15 Kin 2 PP

THE RATE
EQUATION
A guide for A level students
2015
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING SPECIFICATIONS
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
THE RATE EQUATION

INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected
topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and
OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be
used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from
the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm
Navigation is achieved by...
either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page
or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard
THE RATE EQUATION
CONTENTS
Collision theory
Methods for increasing rate
Rate changes during a reaction
The rate equation
Worked examples
Graphical methods for determining rate
Half-life
Rate determining step
THE RATE EQUATION
Before you start it would be helpful to…
know how the energy changes during a chemical reaction
know the basic ideas of Kinetic Theory
know the importance of catalysts in industrial chemistry
REVISIO
REVISIO
N
N
COLLISION THEORY
Collision theory states that...
particles must COLLIDE before a reaction can take place
not all collisions lead to a reaction
reactants must possess at least a minimum amount of energy - ACTIVATION ENERGY
plus
particles must approach each other in a certain relative way - the STERIC EFFECT
REVISIO
REVISIO
N
N
COLLISION THEORY
Collision theory states that...
particles must COLLIDE before a reaction can take place
not all collisions lead to a reaction
reactants must possess at least a minimum amount of energy - ACTIVATION ENERGY
plus
particles must approach each other in a certain relative way - the STERIC EFFECT
According to collision theory, to increase the rate of reaction you therefore need...
more frequent collisions increase particle speed or
have more particles present
more successful collisions give particles more energyor
lower the activation energy
REVISIO
REVISIO
N
N
INCREASING THE RATE
The following methods may be used to

increase the rate of a chemical reaction
INCREASE
INCREASE THE
THE SURFACE
SURFACE AREA
AREA OF
OF SOLIDS
SOLIDS
INCREASE
INCREASE TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
SHINE
SHINE LIGHT
LIGHT
ADD
ADD A
A CATALYST
CATALYST
INCREASE
INCREASE THE
THE PRESSURE
PRESSURE OF
OF ANY
ANY GASES
GASES
INCREASE
INCREASE THE
THE CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION OF
OF REACTANTS
REACTANTS
REVISIO
REVISIO
N
N
RATE CHANGE DURING A REACTION
Reactions are fastest at the start and get slower as the reactants concentration drops.
In a reaction such as A + 2B ——> C the concentrations might change as shown
Reactants (A and B)
Concentration decreases with time
Product (C)
Concentration increases with time C
the steeper the curve the faster the

rate of the reaction
reactions start off quickly because of

A
the greater likelihood of collisions C B
O
N
reactions slow down with time as C TIM
there are fewer reactants to collide E E
N
T
R
A
T
I
O
MEASURING THE RATE
Experimental Investigation
the variation in concentration of a reactant or product is followed with time
the method depends on the reaction type and the properties of reactants/products
e.g. Extracting a sample from the reaction mixture and analysing it by titration.
- this is often used if an acid is one of the reactants or products
Using a colorimeter or UV / visible spectrophotometer.
Measuring the volume of gas evolved.
Measuring the change in conductivity.
More details of these and other methods can be found in suitable text-books.
MEASURING THE RATE
RATE How much concentration changes with time. It is the equivalent of velocity.
THE SLOPE OF THE GRADIENT OF THE

