Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Environmental Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envres

Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability

and security
Sameh S. Ahmed a, b, Rekha Bali c, Hasim Khan d, Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed e,
Sunil Kumar Sharma f, *
a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
b
Mining and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
c
Department of Mathematics, Harcourt Butlor Technical University, Kanpur, 208002, India
d
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Civil Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt
f
Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The water resource is an essential field of economic growth, social progress, and environmental integrity. A novel
Water resource management solution is offered to meet water needs, distribution, and IoT-based quality management requirements. With
Ultrasonic sensors technological growth, this paper presents an IoT-enabled Water Resource Management and Distribution Moni­
Social growth
toring System (IWRM-DMS) using sensors, gauge meters, flow meters, ultrasonic sensors, motors to implement in
Internet of things
Water sustainability
rural cities. Thus, research proposes that the IWRM-DMS establish the rural demand for water and the water
Water distribution monitoring system supply system to minimize water demand. The system proposed includes different sensors, such as the water flow
sensor, the pH sensor, the water pressure valve, the flow meters, and ultrasound sensors. This water system has
been developed, which addresses the demand for domestic water in the village. Machine Intelligence has been
designed for demand prediction in the decision support system. The simulation results confirm the applicability
of the proposed framework in real-time environments. The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse
the water quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE (21.41%) and RMSE(15.12%),
improve efficiency (96.93%), Reliability (98.24%), enhance prediction (95.29%)), the overall performance
(97.34%), moisture content ratio (7.4%), cost-effectiveness ratio (95.7%) when compared to other popular
methods.

1. Introduction production and energy production, inland water transportation, recre­

Water supplies are distributed and handled throughout water con­
servation in the sense of a multi-layered, dynamic market for water re­
sources. Rural Water Resources Management (RWRM), in terms of water
availability and quality, is the mechanism for planning, improving, and
maintaining water resources across all water uses, including agencies,
utilities, incentives, and water quality information systems (Srivastava
et al., 2019). Recently, rural area understanding has grown about the
value of water conservation as population development, emerging
technology, expanded food use, land use, and economic activity, among
others, continue to escalate competition between water consumers to
obtain access to natural resources (Rhoades et al., 2020). Adequate rural
water quality for drinking water and water treatment facilities, food
ational water availability, and maintaining sustainable habitats that rely
on water supplies are used to ensure that water value is adequately
handled (Jones et al., 2018). Rural water resources management leads to
the development of effective irrigation operations in the future to
improve agriculture. This valuable resource can be saved by the proper
use of water in rural households (Yaqub et al., 2019; Javaid et al., 2019).
The control of water helps us to use less water as necessary (Moon et al.,
2019). The low benefit is directly extracted from greater access to water
and sanitation by better hygiene, averted health costs, and time savings.
Effective rural water resource management brings greater stability and
production performance across economic sectors and leads to ecosystem
wellbeing (Nie et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2021a).
A rural supply network consists of components delivering drinking

