My Scientific Journal

Conventional and
Non-conventional
Animal Feed
Resources
Optimizing Animal Nutrition
Feeding
Behavior
Sight and Smell
A Ruminants
1 Goats are browsers and enjoy a wide
variety of plants that are distasteful to
others because they don’t have taste
receptors that corresponds to bitter
taste sensations in human.
2 Cattle are picky but may eat poisonous
weeds indicating they can distinguish
feedstuffs based on smell and taste.
3 Euphagia- where animals would have
programmed capacity to recognize
nutrients and toxins through smell and
taste.
4 Hedyphagia- where animals harvest
nutritive food because they are
pleasant to smell, taste and touch.
B Non-ruminants
Fowl and pigs retinae have both rod
and cone cells, thus they can see
”color”. Birds have poor sense of smell
thus they depend mostly on acute
eyesight in seeking for food whereas
pigs are completely opposite.
Taste
Total number of taste buds in the mouth

Taste buds are a group of cells that are

approximately 20x90um in size located throughout
the oral cavity, particularly on tongue in pigs and
back of the mouth in birds. Poultry may respond to
flavor changes more when water is a medium
rather than feed because of the absence of saliva
and mastication in birds.
Factors Influencing
Voluntary Feed intake
(Appetite)
1. Maximum feed intake can be achieved only if
free choice of water is available.

2. Palatability(feed acceptance and preference)

Major taste responses in animals are sweet,
bitter and acidic/sour)
All animals(except strict carnivores like cats)
have preference for sweet taste.
Most animals have pronounced appetite for
salt(especially herbivores)
The ff. animals respond to specific tastes:
Cats to catnip (Nepeta cataria) herb and
fishy flavors. Rabbits to spice thyme and
dogs to animal fats.
3. Dietary Energy Level
It is known that domestic animals eat to
satisfy their energy requirements.
Energy is the “pacemaker” of animal
production. Thus nutrient requirements
must be expressed on per caloric basis.

4. Feed and Nutrient Quality (protein/amino

acid; forage composition)

5. Environmental conditions(temperature,
humidity, etc)

6. Stage of reproductive cycle(ex. pregnancy

and lactation) performance and metabolic
body rate

7. Psychology(adaptation, learning,
experience and conditioning)
Conventional
1. Yellow Corn- high energy, good pigmentation and
acceptability. In ordinary corn, tryptophan seems to be the
the first limiting amino acid and second is lysine and

Animal Feed methionine, tendency for mold growth/mycotoxin.

Moisture must be less than 14%.

Resources 2. Sorghum(milo) -another popular grain, value is about

88% that of corn and more economical. Disadvantages;
Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds tannin content, low met/lys, manufacturing problems, poor
pigmentation and carcass contamination at processing.
Plant Protein Sources

Animal Protein Feeds 3. Wheat (soft)-better amino acid profile, excellent pelleting
characteristics, excellent energy source, and good
Cereal-by-products economic value(95% that of corn). Disadvantages: variable
protein levels and palatability problems.
Minerals
4. Oats- high fiber/low energy and expensive. Used in
Miscellaneous pullet/breeder diets for reducing energy diets.

Microingredients (Supplements and 5. Barley-too expensive, not readily available and has low
Feed Additives) energy when compared to corn.

Roughages
Conventional
1. Soybean Meals (44-48% protein) Most suitable protein for
poultry, exceed all amino acid requirements, good source of
lysine but low in met/cys. Disadvantage: In raw form,

Animal Feed presence of growth inhibiting factor include a toxic protein

hemagglutinin called soyin. which depresses appetite, and

Resources
a trypsin inhibitor which reduces the availability of
met/cys.

Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
Plant Protein Sources
Animal Protein Feeds
Cereal-by-products
Minerals
2. Corn Gluten Meal and Feed- portion left after starch/oil
removal. Meal contain 60% and feed 40% protein and
excellent pigment sources. Disadvantage: Deficient in
lysine, arginine and
tryptophan.
3. Peanut Meal- not popular due to aflatoxin. All legume
seeds must be heat treated to destroy toxin/enzyme factors.

Miscellaneous 4. Cottonseed meal- not used much in poultry diets due to

gossypol and cyclopropene-ringed fats. Gossypol reduces
Microingredients (Supplements and growth in chicks and causes discolored egg yolks.
Feed Additives) Cyclopropene ring containing fats cause pinkish
discoloration of the albumen in eggs.
Roughages
Conventional
Animal Feed
Resources 5. Canola meal (Rapeseed) -use is limited due to high tannin
and glucoside content. Used at <15% if properly processed.
Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
6. Safflower meal- low in lysine and methionine and high in
Plant Protein Sources fiber.