CURVE GETS LESS AS THE
REACTION SLOWS DOWN
WITH TIME
gradient = y
C x
O
N
C TIM
E E
N
the rate of changeT of concentration is found from the slope (gradient) of the curve
R
the slope at the start of the reaction will give the INITIAL RATE
A
the slope gets less
T (showing the rate is slowing down) as the reaction proceeds
I
O
N
THE RATE EQUATION
Format links the rate of reaction to the concentration of reactants
it can only be found by doing actual experiments
it cannot be found by just looking at the equation
the equation... A + B ——> C + D
might have a rate equation like this r = k [A] [B]2
rrate of reaction units of conc. / time usually mol dm-3 s-1
k rate constant units depend on the rate equation
[] concentration units of mol dm-3
Interpretation
The above rate equation tells you that the rate of reaction is...
proportional to the concentration of reactant A doubling [A] doubles rate
proportional to the square of the concentration of B doubling [B] quadruples (2 2) rate
ORDER OF REACTION
Order tells you how much the concentration of a reactant affects the rate
Individual order The power to which a concentration is raised in the rate equation
Overall order The sum of all the individual orders in the rate equation.
ORDER OF REACTION
e.g. in the rate equation r = k [A] [B]2
the order with respect to A is 1 1st Order
the order with respect to B is 2 2nd Order
and the overall order is 3 3rd Order
Value(s) need not be whole numbers
can be zero if the rate is unaffected by how much of a substance is present
ORDER OF REACTION
e.g. in the rate equation r = k [A] [B]2
the order with respect to A is 1 1st Order
the order with respect to B is 2 2nd Order
and the overall order is 3 3rd Order
Value(s) need not be whole numbers
can be zero if the rate is unaffected by how much of a substance is present
NOTES
The rate equation is derived from experimental evidence not by looking at an equation.
Species appearing in the stoichiometric equation sometimes aren’t in the rate equation.
Substances not in the stoichiometric equation can appear in the rate equation - CATALYSTS
THE RATE EQUATION
Experimental determination of order
Method 1
Plot a concentration / time graph and calculate the rate (gradient) at points on the curve
Plot another graph of the rate (y axis) versus the concentration at that point (x axis)
If it gives a straight line, the rate is directly proportional to concentration - 1st ORDER.
If the plot is a curve then it must have another order. Try plotting rate v. (conc.) 2.
A straight line would mean 2nd ORDER. This method is based on trial and error.
THE RATE EQUATION
Experimental determination of order
Method 1
Plot a concentration / time graph and calculate the rate (gradient) at points on the curve
Plot another graph of the rate (y axis) versus the concentration at that point (x axis)
If it gives a straight line, the rate is directly proportional to concentration - 1st ORDER.
If the plot is a curve then it must have another order. Try plotting rate v. (conc.) 2.
A straight line would mean 2nd ORDER. This method is based on trial and error.
Method 2 - The initial rates method.
Do a series of experiments (at the same temperature) at different concentrations of a reactant but
keeping all others constant. Plot a series of concentration / time graphs and calculate the initial
rate (slope of curve at start) for each reaction. From the results calculate the relationship
between concentration and rate and hence deduce the rate equation. To find order directly,
logarithmic plots are required.
THE RATE CONSTANT (k)
Units The units of k depend on the overall order of reaction.
e.g. if the rate equation is... rate = k [A]2 the units of k will be dm3 mol-1 sec-1
Divide the rate by as many concentrations as appear in the rate equation.
Overall Order 0 1 2 3
units of k mol dm-3 sec-1 sec-1 dm3 mol-1 sec-1 dm6 mol-2 sec-1
example in the rate equation r = k [A] k will have units of sec-1
in the rate equation r = k [A] [B]2 k will have units of dm6 mol-2 sec-1
RATE EQUATION - SAMPLE CALCULATION
[A] [B] Initial In an experiment between A and B the initial

rate (r)
rate of reaction was found for various starting
1 0.5 1 2 concentrations of A and B. Calculate...
2 1.5 1 6 the individual orders for A and B
the overall order of reaction
3 0.5 2 8 the rate equation
the value of the rate constant (k)
the units of the rate constant
r initial rate of reaction mol dm-3 s-1
[] concentration mol dm-3
[A] [B] Initial CALCULATING ORDER wrt A

rate (r)
Choose any two experiments where...
1 0.5 1 2
[A] is changed and, importantly,
2 1.5 1 6
[B] is KEPT THE SAME
3 0.5 2 8
See how the change in [A] affects the rate
As you can see, tripling [A] has exactly the
Compare Experiments 1 & 2 same effect on the rate so...
[B] same THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO A = 1
[A] 3 x bigger (it is FIRST ORDER)
rate 3 x bigger ∴ rate ∝ [A]
FIRST ORDER with respect to (wrt) A
CALCULATING ORDER wrt B [A] [B] Initial

rate (r)
Choose any two experiments where...
1 0.5 1 2
[B] is changed and, importantly,
2 1.5 1 6
[A] is KEPT THE SAME
3 0.5 2 8
See how a change in [B] affects the rate
As you can see, doubling [B] quadruples the
rate so... Compare Experiments 1 & 3
THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO B = 2 [A] same
It is SECOND ORDER [B] 2 x bigger
rate 4 x bigger ∴ rate ∝ [B]2
SECOND ORDER wrt B
[A] [B] Initial [A] [B] Initial

rate (r) rate (r)
1 0.5 1 2 1 0.5 1 2
2 1.5 1 6 2 1.5 1 6
3 0.5 2 8 3 0.5 2 8
Compare Experiments 1 & 2 Compare Experiments 1 & 3