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: s.sharma@mu.edu.sa (S.K. Sharma).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111527
Received 17 March 2021; Received in revised form 31 May 2021; Accepted 10 June 2021
Available online 19 June 2021
0013-9351/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
S.S. Ahmed et al.
water from consolidated water and wells to water users for the effective
water supply to fulfill residential, commercial, industrial, and fire-
fighting requirements (SIMANCA et al., 2019). The rural water de­
livery system’s role is to provide all the system customers with water at
adequate pressure, safe and reasonable quality, and as economically as
possible, inappropriate amounts for potable drinking water and fire
safety (Castro Fernandez et al., 2020; Díaz-Casallas et al., 2019). The
system aims to provide good quality, quantity, and water pressure for
customers (Sakthivel and Saravanan, 2019). The delivery mechanism
collectively defines the water supply services from their source to the
point of use (Sathishkumar et al., 2020). In delivery pipes, the consis­
tency of the water does not deteriorate to improve the water quality.
(Krishnaraj et al., 2020). Rural water distribution advantages include
convenient water sources, the opportunity to have good maintenance
shared by a limited number of households, the supplementation of urban
water systems that cannot meet all households, and the lower-income
water supplies alternative (Ingram and Memon, 2020; Jha et al.,
2020). The consistency and availability of water were some of the big
issues in the history of humans. Rural bodies were established in many
ancient civilizations. For fulfilling customer demands have risen with
rising populations (Vardhini and Janardhana Raju, 2020; Bhavadharini,
2020).
The Internet of Things (IoT) idea provides the impression of inter­
connecting items in several working environments through sensor
technologies (Pujar et al., 2020). It allows people to use continuing
communications technology to access, control, and handle the activities
and data of objects running under various information systems in their
community (Gautam et al., 2020). A water distribution system monitors
data from a wireless sensor node network and constantly monitors the
hydraulic, acoustic, and water quality parameters (Khatri et al., 2020).
The water protection IoT chapter aims to present integrated and moni­
toring by developing new expertise and novel methods concentrating on
sustainable resource use (Nguyen et al., 2020). This chapter’s primary
focus is on IoT technologies for rural water and stormwater and the
human and environmental effects of managing water pollutants (REDDY
et al., 2020). The IoT technologies with sensors for waste and storm­
water control, water quality measurement, treatment, and environ­
mental management across networked ecosystems are applied (Chen
et al., 2020).
Areas of economic growth, social advancement, and environmental
integrity are crucial to water resources. A new solution is presented to
suit water supply, distribution, and IoT quality control requirements.
This study covers IWRM-DMS with technological progress employing
sensors, gauge metres, flux metres, ultrasonic sensors, and rural city
engines. THUS, the IWRM-DMS advises that rural demand for water and
the water delivery system must be established to limit the water de­
mand. The system presented comprises several sensors such as the water
flow sensor, the pH sensor, and the water pressure valve. This water
system, which handles residential water demand in the community, has
been created. In the Decision Support System, mechanical intelligence
was built to foresee the demand. The findings of the simulation indicate
the applicability in real-time contexts of the proposed framework.
The water distribution system’s design is important and a key role in
supplying water to customers, based on the IoT-based architecture of
WDS. This architecture design is based on the demand projection, based
on historical water use data, and the local substation is responsible for
the water supply. Therefore, proposed methodologies for forecasting
water demand for customers regarding water delivery architecture are
based on the historical evidence for water use.
1.1. The main contributions of IWRM-DMS are described as follows
• The IWRM-DMS is implemented primarily to focus on predicting the
water demand in a rural area.
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Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527
• The suggested IWRM-DMS evaluation mode for water quality im­
proves the water distribution system by enhancing water resource
management.
The remaining article is organized as follows: Section 2 comprises
various background studies concerning predicting water demand and
water distribution systems. Section 3 explores the proposed IWRM-DMS
model for continuous monitoring the water distribution. Section 4 result
and discussion. Finally, the conclusion with future perspectives is dis­
cussed in section 5.
2. Literature works
Maria Krommyda et al. (2020) suggested the Integrated Toolbox
(ITB) engage citizens in monitoring the water ecosystem. Monitoring
water ecosystems requires the reliable and precise calculation of sensors,
typically given by conventional in-situ environmental monitoring sys­
tems. They include a state-of-the-art comprehensive toolbox that assists
in organizing crowd-sourcing activities, ensuring user engagement,
ensuring consistent data collection, introducing comprehensive data
quality initiatives, and providing local authorities and scientists stan­
dardized access to the widely accepted standards.
Sunmin Lee et al. (2020) introduced the GIS-Based Machine Learning
Techniques for rural development. Adequate groundwater production
for the rural population is necessary, as groundwater is a vital source of
drinking water and agricultural water. Both BCT and FR BCT models
calculated the contributions of various groundwater management fac­
tors that revealed that the soil is the most significant element. This
study’s machine learning technology has demonstrated that ground­
water capacity effectively models areas with relatively little details. The
findings of this analysis will help grow groundwater supplies safely by
recognizing areas of high groundwater capacity.
Manjot Kaur et al. (2020) explored the Driver-Pressure-State
Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework for urban densification on buried
water infrastructure. Urban densification in reaction to intensive ur­
banization and economic growth is seen as a potential solution. Due to
their simplicity and the most efficient communication mechanism be­
tween environment and community, the DPSIR framework was selected.
In recognizing the complex equilibrium between urban densification,
BWI, and sustainable water resources usage, the proposed model will act
as a benchmark for multi-stakeholders.
Reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV)-Fuzzy Method(FM)
for improving performance criteria in the water resource systems
deliberated by Golmohammadi et al. (2021). A water provider scheme’s
performance requirements in studies undertaken over the past three
decades have commonly been reliability, resilience, and vulnerability
(RRV). Two case studies involving a theoretical and existing water basin
are applied to assess whether a potential solution is successful. A com­
parison between the RRV-Fuzzy suggested and the classic RRV-Flexed
methods show that the proposed approach has become more success­
ful and practical in the related figures’ changes.
Deep learning with long-short-term memory(DL-LSTMA)algorithm
for Forecasting Water Quality in IoT Systems expressed by Nguyen
Thai-Nghe et al. (2020). The global rise in atmosphere and water
contamination posed many seafood and shrimp producers; for instance,
shrimp and fish had died early before harvest. As these metrics are
gathered regularly, sequential/temporary data become useable. They
