behavior. Force-feeding is prohibited.

3.4.6 All animals must have daily access to roughage.

3.4 Animal nutrition

3.4.7 In the formulation of organic feed, the following ingredients/raw materials are not allowed:

× Synthetic growth promoters or stimulants

× Synthetic appetizers

× Preservatives, except when used as a processing aid

× Artificial coloring agents

× Urea and other synthetic nitrogen compounds

× Slaughter waste and other deceased animal parts

× Droppings, dung or other manure

× Feed ingredients subjected to solvent extraction (e.g. w/ petroleum products)

× Synthetic and/or chemically isolated amino acids

× Genetically engineered organisms or products thereof.

× Synthetic antibiotics

Synthetic and/or chemically isolated vitamins and minerals

Mga Rason Sa Dili Pagpamuhi ug Kanding:

1. Ecological
2. Biological
3. Socio-ecological

Ecological Aspect

Land

 Area

 Topography

 Altitude

 Soil Fertility

Climate

 Rainfall

 Temperature

 Humidity
 Growing season

Biological Aspect

 Minos nga kalidad ug gidaghanon sa pagkaon

 Minos ang tubig sa lugar

 Daghan ang nagsakit nga hayop sa maong lugar

 Daghan ang manukob

 Daghan ang kawatan

 Pagtuo nga minos jud ang liwat sa native nga kanding

Socio- Economic

 Walay tawong masugo sa pagbantay

 Minos ang kahibalo sa pag-atiman sa kanding

 Ang kostumer o mga tawo sa palibot dili hingaon ug karneng kanding

 Minos o kakulangon sa luna ug kwarta

 Minos “marketing structure”

 Polisiya sa gobyerno kabahin sa presyo sa mga palaliton, mag agad sa mga negosyante.

Terminology;

 Ruminant - hoofed animal that chews cud: any cud-chewing hoofed mammal with
an even number of toes and a stomach with multiple chambers, e.g. cattle, sheep, and giraffes.
The majority of ruminants have four nipples; they usually have sweat glands only on the muzzle.

 Goat - Kanding

 Doe - Baye nga kanding

 Buck - Laki nga kanding

 Kid - Nati nga kanding

 Kidding - Pagpanganak

 Chevon - Karne sa kanding

Mga hayop nga “Ruminant”?

LARGE RUMINANT

 BAKA

 KABAW

SMALL RUMINANT

 KANDING

 KARNERO

Unsa man diay ang “Ruminant”

=> A cud-chewing hoofed mammal with a divided even number of hooves and a stomach with 4
compartments.

Internal Anatomy of Goat

FORCED - UNDERSTANDING OF GOAT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestive Tract of Goats

1. Esophagus

2. Rumen (paunch)

3. Reticulum (honeycomb)

4. Omasum (manyplies)

5. Abomasum (true stomach)

6. Small Intestine

7. Cecum

8. Large Intestine

Goat’s Mouth

 no upper incisor or canine teeth.

 depend on the dental pad in front of the hard palate, lower incisor teeth, lips, and tongue to
take food into their mouths.
 Mastication, or chewing,

is necessary for the reduction of feed to smaller particle sizes

= forming Bolus

The Ruminant Stomach

Four compartments :

FORE-STOMACHS

1. rumen

2. reticulum

3. omasum

True Stomach

1. Abomasum
 Rumen

PAPILLAE
Rumen Fermentation

 Large quantities of gas

= principally methane and carbon dioxide

 Amount and rate of gas evolution is directly related to type of feed.

For this reason, ruminants are prominent belchers, and if the belching process is inhibited, e.g.
by foaming, the animal will bloat.

Rumen Micro-organisms are benefited as follows :

 Ingestion of feed by the animal ensures a sure and steady supply of nutrients to the
microorganisms.

 The temperature of rumen is maintained 38-40°C ( ideal for the growth of microorganisms )

The Ph and Ionic composition of the rumen is maintained within narrow limits favorable for
microbial growth by the secretions of saliva.

The total residence time of feed spent in the rumen is usually about 8 hours.

Reticulum

Closer view of Reticulum

 Reticulum

ümuhipos ug mupabilin sa mga pagkaon nga dagko pa o dili pa kaya nga hilison

ü sentro usab kini sa “microbial fermentation”

Omasum

Trabaho sa omasum
(libro-libro)

 tigsala sa dagko pa kaayo nga pagkaon

 tig-suyop sa tubig

 tigkontrolar sa gidaghanon nga pagkaon nga ipasa ngadto sa abomasum

Abomasum
Trabaho sa Abomasum

or Gladular stomach

 mupagawas ug mga duga ( gastric juice ) arun sa pagtabang sa maayong pag-hilis sa pagkaon
arun dali lamang kini masurop ( magamit sa lawas )

 In young ruminants, liquid feed will by-pass the rumen, entering into the omasum instead.