[B] same [A] same
[A] 3 x bigger [B] 2 x bigger
rate 3 x bigger ∴ rate ∝ [A] rate 4 x bigger ∴ rate ∝ [B]2
FIRST ORDER with respect to (wrt) A SECOND ORDER wrt B
OVERALL ORDER = THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL ORDERS

= 1 + 2
= 3

rate (r) rate (r)
1 0.5 1 2 1 0.5 1 2
2 1.5 1 6 2 1.5 1 6
3 0.5 2 8 3 0.5 2 8

[B] same [A] same
By combining the two proportionality relationships you

∴ rate = k [A] [B]2 can construct the overall rate equation

rate (r) rate (r)
1 0.5 1 2 1 0.5 1 2
2 1.5 1 6 2 1.5 1 6
3 0.5 2 8 3 0.5 2 8

[B] same [A] same
∴ rate = k [A] [B]2 Chose one experiment (e.g. Expt. 3) and

re-arranging k = rate substitute its values into the rate equation
[A] [B]2 k = 8 = 4 dm6 mol-2 sec-1
(0.5) (2)2
RATE EQUATION - SAMPLE CALCULATION SUMMAR
SUMMAR
Y
Y

rate (r) rate (r)
1 0.5 1 2 1 0.5 1 2
2 1.5 1 6 2 1.5 1 6
3 0.5 2 8 3 0.5 2 8

[B] same [A] same
∴ rate = k [A] [B]2 Chose one experiment (e.g. Expt. 3) and

re-arranging k = rate substitute its values into the rate equation
[A] [B]2 k = 8 = 4 dm6 mol-2 sec-1
(0.5) (2)2
RATE EQUATION QUESTIONS
No
No 11 [A] / mol dm-3 [B] / mol dm-3 Rate / mol dm-3 s-1
Expt 1 0.25 0.25 4
Expt 2 0.25 0.50 8
Expt 3 0.50 0.25 8
CALCULATE THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO A

THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO B
THE OVERALL ORDER OF REACTION
THE FORMAT OF THE RATE EQUATION
THE VALUE AND UNITS OF THE RATE CONSTANT
ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

RATE EQUATION QUESTIONS ANSWER
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.25 0.25 4
Expt 2 0.25 0.50 8
Expt 3 0.50 0.25 8
Expts 1&2 [A] is constant [B] is doubled Rate is doubled

Therefore rate ∝ [B] 1st order wrt B
Explanation: What was done to [B] had exactly the same effect on the rate
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.25 0.25 4
Expt 2 0.25 0.50 8
Expt 3 0.50 0.25 8

Expts 1&3 [B] is constant [A] is doubled Rate is doubled
Therefore rate ∝ [A] 1st order wrt A
Explanation: What was done to [A] had exactly the same effect on the rate
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.25 0.25 4
Expt 2 0.25 0.50 8
Expt 3 0.50 0.25 8

Rate equation is r = k[A][B]
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.25 0.25 4
Expt 2 0.25 0.50 8
Expt 3 0.50 0.25 8

Value of k Substitute numbers from Exp 1 to get value of k
k = rate / [A][B] = 4 / 0.25 x 0.25 = 64
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.25 0.25 4
Expt 2 0.25 0.50 8
Expt 3 0.50 0.25 8

k = rate / [A][B] = 4 / 0.25 x 0.25 = 64
Units of k rate / conc x conc = dm3 mol-1 s-1
No
No 22 [C] / mol dm-3 [D] / mol dm-3 Rate / mol dm-3 s-1
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.20 0.40 0.04
Expt 3 0.40 1.20 1.44
CALCULATE THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO C

THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO D
ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.20 0.40 0.04
Expt 3 0.40 1.20 1.44
Expts 1&3 [C] is constant [D] is tripled Rate is 9 x bigger Therefore

rate ∝ [D]2 2nd order wrt D
Explanation: Squaring what was done to D affected the rate (32 = 9)
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.20 0.40 0.04
Expt 3 0.40 1.20 1.44

Expts 1&2 [D] is constant [A] is halved Rate is quartered
Therefore rate ∝ [C] 2 2nd order wrt C
Explanation: One half squared = one quarter
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.20 0.40 0.04
Expt 3 0.40 1.20 1.44