are proposing to use a DL method to predict these indicators with the
LSTMA. Experimental findings for different data sets indicate that the
methodology proposed works well for the actual structures and can be
applied.
Feedforward neural network (FFNN) and Deep Learning (DL)
method for Forecasting of water level in multiple temperate lakes
initialized by Senlin Zhu et al. (2020). As a result of environmental
change in the environment and rising population, cool water is highly
vulnerable to pollution. One of the main issues facing decision-makers
S.S. Ahmed et al.
and water managers is the conservation of freshwater infrastructure, in
particular lakes and related ecosystems. From the standpoint of com­
puter learners and their dynamics, this analysis’s findings have signifi­
cant implications for water level predictions and water supply
management in lakes.
Bezerra, M. O., et al. (Bezerra et al., 2021), The strategy was to bring
the FHI together with management agencies, water utilities, planning
authorities, local non-governmental organizations, and industry, com­
munity organizations, and researchers. Detailed information is supplied
on the ecological integrity of each basin and the sustainability of the
ecosystem services offered. All three basins have extremely poor
governance and stakeholder involvement, focusing on improving both in
the area. The results also highlight the possibility of the Freshwater
Health Index (FHI) framework informing decision-making to better
implement integrated water resources management (IWRM) through the
participation of stakeholders.
Xiang, X., et al. (Xiang et al., 2021b) In sustainable water develop­
ment, ecological planning, nonlinear impacts, stochastic dynamics, and
hydraulic restrictions are hard. This study proposes maintaining the
urban water environment using the Adaptive Intelligent Dynamic Water
Resource Planning (AIDWRP). An adaptive smart approach is a subset of
the AI technology in which environmental planning for sustainable
water development was effectively shaped. This methodology is an
adaptive smart approach.
Based on the survey, DPSIR’s urban densification infrastructure
framework has been examined in (Kaur et al., 2020). In which urban
densification is regarded as a feasible option in response to intense ur­
banization and economic expansion. RRV-FM has been considered for
increasing the criteria of performance in water resource systems as
outlined in (Golmohammadi et al., 2021). It was taken into account. As
illustrated in (Thai-Nghe et al., 2020), the DL-LSTMA algorithm for
water quality prediction in IoT systems has been introduced. In addition,
a comparison analysis was conducted using the FFNN-DL approach to
estimate water levels in many temperate lakes initiated in(Zhu et al.,
2020).
Based on the literature survey, there are some issues in water dis­
tribution and water resource management. To overcome these issues in
this paper, IWRM-DMS has proposed analyzing the seasonal water
decomposition and predicting the water demand in a rural area.
3. IoT based Water Resource Management and Distribution
Monitoring System (IWRM-DMS)
This paper discussed the rural water resources management and
water distribution system based on IoT. The population of rural areas is
growing increasingly due to migration from an agricultural region to
rural areas. A new solution is proposed to satisfy the need for water
needs, distribution, and quality control based on the IoT. Hence in this
paper, IWRM-DMS has been proposed to determine the rural water de­
mand and water distribution system to reduce the water demand. The
system suggested consists of various sensors such as the water flow
sensor, the pH sensor, the water pressure valve and flow metres, and
ultrasound sensors. To forecast water demand for customers to develop
an IoT water delivery architecture for an intelligent rural area. There­
fore, these studies using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving
Average (SARIMA) time series models and regression analysis have daily
carried out water demand predictions for three months. It uses hydraulic
engineering architecture for proper water delivery with minimum los­
ses, contributing to developing a smart water distribution system. A
hydraulic distribution system has been built based on the research for
the water requirements. A water control valve with a web-based water
flow sensor value is regulated to ensure fair and sufficient water delivery
to each connection.
Fig. 1 shows the Basic Diagram of Water Resources Management.
Management of water resources includes various activities: monitoring,
modelling, exploration, assessment, design of interventions and policies,
3
Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527
Fig. 1. Basic diagram of water resources management.
Performance monitoring, activity and maintenance and evaluation,
which requires promoting activities, including structural change. Man­
agement of water supplies involves state, national and international
operations, both short-term and long-term. It requires all the science,
technological, administrative, managerial, legal and organisational ac­
tivities needed for water supplies to be prepared, established, controlled
and maintained. The control of the water supply must continue to
respond to existing and future challenges of water allocation. Decision-
making would be much more difficult with the increasing confusion
about global climate change and the long-term effects of management
decisions. Effective resource management requires a comprehensive
understanding of available services, use, competitive resource needs,
interventions and processes to determine the relevance and usefulness of
competing requirements and frameworks to convert policy actions into
effect on the ground. Water resource management is the sector where
the optimal utilization of water supplies is planned, created, spread and
controlled. Ideally, water supply management takes all competitive
water needs into account and aims to distribute water to meet all uses
and requirements equitably. Rainwater harvesting strategies include
digging wetlands, dams, canals, expanding reservoirs, and installing
rainwater storage systems and filtration systems in homes. The strategy
may involve additional groundwater or surface resources, transfer,
reuse, and control of demand. The assessment of water resources is the
estimation, selection, and interpretation phase of specific criteria on the
quantity and quality of water resources for improved production and
reliable water supply management.
Fig. 2 initialized the Rural Water Resource Management with Sensor
System. Advanced monitoring techniques such as sensing and IoT allow
successful water quality monitoring and are referred to as smart water
quality monitoring. An in-house surveillance system can be imple­
mented in real-time to control the drinking water supply processes, like
rural raw water. Drinking water systems require real-time monitoring to
ensure a higher standard of water quality and prevent unintended in­
cidents, including the breakdown of water treatment processes and the
pollution of raw water. Data conversion and mass environmental data
management at low cost can help the decision-making process repre­
sented in Fig. 2.
The IoT water protection chapter intends to build new expertise and
new ways for sustainable use of resources to offer integrated and sys­
tematic quality control and environmental monitoring. The main topic
of this chapter is IoT technology for rural water and stormwater and the
impacts of the treatment of water contaminants on people and the
environment. IoT technologies are used throughout networked ecosys­
tems, with sensors for waste and stormwater control, water quality
testing, processing, and environmental management.
The ultimate role of online monitoring of water quality systems is
collecting, distributing, and analysing the assessed data in real-time.
Effective water data processing platform is equipped with innovative
S.S. Ahmed et al.
Fig. 2. Rural water resource management with sensor system.