Animal Protein Feeds 7. Ipil-ipil leaf meal- high pigmentation and feed at 5-10% in
swine ration. Contain mimosine in fresh form.
Cereal-by-products

Minerals

Miscellaneous

Microingredients (Supplements and

Feed Additives)

Roughages
Conventional
Animal Feed 1. Meat and Bone meal- High in protein and minerals

Resources especially phosphorus, use < than 10-15% level. Low in

Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
Plant Protein Sources
Animal Protein Feeds
Cereal-by-products
Minerals
met/cys than fishmeals.
2. Blood meal- Must be rendered using special process
designed for liquid. High protein content (80%) but lower
lysine and isoleucine, Ca and P, less digestible also.
3. Fishmeal- Most popular animal protein in poultry diets.
Use is limited to 10% due to fishy taste smell of poultry meat
and eggs. Excellent amino acid profile but gizzard erosion
factor is the main concern of fish meal.

Miscellaneous

Microingredients (Supplements and

Feed Additives)

Roughages
Conventional
Animal Feed 1. Rice bran (Darak)- pericarp or bran layer and germ of
rice, with some hull fragments. Types based on how palay is

Resources
Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
milled: First class RB or D1 “cono”is the fine rice bran,
Second class D2 is the coarse RB and Third class D3 is
“kiskis”. It is rich in vitamins-Thiamine and niacin high fat
content of 12.8%.

Plant Protein Sources
Animal Protein Feeds
Cereal-by-products
2.Copra meal (palyat)- ground flakes or cakes obtained
after removal of oil from copra. Good source of plant
protein and energy for poultry and pigs. Toxic substance in
moldy copra meal is aflatoxin.

Minerals 3. Corn bran (tahup sa mais)

Miscellaneous 4. Wheat bran

Microingredients (Supplements and 5. Cassava flour

Feed Additives)

Roughages
Conventional
Animal Feed
Resources 1. Calcium sources- Oyster shell and limstone
Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
2. Phosphates- dicalcium and deflourinate
Plant Protein Sources

Animal Protein Feeds 3. Salt

Cereal-by-products 4. Minor minerals- ZnSO4, ZnO, MnSO4,CuSO4

Minerals

Miscellaneous

Microingredients (Supplements and

Feed Additives)

Roughages
Conventional
Animal Feed
Resources 1. Fats and Oil- added to diets as a source of
Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds concentrated energy
Plant Protein Sources
2. Molasses- palatable, binding agent
Animal Protein Feeds
3. Distillers and Brewer Dried Grains
Cereal-by-products

Minerals

Miscellaneous

Microingredients (Supplements and

Feed Additives)

Roughages
Conventional
Animal Feed
Resources 1. Vitamin Premixes
Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
2. Antibiotics and Coccidiostats
Plant Protein Sources
3. Feed Preservatives (mold inhibitors and anti-oxidants)
Animal Protein Feeds
4. Pigmenting agents
Cereal-by-products

Minerals 5. Flavors and pellet binders

Miscellaneous

Microingredients (Supplements and

Feed Additives)

Roughages
 Native Pasture
1. Cogon- Imperata cylindrica

Conventional 2. Bagokbok- Thermeda triandra

3. Amorseco-Chrysopogon aciculatus

Animal Feed
4. Capillipedium parviflorum

Grasses

Resources 1. Napier or Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

Cereal Grains and Energy Feeds
Plant Protein Sources
Animal Protein Feeds
Cereal-by-products
Minerals
2. Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum)
3. Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)
4. African Stargrass- (Cyanodon plectostachyus)
Legumes
1. Centro (Centrocema pubescens)
2. Ipil-ipil (Leucaena sp)
3. Stylo- (Stylosanthes guyanensis)
4. Siratro- (Macroptilium atropurpureum)
5. Green leaf desmodium- (Desmodium intortum)

Miscellaneous Weeds
1. Hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata)
Microingredients (Supplements and
2. Lantana (Lantana camara)
Feed Additives)
3. Giant Mimosa (Mimosa invisa)
Roughages 4. Wild Eggplant ( Solanum ferox)
5. Brackern fern- (Pteridium aquilinum)
NON-CONVENTIONAL FEEDSTUFF
Waste and by-products, which are not normally and routinely included in animal feed
formulations, constitute largely as non-conventional feedstuff.

Problems in Nutritional Aspects Problems in Technical Aspects

1. Variability in nutrient level and quality
2. Presence of naturally occuring toxic factors
3. Presence of pathogenic microorganism
1. Seasonal and Unreliable supply (need for
storage)
2. Undesirable properties (bulkiness, wetness,
powdery texture, etc)

4. Need for supplementation 3. processing requirements(drying, cooking,

detoxification, etc)

4. Lack of research and development efforts

 1 Animal manure

COMMON 2 Sludge/effluent (Nutrients from wastewater in

animal processing plants)

WASTES 3 Animal by-products (blood, feathers, offals,

AND BY-
shell/hatchery by -products

4 Hide and Tanning Waste by- products

PRODUCTS 5 Plant by-products

Fruit and vegetable residues (citrus pulp, pineapple pulp,
watermelon pulp etc)
Seed/nut coverings ( rice hull, peanut hull, bean pods).
During harvesting (corn stover, sugar cane tops, rice straw, etc.)
Further processsing (brewer’s wastes)
Sludge from wastewater

6 Municipal refuse
Household /restaurant garbage/swill
Sewage sludge
You're done!