Rate equation is r = k[C]2[D]2
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.20 0.40 0.04
Expt 3 0.40 1.20 1.44

Rate equation is r = k[C]2[D]2
k = rate / [C]2[D]2 = 0.04 / 0.22 x 0.42 = 6.25
Units of k rate / conc2 x conc2 = dm9 mol-3 s-1
No
No 33 [E] / mol dm-3 [F] / mol dm-3 Rate / mol dm-3 s-1
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.80 0.80 0.32
Expt 3 0.80 1.20 0.32
CALCULATE THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO E

THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO F
ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.80 0.80 0.32
Expt 3 0.80 1.20 0.32
Expts 2&3 [E] is constant [F] is x 1.5 Rate unchanged Rate is

UNAFFECTED ZERO order wrt F
Explanation: Concentration of [F] has no effect on the rate
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.80 0.80 0.32
Expt 3 0.80 1.20 0.32

Expts 1&2 [E] is doubled [F] is doubled Rate is doubled
Therefore rate ∝ [E] 2 2nd order wrt E
Explanation: Although both concentrations have been doubled, we know [F]
has no effect. The change must be all due to [E]
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.80 0.80 0.32
Expt 3 0.80 1.20 0.32

Rate equation is r = k[E]
ANSWER
No
Expt 1 0.40 0.40 0.16
Expt 2 0.80 0.80 0.32
Expt 3 0.80 1.20 0.32

Rate equation is r = k[E]
k = rate / [E] = 0.16 / 0.4 = 0.40
Units of k rate / conc= s-1
GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF RATE
The variation in rate can be investigated by measuring the change in concentration of one of the
reactants or products, plotting a graph and then finding the gradients of the curve at different
concentrations.
RATE
In the reaction… CALCULATION
A(aq) + B(aq) ——> C(aq) + D(aq) The rate of reaction at any
moment can be found
the concentration of B was measured from the gradient of the
every 200 minutes. The reaction is tangent at that point. The
steeper the gradient, the
obviously very slow! faster the rate of reaction
Place a rule on the outside
of the curve and draw a
line as shown on the
graph.
y
x
gradient = y / x
The variation in rate can be investigated by measuring the change in concentration of one
reactants or product, plotting a graph and then finding the gradients of tangents to the curve at
different concentrations.
concentration = 1.20 mol dm-3 RATE

CALCULATION
gradient = - 1.60 mol dm-3 The rate of reaction at any
1520 min moment can be found
from the gradient of the
rate = - 1.05 x 10-3 mol dm-3 tangent at that point. The
The rate is negative because faster the rate of reaction
the reaction is slowing down
Place a rule on the outside
graph.
y
x
gradient = y / x
The variation in rate can be investigated by measuring the change in concentration of one of the
reactants or products, plotting a graph and then finding the gradients of the curve at different
concentrations.
The gradients of tangents at several other RATE

concentrations are calculated. CALCULATION
The rate of reaction at any
Notice how the gradient gets less as the reaction moment can be found
proceeds, showing that the reaction is slowing from the gradient of the
down. tangent at that point. The
The tangent at the start of the reaction is used to faster the rate of reaction
calculate the initial rate of the reaction. Place a rule on the outside
graph.
y
x
gradient = y / x
FIRST ORDER REACTIONS AND HALF LIFE
One characteristic of a FIRST ORDER REACTION is

that it is similar to radioactive decay. It has a half-life
that is independent of the concentration.
It should take the same time to drop to one half of the
original concentration as it does to drop from one half
to one quarter of the original.
The concentration of a reactant falls

as the reaction proceeds
The concentration of reactant A falls

The concentration drops from

4 to 2 in 17 minutes


4 to 2 in 17 minutes2 to 1 in a
further 17 minutes


further 17 minutes1 to 0.5 in a
further 17 minutes


further 17 minutes1 to 0.5 in a
further 17 minutes
A useful relationship
k t½ = loge 2
= 0.693
where t½ = the half life
Half life = 17 minutes

k t½ = 0.693
k = 0.693
t½
k = 0.693 = 0.041 min-1
17
ORDER OF REACTION – GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION
The order of reaction can be found by measuring the rate at different times during the reaction
and plotting the rate against either concentration or time. The shape of the curve provides an
indication of the order.
PLOTTING RATE AGAINST CONCENTRATION
R
A
T
E
O CONCENTRATION / mol dm-3
F
R
E
ZERO ORDER – the rate does not

depend on the concentration. The line
is parallel to the x axis.
R
A
T
E
F
R
E

FIRST ORDER – the rate is

proportional to the concentration so
you get a straight line of fixed
gradient. The gradient of the line
equals the rate constant for the
R reaction.
A
T
E
F
R
E
SECOND ORDER – the rate is

proportional to the square of the
concentration. You get an upwardly
sloping curve.