data mining tools, such as machine intelligence. Physical, chemical and
biological measures are used in the water quality evaluation. Popular
parameters include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen,
turbidity, thermal, total organic content, total suspended solids (TSS)
and the amount of water toxicity of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P). Sensors typically sense environment triggers that are
transformed into signals processed for later use in a data platform. There
are several phases to a wireless water quality control system: data
collection, signal processing, data amplification and transfer, and data
technology signal management: data collection, data storage, and
computer processes. Firstly, wireless sensors capture the field water
quality data and relay it through a wireless or wired device to a
controller. The machine moves the data transmission from the controller
to the cloud for retrieval. Finally, the data stored in the cloud is used to
evaluate and run a system.
Fig. 3 illustrated the proposed IWRM-DMS. Many rural regions use
water towers for the efficient distribution of water during busy hours
and electricity failures. These higher structures are intentionally high
enough to sustain necessary pressure to provide drinking water through
gravity through a delivery pumping system that supplies homes with
water. To maintain adequate pressure and water levels, cities and rural
area need to control the water distribution system. Pressure control is
important as unnecessary or low pressures may contribute to inefficient
device operations and damaged pumps. Pressure sensors in the water
tower tanks are usually installed to assess the water level pressure.
The system describes water supply services from their source to the
point of use jointly. The consistency of the water in delivery pipes does
not decrease to increase the quality of the water. The rural water dis­
tribution benefits include handy water sources, sharing good servicing
Fig. 3. Proposed IWRM-DMS
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Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527
with a restricted number of families, and complementing urban water
systems that may not service all homes and provide lower-income water
alternative suppliers.
To track air, pressure sensors are often mounted on pumps for suc­
tion and discharge. Remote sensor control systems remove the need for
operators to ascend towers or different positions to read gauges to track
pressure sensors and insert input information into the device for review.
However, the water delivery system’s working environment presents
threats to wired surveillance systems. Wired devices are vulnerable to
light strikes and ground failures while working in outdoor conditions,
power sens, and wired links. Power can be a concern in wired systems
since there is normally just 120V AC in the water tanks. Wired Systems
demand that any sensor be wired to the controller and connected to an
interface socket. It can be expensive to maintain the height of the water
tower on hardwired sensors. The wired system design is identical to the
wireless power and remote control system. Air wires monitor and
transfer water pressure from the water to a remote location instead of
cables. The wireless telemetry device consists of the end nodes with a
radio powering the sensors to calculate the pressure to relay to the
entrance. Battery-powered, the end nodes resolve the problems of using
the sensors in the powerless or insecure regions. The wireless network
enables efficient data processing across diverse geography, systems and
weather environments and runs in harsh environmental conditions for
generations to come. The wireless device eliminates the probability of
failure by lightning strikes and land failures, damaging wired networks
because nodes and other elements are not physically wired. Working
design of the water delivery system for the water tower’s wireless
remote sensor system. Installed in the water towers and pumps to
regulate water levels and pressure, integrated sensor nodes with a
S.S. Ahmed et al.
pressure sensor, wireless node and an internal battery with intrinsic
protection are provided. These integrated sensor nodes are low-cost al­
ternatives to ducts, wired and other pressure sensor systems by reducing
the need to capture and order a pressure sensor and a wireless node
separately.
The ultimate objective of an autoregressive integrated moving
average (ARIMA) algorithm is the mathematical analysis of data from
the seasonal method based on the global time pattern known as the time-
series analysis. This research is carried out to assess data patterns, sea­
sonality and moving average, and analyse algorithmic output dependent
on errors. The data is transformed such that the data series is stabilised
and the variance stabilised. Model selection is the continuous stage
method in which the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) and ACF
functions for the optimal model are done. The parameters are tested in
all feasible models at this point, and based on optimum requirements;
the best fit model is selected. The pattern is broken down into a
simplified shape or separated into sub-patterns throughout the time-
series study. The data are believed to be seasonal, error and pattern
periods.
The IoT-based water distribution and control system is constructed
with flow metres, ultrasonic sensors, motors. Furthermore, the viability
of a gadget is examined utilizing a use scenario. This research indicated
that one of the most prominent reasons for water shortages in rural re­
gions was the failure of sufficient installations, which resulted to
mismanagement of water supply.
Data is often defined in time series analysis in terms of error, trend
period and seasonal patterns, which is expressed in equation (1):
Ws = E(Ts , Fs , Ss ). (1)
Fig. 4 and equation (1) data decomposition has been derived. Ws is
expressed as data decomposition, E explores as functional trend cycle, Ts
is denotes as Time series, Fs signifies the error function, Ss inferred as a
seasonal component. In general, by calculating all the components’
total, the additive form of decomposition can be calculated. The form of
the additive is shown in equation (2):
Ws = Ts + Fs + Ss . (2)
As shown in equation (2), an additive of the total decomposition
model has been calculated. This decomposition is valid when the sea­
sonal functions preserve a steady trend, i.e. no sudden decrease or in­
crease over functional components. Water intake here is a seasonal
function depending on consumption in which the seasonal consumption
rates differ. The decomposition of nature is, therefore, multiplication in
equation (3):
Ws = Ts *Fs *Ss . (3)
Fig. 4. Data decomposition.
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Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527
As obtained in equation (3), the multiplication of seasonal decom­
position consumption has been found. This becomes an additive model,
taking the sequence’s log to obtain the additive ratio from the multi­
plication in equation (4)
logWs = logTs *logFs *logSs . (4)
The logarithm of overall data decomposition has been deliberated in
equation (4). Data is smoothed by reducing spontaneous fluctuations to
reach the pattern cycle. The easiest way to smooth the series moving
average (MA). MA is the following expression in equation (5)
1 ∑ N
(L + 1)
Ss = Ws+i where N = . (5)
L i=− N 2
As seasonal decomposition has been contributed in equation (5). The
first order of MA is defined here, where Lis an integer. s is expressed as
time series.N is explored as an odd number and j denotes as observa­
tions. It can be used to measure an odd number of observations. The
following equations are derived for the measurement of MA for six-
month observations
(W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 + W6 )
S2.5 =
6
(6)
(W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 + W6 + W7 )
S3.5 =
6
As calculated in equation (6), observation seven-day data decom­
