Syeda Zahra 21579

Dua Rasool 21584

Topic:•sex typing & androgyny
•Gender as a social category
Submitted to: Sir Waqas Hassan
Sex Typing in Gender Issues of Psychology:
Introduction:Sex typing is a process by which individuals learn and adopt gender roles. It
involves the development of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that are considered appropriate
for males and females. This process begins at a young age and is influenced by a variety of
factors, including socialization, media, and culture.
Factors that Influence Sex Typing:
There are several factors that influence sex typing, including:
•Socialization: Children learn gender roles from their parents, peers, and other adults in their
lives. For example, boys may be encouraged to play with trucks and engage in rough play, while
girls may be encouraged to play with dolls and engage in nurturing play.
•Media: Television, movies, and other media can also influence gender roles. For example, girls
may be exposed to images of women as homemakers and caregivers, while boys may be
exposed to images of men as breadwinners and providers.
•Culture: Different cultures have different expectations for gender roles. For example, some
cultures may value masculinity and toughness in males, while others may value nurturing and
emotional expressiveness.
Sex Typing and Gender Identity:
Sex typing is closely related to gender identity, which refers to an individual’s sense of being
male or female. While sex typing involves the adoption of gender roles, gender identity involves
an individual’s internal sense of gender.

Androgyny:
Introduction: Androgyny is a term used in gender psychology to describe individuals who
exhibit both masculine and feminine traits. Androgynous individuals do not conform to
traditional gender roles and may have a mix of traits that are typically associated with males
and females.
Characteristics of Androgynous Individuals:
Androgynous individuals may exhibit a variety of characteristics, including:
- Assertiveness: Androgynous individuals may be assertive and confident, which are typically
masculine traits.
- Emotional Expressiveness: Androgynous individuals may be emotionally expressive and
nurturing, which are typically feminine traits.
- Open-Mindedness: Androgynous individuals may be open-minded and non-judgmental, which
are not necessarily associated with either gender.
- Flexibility: Androgynous individuals may be flexible and adaptable, which can be both
masculine and feminine traits.
Conclusion
In conclusion, androgyny is a term used in gender psychology to describe individuals who
exhibit both masculine and feminine traits. Androgynous individuals do not conform to
traditional gender roles and may have a mix of traits that are typically associated with males
and females. Being androgynous can have several benefits, including reduced stereotyping,
increased creativity, and improved relationships.

Gender as a social category:

Introduction:
Gender is a complex and multifaceted construct that has been studied by psychologists for over
a century. One way that gender has been conceptualized is as a social category, meaning that it
is a construct that is created and maintained by society rather than being an inherent biological
characteristic.
Gender as a social category in early psychology:
In the early days of psychology, gender was often viewed as a biological characteristic that was
fixed and unchangeable. However, there were some early psychologists who recognized the
social nature of gender. For example, in 1929, American psychologist John B. Watson argued
that gender was a product of socialization rather than biology.
Gender as a social category in feminist psychology:
In the 1960s and 1970s, feminist psychologists began to challenge traditional gender roles and
stereotypes. They argued that gender differences were socially constructed rather than
biologically determined. This led to the development of gender schema theory, which suggests
that individuals develop gender schemas based on their experiences and socialization. Feminist
psychologists also began to study the experiences of women and other marginalized groups,
such as people of color and LGBTQ+ individuals.
Gender as a social category in contemporary psychology:
Today, psychologists continue to study gender as a social category. They recognize that gender is
complex and multifaceted, and that it is influenced by a variety of factors, including biology,
culture, and socialization. Researchers study a wide range of topics related to gender as a social
category, such as gender identity, gender roles and stereotypes, gender-based violence, and the
experiences of marginalized groups. They also recognize that gender is not a binary construct,
and that there is a wide range of gender identities and expressions that exist beyond the
traditional male/female binary.
Conclusion:
Gender is a complex social category that encompasses a range of identities and expressions. It’s
important to respect and validate each individual’s unique experience.