17.

To push a box up an inclined plane, is the force required smaller if you push horizontally or if you
push parallel to the incline? Why?

To push a box up an inclined plane, the force required is smaller if you push parallel to the incline rather
than pushing horizontally. This is because when you push parallel to the incline, you are utilizing both the
horizontal and vertical components of the force to move the box. The vertical component of the force
helps counteract the gravitational force pulling the box downward, reducing the overall force required to
move the box up the incline.

On the other hand, when you push horizontally, only the horizontal component of the force is utilized to
move the box. The vertical component of the force does not contribute to overcoming gravity, resulting in
a larger force requirement to move the box up the incline.

In summary, pushing parallel to the incline allows you to take advantage of the vertical component of the
force, making it more efficient and requiring less force to move the box up the inclined plane.

28. A soccer player kicks a rock horizontally off a 40.0-m-high cliff into a pool of water. If the player
hears the sound of the splash 3.00 s later, what was the initial speed given to the rock? Assume the speed
of sound in air is 343 m/s.

To solve this problem, we can use the equation for the vertical motion of the rock:

h = (1/2)gt^2 Where : h = height of the cliff (40.0 m)

g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2)

t = time taken for the rock to fall (3.00 s)

Rearranging the equation, we can solve for the time it takes for the rock to reach the ground:

t = sqrt(2h/g) Substituting the given values:

t = sqrt(2 * 40.0 m / 9.8 m/s^2) _t ≈ 2.02 s

Now, we can calculate the horizontal distance traveled by the rock during this time:

d=v*t Where: d = horizontal distance traveled

v = initial horizontal velocity of the rock

Since the rock was kicked horizontally, the initial horizontal velocity is the same as the horizontal
component of the rock's velocity throughout its motion. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled is
equal to the speed of sound multiplied by the time it takes for the sound to reach the player:

d = 343 m/s * 3.00 s

d = 1029 m

Now, we can use the horizontal distance traveled to find the initial horizontal velocity of the rock:
d=v*t (1029 m = v * 2.02 s)

Solving for v: v = 1029 m / 2.02 s≈ 509.41 m/s

Therefore, the initial speed given to the rock was approximately 509.41 m/s.

36. Two masses mA = 2.0 kg and mB = 5.0 kg are on inclines and are connected together by a string as
shown below. The coefficient of kinetic friction between each mass and its incline is BC = 0.30. If m A
moves up, and mB moves down, determine

(a) the tensions in the connecting string and

(b) their acceleration.

To determine the tensions in the connecting string and the acceleration of the masses, we can analyze the
forces acting on each mass separately.

Let's start with mass mA, which is moving up the incline. The forces acting on mA are its weight (mg)
directed downward, the tension in the string (T) directed upward, and the frictional force (f) opposing its
motion. The normal force (N) cancels out the vertical component of the weight.The equation of motion
for mA along the incline can be written as:

m₁ * a = T - f

Now let's consider mass mB, which is moving down the incline. The forces acting on mB are its weight
(mg) directed downward, the tension in the string (T) directed upward, and the frictional force (f)
opposing its motion. The normal force (N) cancels out the vertical component of the weight.The equation
of motion for mB along the incline can be written as:

m₂ * a = f - T Since the two masses are connected by the same string, the tension in the string is the
same for both masses. Therefore, we can write T for both equations.

Now, let's calculate the frictional force (f) acting on each mass. The frictional force can be determined
using the equation:

f=μ*N where μ is the coefficient of kinetic friction and

N is the normal force. (m * g * cos(θ))

where m =mass,

g =acceleration due to gravity, and

θ =angle of the incline.

Substituting the values into the equations, we have:

For mass mA:m₁ * a = T - μ₁ * m₁ * g * cos(θ₁)

For mass mB:m₂ * a = μ₂ * m₂ * g * cos(θ₂) - T

To solve for the tensions in the connecting string (T) and the acceleration (a), we need to know the values
of the masses (m₁ and m₂), the coefficients of kinetic friction (μ₁ and μ₂), and the angles of the inclines
(θ₁ and θ₂). Once we have these values, we can solve the equations simultaneously to find the tensions
and acceleration.

39. A small remote-control car with mass 1.60 kg moves at a constant speed of v = 12.0 m/s in a vertical
circle inside a hollow metal cylinder that has a radius of 5.00 m. (see the diagram). What is the magnitude
of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at

(a) point A (at the bottom of the vertical circle) and

(b) point B (at the top of the vertical circle)?

To determine the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at points A
and B, we need to consider the forces acting on the car at each point.

(a) Point A (at the bottom of the vertical circle):At point A, the car is moving in a vertical circle, and its
velocity is directed downward. The forces acting on the car at this point are its weight (mg) directed
downward and the normal force (N) exerted by the walls of the cylinder directed upward.The net force
acting on the car at point A provides the centripetal force required to keep the car moving in a circle. The
net force is given by:

Net force = Centripetal force = m * v^2 / r where m is the mass of the car,

v is its velocity, and

r is the radius of the circle.

Since the car is moving at a constant speed, the net force is equal to the centripetal force. Therefore, we
have:

m * v^2 / r = mg + N

Simplifying the equation, we can solve for the normal force N:

N = m * v^2 / r - mg

Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the magnitude of the normal force at
point A.

(b) Point B (at the top of the vertical circle):At point B, the car is still moving in a vertical circle, but its
velocity is directed upward. The forces acting on the car at this point are its weight (mg) directed
downward and the normal force (N) exerted by the walls of the cylinder directed downward.

Using the same reasoning as before, the net force at point B is equal to the centripetal force:

m * v^2 / r = mg - N

Solving for the normal force N:

N = mg - m * v^2 / r

Again, substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the magnitude of the normal force
at point B.

By following these calculations, we can determine the magnitudes of the normal forces at points A and B.