position has been described. ​ W1 …..W7 express as a seven-day data
observation of data decomposition. S2.5 explores the second-day obser­
vation and S3.5 explores the third-day observation. Average seven days
passing over the data collection is used to evaluate the pattern for the
next seven days and its use in the decomposition process. This is useful
for a three-month daily forecast of water demand in equation (7).
Despite the absence of an adequate water management mechanism,
water is delivered to customers despite the large physical water avail­
ability for consumption. IoT will assist in overcoming one of the primary
difficulties with inappropriate water management in water supply chain
management: insufficient evidence for research into water sources. IoT
will demonstrate a practical solution to interconnected sensors that
collect and share information about their environment in real-time.
′ (S2.5 + S3.5 )
S3 =
2
(7)
′ (W + 2W2 + 2W3 + 2W4 + 2W5 + 2W6 + 2W7 )
S3 =
12
The three-month daily forecast data has been derived in equation (7).
S3 inferred as the three-month daily forecast of water demand. Residues
′
or forecasting errors are represented in the following equation as a
successful predictor or prediction model in equation (8):
Ws = Fs + D (8)
As shown in equation (8) prediction model has been displayed. D
explores the prediction model. In practice, Dickey-Fuller tests are
generally used for the test of time series standard. The root testing
method of the unit is extremely significant. The first step is to approxi­
mate the regression model in equation (9)
Ws = θWs− 1 + a1 Ws− 1 + a2 Ws− 2 + …aq Ws− q . (9)
As calculated in equation (9) regression model first step has been
deliberated. Where θ is a value of 4.68, indicating Ws is stationary. Thus,
Ws is referred to as the Ws − Ws− 1 differential sequence. This model used
′
the Saison ARIMA (SARIMA) to carry out its forecast in equation (10)
SARIMA = (q, c, p)(Q, C, P)T . (10)
As obtained in equation (10), SARIMA has been found. Where T is no.
per season, q is the autoregression order (AR), C is an invoked degree of J
S.S. Ahmed et al.
differential data, and P is the movement of the average order (MA).
The following is expressed in general ARIMA (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1) model
in equation (11)
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 − θ1 A12 1 − θ1 A12 (1 − A) 1 − A12 Ws = (1 − ∅ A) 1 − ∅1 A12 Fs .
(11)
As introduced in equation (11) SARIMA general model has been
derived. A is the latency factor; θ1 listed below are autoregressive and ∅1
moving average listed above. This project aims to forecast water usage
for the next three months regularly.
The findings and discussion section addresses the interpretation and
precision of market predictions.
Linear regression is a mathematical model used to derive the inter­
action of the two variables and determine one variable’s influence on the
other. The water usage here is one variable influenced by the change in
the year’s date/month. The regression formula is the association be­
tween X and Y variables. The algorithm of the association is expressed in
a straight line as follows.
X = B + AY. (12)
Fig. 5 and equation (12) explores the water demand prediction. The
B intercept is Y here, and the A is a slope of the graph X. If the line is a
fair line intercepting the X and Y variables and if the line obtained is
reasonably smooth, the path is small, and the line obtained is, therefore,
less than the line run. The word for deciding the slope is:
rise
Slope of line =
run
(13)
rise X2 − X1
Slope = a = = .
run X2 − X1
As shown in equation (13), the slope of the line has been derived. The
Y-axis is assumed to be a separate vector called date, and the usage rate
is assumed to be X for the water demand prediction model. There is no
assumption in this dataset that X is the product of Y. To evaluate the
regression axis, the following is used.
The value of the independent variable called date is observed here; X̂
is the dependent Y variable called consumption.
̂ = B + AY.
X (14)
As the independent variable has been derived in equation (13). The
lesser square test is defined by the algebraic equation below. Consid­
ering that ’M’ points have been found in both the Y and X variables of 1
Fig. 5. Water demand prediction Model.
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Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527
to M. The j is an observations difference between the value expected, and
the observed value may be formulated as (15)
̂ j.
F j = Xj − X (15)
The error function of the demand prediction model has been calcu­
lated in equation (15). The positive and negative errors are cancelled,
∑
and the error is Fj = 0 to decide which points better match the de­
mand prediction curve. Thus, these studies have carried out tri-month
water demand projections every day using SARIMA time series models
and regression analysis. A water control valve is controlled with a web-
based water flow sensor to provide a fair and adequate water supply for
every connection.
The method of statistical estimation for error calculation is discussed
in detail beforehand. In this error estimation, the following algebraic
expression is used to evaluate the prediction model’s efficacy.
Fs = Rs − Es . (16)
As expressed in equation (16), prediction model efficacy has been
calculated. Where Rs is present and where Fs is market prediction. Es
express as the efficacy of the prediction model. The introduction to
discuss how water delivery in a given region is typically carried out. The
valves are switched on/off-field or society to disperse the water at any
conventional water delivery endpoint. The built-in system with a control
valve can be switched on/off through a web interface to address such a
problem. Per endpoint can be managed and tracked using the proposed
IoT system to obtain sufficient pressurised water. The Flow sensor
transmits data to the cloud through the internet controller. The data can
be tracked in real-time, and control valves for water flow under pressure
can be shut on/off. The flow rate is calculated via a sensor for water
flow. The water flow pressure is determined by the following:
Q∝P2( )/( ) (17)
Q = ρ × P2 2 × B2 .
Fig. 6 signifies the output of the water distribution system. As shown
in equation (17), water flow pressure has been determined. P inferred
the water flow pressure. When Q is on the output side, ρ is length, water
density is 1(constant), and B is an area where the pipe is supported
(Constant). The benefit of regulating every endpoint is that if the water
does not have an appropriate pressure in one end point, all other control
valves within that region or community may be supplied to this endpoint
at a different time. The other benefit of this method is that when the
predefined litres of water are transported to a certain endpoint, it may
turn off the control valve.
The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water
quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE
and RMSE, improve efficiency, enhance prediction, overall perfor­
mance, and moisture content cost-effectiveness ratio.
4. Results and discussion
The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to evaluate the water
quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area based on these pa­
rameters: ers MAPE and RMSE, efficiency, prediction, overall perfor­
mance, moisture control, cost-effectiveness ratio. Thus, SARIMA model
time series and regression analysis conducted water demand projections
for three months daily. It combines hydraulic engineering architecture
with the lowest losses for good water delivery to develop an intelligent
water supply system. Based on the study on the water requirements, a
hydraulic distribution system and improved sensor system have been
developed. A water control valve with a web-based water stream sensor
value is adjusted to provide a fair and enough water supply to each
connection.
i) MAPE (%) and RMSE Ratio (%)
S.S. Ahmed et al. Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527

