• Expensive electrolysis equipment and high electricity consumption.

→ The
current capital costs of electrolyzers range between US$500 and US$1,000
per kW for alkaline water electrolyzers and between US$ 700 and US$
1,400 per kW for PEM electrolyzers (IRENA, 2020).
• LCOH ranges between $3.2 per Kg and $7.7 per Kg.
• Water scarcity → the need for desalination (9 liters of pure water to make 1
liter of hydrogen).
Storage.
• Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks (350–
700 bar tank pressure). Cheapest but safety is an issue due to high pressures.
• Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures because the
boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere pressure is −252.8°C. (more
compact but cooling uses lots of energy).
• Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids (metal alloys) by
absorption to form metal hydrides and use heat to release it. Chemical
hydrides use water or heat to react to it then release the hydrogen. Compact
and safe but expensive.
• Hydrogen can be stored in solids by adsorption in carbon based materials
(still under research and development).
• Hydrogen can be stored in underground caverns or geological structures
such as salt caverns. ‫فيه اربع طرق وكالم كثير بس الفكرة المبدئية بتاعته انه هيتخزن تحت األرض جنب‬
.‫المنشأة اللي انتجت فيها الهيدروجين‬
https://www.geostockgroup.com/en/four-ways-to-store-large-quantities-of-
hydrogen/#:~:text=Hydrogen%20can%20also%20be%20stored,optimise%2
0the%20entire%20supply%20chain.
Transportation
• Pipes made of material that resist hydrogen embrittlement.
• Pipelines are the most efficient and least costly way to transport hydrogen up
to a distance of 2 500 to 3 000 km
• Natural gas pipelines could be repurposed to accommodate 100 per cent
hydrogen transportation or as a blend with natural gas.
• Tanks.