R reaction.
A
T
E
F
R
E
SECOND ORDER – the rate is

proportional to the square of the
concentration. You get an upwardly
sloping curve.


R reaction.
A
T
E
F
R
E
PLOTTING RATE AGAINST TIME
ZERO ORDER
A straight line showing a constant decline in concentration.
FIRST ORDER
A slightly sloping curve which drops with a constant half-life.
SECOND ORDER
The curve declines steeply at first then levels out.
R
A
T
E TIME /
O s
F
R
ORDER OF REACTION
GRAPHICAL
DETERMINATION
Calculate the rate of reaction at

1.0, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 mol dm-3
Plot a graph of rate v [A]
Calculate the time it takes
for [A] to go from...
1.00 to 0.50 mol dm-3
0.50 to 0.25 mol dm-3
Deduce from the graph
that the order wrt A is 1
Calculate the value and
units of the rate constant, k
RATE DETERMINING STEP
Many reactions consist of a series of separate stages.

Each step has its own rate and rate constant.
The overall rate of a multi-step process is governed by the slowest step
(like a production line where overall output can be held up by a slow
worker).
This step is known as the RATE DETERMINING STEP.
If there is more than one step, the rate equation may not contain all the
reactants in its format.
THE REACTION BETWEEN PROPANONE AND IODINE
Iodine and propanone CH3COCH3 + I2 CH3COCH2I + HI
react in the presence of acid
The rate equation is... r = k [CH3COCH3] [H+]
Why do H+ ions appear in

the rate equation?
Why does I2 not appear
in the rate equation?
Why do H+ ions appear in The reaction is catalysed by acid

the rate equation? [H+] affects the rate but is unchanged overall
Why does I2 not appear The rate determining step doesn’t involve I2
Why do H+ ions appear in The reaction is catalysed by acid

the rate equation? [H+] affects the rate but is unchanged overall
Why does I2 not appear The rate determining step doesn’t involve I2
The slowest step of any multi-step reaction is known as the rate determining step and it is the
species involved in this step that are found in the overall rate equation.
Catalysts appear in the rate equation because they affect the rate but they do not appear in the
stoichiometric equation because they remain chemically unchanged
HYDROLYSIS OF HALOALKANES
Haloalkanes (general formula RX) are RX + OH- ROH + X-
hydrolysed by hydroxide ion to give alcohols.
With many haloalkanes the rate equation is... r = k [RX][OH-] SECOND ORDER
This is because both the RX and OH- must
collide for a reaction to take place in ONE STEP
HYDROLYSIS OF HALOALKANES
Haloalkanes (general formula RX) are RX + OH- ROH + X-
hydrolysed by hydroxide ion to give alcohols.
With many haloalkanes the rate equation is... r = k [RX][OH-] SECOND ORDER
This is because both the RX and OH must-
collide for a reaction to take place in ONE STEP

but with others it only depends on [RX]... r = k [RX] FIRST ORDER
The reaction has taken place in TWO STEPS...
- the first involves breaking an R-X bond i) RX R+ + X- Slow
- the second step involves the two ions joining ii) R+ + OH- ROH Fast
The first step is slower as it involves bond breaking and energy has to be put in.
The first order mechanism is favoured by tertiary haloalkanes because the hydroxide ion is hindered in its
approach by alkyl groups if the mechanism involves the hydroxide ion and haloalkane colliding.
The reaction H2O2 + 2H3O+ + 2I¯ I2 + 4H2O takes place in 3 steps
Step 1 H2O2 + I¯ IO¯ + H2O SLOW
Step 2 IO¯ + H3O +
HIO + H2O FAST
Step 3 HIO + H3O + I¯+
I2 + 2H2O FAST
The rate determining step is STEP 1 as it is the slowest
The reaction H2O2 + 2H3O+ + 2I¯ I2 + 4H2O takes place in 3 steps
Step 1 H2O2 + I¯ IO¯ + H2O SLOW
Step 2 IO¯ + H3O +
HIO + H2O FAST
Step 3 HIO + H3O + I¯+
I2 + 2H2O FAST
The rate determining step is STEP 1 as it is the slowest
The reaction 2N2O5 4NO2 + O2 takes place in 3 steps
Step 1 N2O5 NO2 + NO3 SLOW
Step 2 NO2 + NO3 NO + NO2 + O2 FAST
Step 3 NO + NO3 2NO2 from another Step 1 FAST
The rate determining step is STEP 1 rate = k [N2O5]