Fig. 6. Output of the water distribution system.

The estimation accuracy of calculations between the two IWRM- As described in equation (18), MAPE and RMSE have been derived. It
DMS and existing models is compared and seen in graphs. Comparative has been inferred from the statistical study that consumption is very
analysis reveals that the error in (Mean square percentage Error) MAPE high, considering the market projection. Consumption would not have
and (Root mean square error)RMSE is higher in terms of the anticipated to be used entirely by users. Reading consumption involves damages
and real values to estimate the demand for IWRM-DMS compared with from pipeline breakage, joints and gate valves, DMA ageing, natural
LSLR. However, concerning predictive accuracy, the ARIMA model’s causes, and water crime. A highly efficient DMS is important to reduce
predictive accuracy is better than the FFNN-FMR predictive model, losses.
where FFNN-FM RMSE is higher than IWRM-DMS. A greater MAPE
means a greater error of percentage for FFNN-FM than for IWRM-DMS, ii) Efficiency Ratio and Overall Performance Ratio (%)
which means less MAPE. Fig. 7 (a) shows the MAPE (%) and Fig. 7 (b)
RMSE Ratio (%) This paper implementation strategy builds an IoT-based water dis­
tribution and control system using flow metres, ultrasonic sensors,
1 ∑ N
motors. In addition, using a scenario of utilization, the viability of a
MAPE = |QFs |
N s=1 device is studied. This study found that the inability to provide sufficient
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√( )2 (18) facilities that lead to water supplies mismanagement is one of the most
√ 1 ∑ N
important explanations for water shortages in rural areas. Water is
RMSE = √ |QFs | .
N s=1 distributed to users despite the ample supply of physical water for
consumption due to the absence of an effective water management