= means of the esophageal groove, a fold of mucous membranes that can be formed in
response to the mechanics of sucking or pursing.
Comparative Anatomy of calf/kid & adult ruminant stomach

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Breed of Goat:

Anglo Nubian

 Gikan sa Nubia, Northeastern Africa

 Ave. timbang (75 kg)

 Adunay sungay o wala

 Luy-luy ang dalunggan

 Itom,puti,pula

 1.5 –2 litros-gatas

 Gibantog nga malampuson nga buhion dinhi sa Pilipinas

French Alpine

 Gikan sa France
  Ave. timbang (56kg)

 May sungay o wala

 Tul-id ang dalunggan

 Nagkalain-lain ang kolor o sagol

 Ave,. Gatas

(3 litros)/adlaw

Toggenburg

 Gikan sa Swiss Alps, Switzerland

 Ave. timbang(60 kg)

 Walay sungay

 Tul-id ang dalunggan

 Brown ang kolor ug adunay stripe nga puti sa nawong ug puti sa ubos nga bahin sa tuhod

 Ave. gatas= 3 litros/adlaw

 Gistudyuhan pa kon muhiangay ba dinhi sa Pilipinas

 Saanen

 Gikan sa Saanen Valley, Switzerland

 Pang-gatas

 Ave. timbang (65 kg)

 Sensitibo sa init

 Puti, light cream

 Mugbo ang balahibo

 Tindog ang dalunggan ( pointing forward)

 Straight ang nawong

Boer

 Pangkarne

 Gituhan nga kombinasyon (European, Angora & Indian ) nga kanding

  Dunay sungay

 Ave. timbang ( 80 kg)

 Puti nga lawas ug tiil

 Brown nga ulo ug liog

 .75-1.25 litro = gatas/adlaw

Native Nga Kanding

 Mas dali mupahioyun sa palibot

 Mas makaagwanta sa minos nga nutrisyon ug dili maayong panahon

 Magamit sa mga pagtuon o katigayunan sa kultura

 Tinubdan sa mga talagsaon nga hiyas nga kon mawala, dili na mabalik pa

NUTRISYON SA KANDING

UNOM KA NUTRINA

=> Ang mga pagkaon sa mga ruminant gilangkoban sa unom (6) ka nutrina :

1) carbohydrates

2) fats

3) proteins
4) vitamins

5) minerals

6.) water

Water (Tubig)

Mukabat sa 70 % ang lawas sa kanding gilangkoban sa tubig. Kon 20 % niini ang mawala sa iyang
lawas muresulta na kini sa kamatayon. Ang hingkod na nga kanding nagkinahanglan nga maka
konsumo og 1.5-2.5 litro nga tubig matag adlaw ug ang rekomendasyon, adlibitum (walay limit).
Apan kini nga panginahanglanon magdepende usab sa sitwasyon susama sa musunod:

Water consumption requirements depend on a number of factors including:

 size of animal

 temperature and relative humidity

 level of dry matter intake

 moisture content of the ration

 pregnancy

 lactation

 level of activity

 access to shade

2. Carbohydrates(Enerhiya)

Mao kini ang muhatag og enerhiya sa lawas alang sa pagmintinar sa normal nga kalihokan sa
panglawas, produksiyon ug kusog alang sa mga panglihok-lihok ug momintinar sa temperatura
sa lawas.

3. Fats
 Ang fats nga anaa sa pagkaon tinubdan usab sa enerhiya. Pareha usab ang ila ginbuhaton sa
carbohydrates.Mutabang usab sa pagsurop sa Vitamin A, carotene ug calcium.

4. Proteins (Protina)

Ang protina gilangkoban sa nagkalain-lain nga amino acids . Sa pagtuon nga nahimu,adunay 24 ka
amino acids ug kini nga mga amino acids magama tanan pinaagi sa mga maayong kagaw nga anaa sa
rumen. Sa ato pa kon ang hayop dili ruminant, adunay mga pipila ka amino acids nga angay
isuplemento sa maong hayop aron makagama og protina.

5. Vitamins and 6. Minerals (Bitamina ug Mineralis)

Ang mga bitamina ug mineralis kasagaran anaa lamang sa mga kan-onon nga mga sagbot. Gamay
lamang niini ang gikinahanglan sa hayop. Bisag gamay pero importante kini sa normal nga dagan sa
panglawas. Angay hinumduman nga ang kakulangon o subra sa bitamina ug mineralis makadaut sa
hayop.