OTHER TOPICS
Autocatalysis
A small number of reactions appear to speed up, rather than slow down, for a time. This is
because one of the products is acting as a catalyst and as more product is formed the reaction
gets faster. One of the best known examples is the catalytic properties of Mn 2+(aq) on the
decomposition of MnO4¯(aq). You will notice it in a titration of KMnO4 with either hydrogen
peroxide or ethanedioic (oxalic) acid.
Molecularity The number of individual particles of the reacting species taking
part in the rate determining step of a reaction
e.g. A + 2B C+D molecularity is 3 - one A and two B’s need to collide
A 2B however has a molecularity of 1 - only one A is involved
THE RATE
EQUATION
The End
© 2015 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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THE RATE

THE RATE EQUATION

The following methods may be used to

the steeper the curve the faster the

reactions start off quickly because of

THE SLOPE OF THE GRADIENT OF THE

[A] [B] Initial In an experiment between A and B the initial

[A] [B] Initial CALCULATING ORDER wrt A

CALCULATING ORDER wrt B [A] [B] Initial

[A] [B] Initial [A] [B] Initial

Compare Experiments 1 & 2 Compare Experiments 1 & 3

OVERALL ORDER = THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL ORDERS

[A] [B] Initial [A] [B] Initial

Compare Experiments 1 & 2 Compare Experiments 1 & 3

By combining the two proportionality relationships you

[A] [B] Initial [A] [B] Initial

Compare Experiments 1 & 2 Compare Experiments 1 & 3

∴ rate = k [A] [B]2 Chose one experiment (e.g. Expt. 3) and

[A] [B] Initial [A] [B] Initial

Compare Experiments 1 & 2 Compare Experiments 1 & 3

∴ rate = k [A] [B]2 Chose one experiment (e.g. Expt. 3) and

CALCULATE THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO A

ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

Expts 1&2 [A] is constant [B] is doubled Rate is doubled

Expts 1&2 [A] is constant [B] is doubled Rate is doubled

Expts 1&2 [A] is constant [B] is doubled Rate is doubled

Expts 1&2 [A] is constant [B] is doubled Rate is doubled

Expts 1&2 [A] is constant [B] is doubled Rate is doubled

CALCULATE THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO C

ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

Expts 1&3 [C] is constant [D] is tripled Rate is 9 x bigger Therefore

Expts 1&3 [C] is constant [D] is tripled Rate is 9 x bigger Therefore

Expts 1&3 [C] is constant [D] is tripled Rate is 9 x bigger Therefore

Expts 1&3 [C] is constant [D] is tripled Rate is 9 x bigger Therefore

CALCULATE THE ORDER WITH RESPECT TO E

ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

Expts 2&3 [E] is constant [F] is x 1.5 Rate unchanged Rate is

Expts 2&3 [E] is constant [F] is x 1.5 Rate unchanged Rate is

Expts 2&3 [E] is constant [F] is x 1.5 Rate unchanged Rate is

Expts 2&3 [E] is constant [F] is x 1.5 Rate unchanged Rate is

concentration = 1.20 mol dm-3 RATE

The gradients of tangents at several other RATE

One characteristic of a FIRST ORDER REACTION is

The concentration of a reactant falls

The concentration of reactant A falls

The concentration drops from

The concentration of reactant A falls

The concentration drops from

The concentration of reactant A falls

The concentration drops from

The concentration of reactant A falls

The concentration drops from

Half life = 17 minutes

ZERO ORDER – the rate does not

ZERO ORDER – the rate does not

FIRST ORDER – the rate is

SECOND ORDER – the rate is

ZERO ORDER – the rate does not

FIRST ORDER – the rate is

SECOND ORDER – the rate is

ZERO ORDER – the rate does not

FIRST ORDER – the rate is

Calculate the rate of reaction at