Fig. 7. (a) MAPE (%) and Fig. 7 (b) RMSE ratio (%).

7
S.S. Ahmed et al. Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527

mechanism. IoT in the water supply chain management will help solve
one of the key problems of inadequate water management: insufficient
research evidence on water supplies. IoT will prove a viable approach
with linked sensors that gather information about their surroundings in
real-time and communicate. The IoT-based water quality monitoring
system is developed to measure water parameters using different sensors
such as the Fluoride sensor and the electrical conductivity sensor. Cloud
computing can capture and process knowledge about those parameters.
Fig. 8 (a) and Fig. 8 (b) shows the Efficiency Ratio and Reliability Ratio
(%)
Increasing reliance on groundwater for a reliable water supply in
rural areas has contributed to water recharge capacities and other
environmental concerns to indiscriminate extraction. The paper is about
a sustainable water management system based on the (IoT) automates
water delivery, water recycling and waste control. The need for a
tracking water quality system based on IoT rather than traditional sys­
tems. They built a low-cost, IoT-based device to track the water quality
to provide the city with accurate information. Simulations of the pro­ Fig. 9. Overall Performance Ratio (%).
posed design validated improved device performance at low calculation
expense and less time. continuously tracks the water tank level of the rooftops and sends the
data to a server via Wi-Fi. The daily and weekly average household
iii) Overall Performance Ratio (%) water demand can be estimated using the IoT method’s data to estimate
water consumption. The measurements observed are split into training
A pumping speed and frequency are registered in an accelerometer and evaluation data sources. Water usage for each customer is esti­
connected to a rural hand pump’s handle and are passed automatically mated, and error is reported as the difference between real use and
to project operators by GSM. Non-functionality is documented when low predicted use and decreases with an increase in the number of days. An
pumping or no pumping for a certain time is recorded. Data are algorithm has been proposed to track water leakage in the tanks. A web
distributed via a web interface to the service provider, the municipal interface enables the user to view water usage, monitor its use, and
authority and the regulator. Rural standpipe and water stand kiosks recognise any water loss and leakage. Fig. 10 shows the Prediction Ratio
complete with pre-payment stickers. Water users fill the tag with credit, (%)
bought from a nearby water kiosk using the mobile currency. Usage data
is remotely recorded and documented, and managed by an online v) Moisture Content Ratio (%)
dashboard. Continued collection and correspondence of sensors to
stakeholders is rendered by hand pump and water flow data. The pump A serious drop in water quality is a factor that affects public health in
head is attached. Data can be transmitted by wireless or GSM using a the delivery system. The biological and non-biological composition,
SIM card and spread between hardware and cloud computing. Then data toxins seriously endanger the whole water ecosystem colour, and wa­
is incorporated in an online archive and a research dashboard. Notices ter’s odour will be improved. Traditional techniques for water quality
sent via SMS and e-mail to stakeholders. The experimental results show monitoring take a great deal of time and effort. Therefore, water with a
the enhanced performance to improve the rural water distribution when control system for water quality must be tracked and protected in real-
compared to other methods. Fig. 9 shows the overall Performance Ratio time to assess pollution reduction actively. The technical growth led to
(%) the development of effective methods for coping with many serious
problems in real-time. Table 1 illustrated the Moisture content ratio (%)
iv) Prediction Ratio (%) (see Table 2).

