1) Which statement is not true for all catalysts?

a) They are enzymes.

b) They are not used up in the reaction.
c) They increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
d) They remain unchanged at the end of a reaction.
2) What are the smaller molecules from which an enzyme molecule is made?
a) amino acids
b) fatty acids
c) glucose
d) glycerol

3) A solution containing an enzyme and no other substance was tested.

Which test would give a positive result?
B a) Benedict's test
с
b) biuret test
c) ethanol test
[1]
d) iodine test
4) What explains why a reaction controlled by an enzyme happens more slowly
as temperature decreases?
a) The enzyme and substrate molecules have less kinetic energy.
b) The enzyme is denatured.
c) The enzyme is killed by the low temperature.
D The substrate changes shape and cannot fit into the active site.
5 a) Copy and complete the sentences about enzymes. Use words from the list. You
may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
active carbohydrate catalysts chemical
complementary identical metabolic proteins
Enzymes are _______________________________________ that function as biological
________________________________. They are involved in all ________________________
reactions.
The part of an enzyme where a substrate binds is called its __________________
site. The shape of this site, and the shape of the substrate, are ______________.
b) Describe why enzymes are important to all living organisms.

6) What explains why a reaction controlled by an enzyme happens more slowly

as temperature decreases?
7) Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose.
a) A student put some starch solution into a test-tube. He took a small sample of
starch from the tube and added it to a drop of iodine solution on a white tile.

Next, he added some amylase solution to the starch solution. After five minutes,
he took another sample from the tube, and tested it with iodine solution. The
table shows his results.

Explain the student's results.

b) The student investigated the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.

He placed the same volume of starch solution in five tubes. He added different
buffer solutions to each tube. He then added amylase solution to each tube.
He took samples of the mixture from each tube and measured the time for all the
starch to disappear.
His results are shown in the table.

i Use the student's results to describe the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.
The student kept the volume of starch solution the same in each tube.
ii State three other variables that the student should have kept the same in his
experiment.
 8) The graph below shows how the activity of two enzymes, A and B, is affected
by temperature.

a) Compare the effect of temperature on enzyme A and enzyme B.

b) Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme B from:
i 0 to 60 °C
ii 70 to 90 °C

9) Phosphatases are a group of enzymes that catalyse the removal of phosphate

groups from organic compounds. A group of students investigated the effect of
substrate concentration on the initial rate of the reaction catalysed by
phosphatase 1.
The results are shown in Figure 1.

a) Explain the results shown in

Figure 1.
b) i State the lowest substrate
concentration to give the
maximum rate of reaction, Vmax
ii Determine the Michaelis-
Menten constant, Km.

c) The students repeated the investigation, but added glycine, a

competitive inhibitor of phosphatase 1, to each reaction mixture.

i Sketch a curve on Figure 1 to show the expected results.

ii Explain the effect that glycine has on the action of phosphatase 1.

2) A student carried out an investigation into the digestion of triglycerides using
lipase.
A volume of 20 cm³ of vegetable oil, adjusted to pH 8.0, was added to a test tube,
which was then put in a water bath at 40 °C for 5 minutes.
A 2 cm³ volume of lipase solution was incubated at the same temperature in a separate
test tube before being added to the vegetable oil. The initial pH of the reaction mixture
was measured using a pH meter. The pH was recorded at 5-minute intervals for 60
minutes.
a) State why the lipase solution was incubated separately before being added to the
vegetable oil.

b) Suggest why the vegetable oil was adjusted to pH 8.0 before the lipase was added.
Figure 2 shows the results of the investigation.

c) With reference to Figure 2, describe and explain the results of the investigation.

d) Lysozyme A is an enzyme found in human tears and saliva. It hydrolyses the B-1,4
glycosidic bonds present in compounds found in bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme uses the induced fit mechanism.
Explain the mode of action of an enzyme that uses the induced fit mechanism.

e) Each molecule of lysozyme consists of a single polypeptide. In a variant

lysozyme, a mutation has caused a single amino acid, phenylalanine, to be replaced
by the amino acid isoleucine. Variant lysozyme is less active than normal lysozyme
and has also been linked to a disease called renal amyloidosis, where protein fibrils
are deposited in the kidneys.

Suggest how the difference in one amino acid is responsible for the lower activity of
variant lysozyme compared with normal lysozyme.