Feeding System

Fresh Grass without supplement

Determine Dry Matter (DM ) requirement :

=> Animal BW X 3 % of BW

30 kg x 0.03

= 0.9 kg DM per day

 Convert DM req’t into fresh roughage

( 20 % DM )

=> DM req’t ¸ DM of fresh roughage

0.9 kg DM ¸ 0.20
= 4.5 kg fresh roughage per day

( 15% of Animal Body Weight )

Fresh Forage + Legumes

 Forage to Legume Ratio

75 % : 25 %

 Determine DM req’t ( follow formula *)

30 kg x 0.03 = 0.9 kg DM per day

DM (forage) = 0.9 kg DM x 0.75 = 0.675 kg DM

DM (legumes) = 0.9 kg DM x 0.25 = 0.225 kg DM

Convert DM req’t into fresh forage + legumes

Forage (20 %)

0.675 kg DM ¸ 0.2 = 3.375 kg per day

Legumes (25%)

0.225 kg DM ¸ 0.25 = 0.9 kg per day

Fresh Forage + 200g Concentrate

Determine DM requirement ( follow formula )

30 kg x 0.03 = 0.9 kg DM per day

DM from concentrate (87% DM )

200g x 0.87 = 0.174 kg

DM from fresh forage

0.9 kg – 0.174 kg = 0.726 kg DM

Convert DM req’t into fresh forage /day

0.726 kg DM ¸ 0.2

= 3.63 kg fresh forage/day

Different Forages and Fodders

Grazing Type

Signal Grass
Dual Type

Guinea Grass
Grazing Type

Paragrass
Gamba Grass
Paspalum atratum

Siratro Centrosema

Calliandra calothyrsus
 5 Sistema Sa Pagpamuhi Ug Kanding

 Tethering (Tugway)

 Extensive (Binuhi-an)

 Intensive (Tinangkal)

 Semi-intensive (Tinangkal ug tugway)

 Integration into Crop Agriculture

Tugway System

 Hiktan ang kanding pinaagi sa pisi nga 6-10 metros ang gitas-on

 Ibalhin ug lain nga tugwayan kausa o kaduha o katulo sulod sa isa kaadlaw

 Inig-kahapon, taga-an ug tubig

 Bantayanan kaayo arun dili makahatag ug “damage” sa mga tinanum

Extensive System

 Binuhian ang mga kanding/pasagdaan og adunay kagawasan ang kanding sa pagpili sa ila gusto
kan-on ( 8 ka oras o subra)

 Gamay lamang ang panahon nga magahin sa tag-iya alang sa pag-atiman

 Pag-uli sa kanding sa hapon/gabii paimnon ug tubig (hatagan o dili hatagan ug pinutol nga
sagbot)

Intensive System

 Kompletong pagtangkal sa kanding

 Pag-praktis ug “cut and carry”

 Ang paghatag ug supplemento sama sa mga concentrates magdepende sa mga “forage” nga
anaa sa lugar

HOUSING:
Mga Pipila KaBintaha Sa Intensive System

 Magamit ang mga biya nga abot sa umahan

 Sayon Nga pag-atiman
 Epektibong pagkontrolar sa parasito o uban pang sakit
 Dili nagkahinanglan ug dakong luna

 Wala nagkinahanglan ug daghan tawo nga suhulan sa pag-atiman

 Maayong relasyon sa silingan

 Minos ang “damage” o kadaot nga mahimo diha sa palibot

 Makabaton ug maayong nutrisyon ang mga kanding

Semi-intensive

 Ang kanding buhian sulod sa 2-4 ka oras dayon hipuson pagkahapon

 Pag-praktis sa “cut and carry”
 Nagkinahanglan ug suplemento ilabina kon minos ang kalidad sa “forages”

Mga Bintaha Sa Semi-intensive System

 Mas makaminos ug suhulan nga tawo arun sa pag-atiman ikumpara sa intensive system
 Mas makagahin ug oras alang sa uban nga buluhaton sa umahan

Integration Into Crop Agriculture (IICA)

Pagpamuhi ug kanding ilalom sa mga tanum sama sa mangga, lubi, rubber ug uban pa.
Bintaha Sa IICA

 Makapatambok sa yuta
 Epektibong pangkontrolar sa sagbot ilalom sa mga tinanum
 Mas mudako ang kita

Ang Pagpasanay Sa Kanding

Reproductive Phenomena in Goat

 Lutason

 Muhingkod

 Tuyok sa

Pagpanguwag

 Kadugayun sa

pagpanguwag

Kadugayon sa pagbuntis