This paper proposes a smart IoT device for controlling water use in an vi) Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (%)
urban residential complex. In combination with an ultrasonic sensor

Fig. 8. (a) and Fig. 8 (b) Efficiency Ratio and Reliability ratio (%).

8
S.S. Ahmed et al. Environmental Research 201 (2021) 111527

to Driver-Pressure-State Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, Reli­

ability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV)-Fuzzy Method(FM), Deep
learning with long-short-term memory(DL-LSTMA)algorithm, Feedfor­
ward neural network (FFNN) and Deep Learning (DL)methods.

5. Conclusion

This paper analysed and evaluated the rural water resources man­
agement and water distribution system based on IoT. Rural populations
are gradually driven by migration from the farming area to the farm­
land. A new solution, IoT, is proposed to meet water requirements,
distribution and quality control. This paper, therefore, suggests that
IWRM-DMS define rural water demand and water delivery schemes to
reduce water demand. The proposed system comprises several sensors
such as the water flow sensor, the pH sensor, the water pressure valve
and flow metres, and the ultrasound sensor. To foresee that customers
would need water for an intelligent city to build an IoT water distribu­
tion architecture.
Fig. 10. Prediction ratio (%).
The advantage of controlling all endpoints is correlated with the
endpoint that has adequate pressure. All other control valves within that
Table 1 area or community can be delivered at another time at that endpoint.
Moisture content ratio (%). The second advantage of this approach is that the control valve may be
switched off by transporting the preset litres of water to some endpoint.
Number of DPSIRF RRV- DL- FFNN- IWRM-
Devices FM LSTMA DL DMS
Consequently, these studies with SARIMA time series models and
regression analyses have conducted three-month water demand fore­
10 15.4 20.1 12.3 25.3 10.3
casts every day. To ensure that the water supply is fair and sufficient for
20 16.8 20.5 14.1 26.2 9.5
30 14.9 20.8 16.3 24.1 9.2 each connection, a water control valve is controlled with a web-based
40 23.7 22.1 14.8 23.1 8.1 water flow sensor. The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to
50 22.8 23.1 18.2 22.4 8.4 analyse the water quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to
60 25.2 25.6 14.7 23.6 7.2
achieve less MAPE (21.41%) and RMSE(15.12%), improve efficiency
70 29.2 20.7 11.3 28.1 7.3
80 27.1 21.1 16.5 26.5 7.1
(96.93%), Reliability (98.24%), enhance prediction (95.29%), the
90 28.1 22.3 16.9 27.7 7.2 overall performance (97.34%), moisture content ratio (7.4%), cost-
100 29.1 24.6 15.4 26.8 7.4 effectiveness ratio (95.7%) when compared to other popular methods.

Credit roles
Table 2
Cost-effectiveness ratio (%). Conception and design of study: Sameh S Ahmed, Rekha Bali,
Number of DPSIRF RRV- DL- FFNN- IWRM- Acquisition of data: Hasim Khan, Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed, Analysis
Devices FM LSTMA DL DMS and/or interpretation of data : Sunil Kumar Sharma.
10 70.2 85.1 76.1 68.2 90.1
20 70.2 86.5 76.4 67.2 91.3
30 70.9 88.6 77.5 69.4 93.6 Declaration of competing interest
40 71.2 89.3 77.7 70.1 92.7
50 71.3 86.1 79.3 72.6 93.6
60 73.2 88.2 78.4 75.9 93.7 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
70 73.1 89.5 78.1 73.5 93.6 interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
80 72.5 86.7 79.2 78.5 94.2 the work reported in this paper.
90 72.3 87.8 79.5 79.8 94.3
100 73.1 88.9 79.8 81.2 95.7
Acknowledgements

Wireless connectivity innovations produce control system technolo­
gies. For environmental applications, new advances in sensor networks
are important. The Internet of Things (IoT) requires connections to be
shared and collected between different devices and rural people need to
ensure the availability of purified drinking water. Water quality main­
tained is a cost-effective system designed to track drinking water quality
using the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The proposed device
contains multiple sensors for calculating different parameters such as
the pH value, water turbidity, tank water temperatures, ambient envi­
ronment temperature and humidity. The microcontroller unit (MCU),
which is interfaced with these sensors, is processed in personal com­
puters (PC). Table 1: express the Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (%)
The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water
quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE
and RMSE, improve efficiency, enhance prediction, overall perfor­
mance, moisture content ratio, cost-effectiveness ratio when compared
The authors extend their appreciation to the deputyship for Research
& lnnovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this
research work through the project number (lFP-2020- 16).
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