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Matching Questions
Use the following to answer questions 1-10:
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) apoenzymes
b) hydrolyases
c) active site
d) transition state
e) spontaneous
f) induced fit
g) energy
h) prosthetic group
i) lock and key
j) substrate(s)
k) oxidoreductases
l) equilibria
Ans: c
Section: 6.4
2. ____________ The substance that the enzyme binds and converts to product.
Ans: j
Section: 6.1
3. Enzymes that do not have the required cofactor bound are called ____________.
Ans: a
Section: 6.2
Ans: h
Section: 6.2
5. Enzymes will decrease the energy of activation but do not change the ____________ of a
chemical reaction.
Ans: l
Section: 6.3
Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 2
Ans: e
Section: 6.3
Ans: g
Section: 6.3
Ans: k
Section: 6.1
Ans: b
Section: 6.4
10. Which model is more appropriate to explain an enzyme binding to its substrate?
Ans: f
Section: 6.4
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
11. Enzymes accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction by the free energy of activation of the
reaction.
Ans: lowering Section: 6.3
12. The difference between the standard-state free energy, ΔGº, and the biochemical standard-state
free energy is that ΔGº refers to the standard free-energy change at .
Ans: pH 7 Section: 6.3
13. An enzyme that loosely binds substrate will have a level of specificity.
Ans: low Section: 6.1
17. An enzyme that has been stripped of small molecules needed for activity is called .
Ans: an apoenzyme Section: 6.2
Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 3
20. Competitive inhibitors that mimic the substrate while in the transition state are called
inhibitors.
Ans: transition-state analog Section: 6.4
Multiple-Choice Questions
21. What is the common strategy by which catalysis occurs?
A) increasing the probability of product formation
B) shifting the reaction equilibrium
C) stabilization the transition state
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Ans: C Section: 6.4
28. The rate of a reaction, or how fast a reaction will proceed, is best determined by __________.
A) R
B) G‡
C) Gº′
D) H
E) None of the above.
Ans: B Section: 6.3
30. For the two reactions a) A→B Go′ = 2 kJmol-1 and b) X→Y Go′ = –3.5 kJmol-1, which of
the following statements is correct?
A) Reaction a is not spontaneous at cellular concentrations.
B) Reaction b will react very quickly.
C) Reaction a is a more thermodynamically favorable reaction than b.
D) Neither reaction is reversible.
E) None of the above.
Ans: E Section: 6.3
Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 5
31. A graph of product versus time (as in Fig. 6.2 in your textbook) for an enzyme is determined to
be hyperbolic. Why does the amount of product level off as time increases?
A) The reaction has reached equilibrium, that is, the forward and reverse reactions are
occurring at a fixed rate.
B) There is a product inhibition of the enzyme.
C) The reaction runs out of reaction materials.
D) The enzyme has finished accelerating the reaction.
E) None of the above.
Ans: A Section: 6.3
33. The molecular structure that is short-lived and neither substrate nor product is known
as_______.
A) substrate analog
B) transition state
C) free energy stabilization state
D) catalysis state
E) equilibrium intermediate
Ans: B Section: 6.4
39. That many transition-state analogs bind more tightly than the native substrate reinforces the
concept that:
A) transition-state analogs are planar structures.
B) transition-state analogs are highly charged at physiological pH.
C) binding to the transition state is through a lock-and-key-mechanism.
D) transition-state analogs are hydrophobic.
E) binding to the transition state is through an induced-fit mechanism.
Ans: E Section: 6.4
Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 7
Short-Answer Questions
40. What is the relation between an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and the transition state of a reaction?
Ans: Enzymes only catalyze reactions that are thermodynamically favorable. To facilitate the
catalysis, enzymes reduce the transition state (activation) energy of the reaction.
Enzymes do this by binding the substrate with several weak interactions and forming a
temporary transition state intermediate.
Sections: 6.3 and 6.4
44. You believe a substrate fits into a cleft like a key into a lock, but your roommate does not. Who
is right?
Ans: You are both partially correct. Like a lock and key, the substrate fits precisely into the
enzyme. However, the site is not a rigid cleft, but is flexible. Thus, it is possible for the
substrate to actually modify the shape of the site a bit, a hypothesis known as induced fit.
See textbook Figs. 6.5 and 6.6 for further detail.
Section: 6.4
45. In an enzymatic reaction in a test tube, the reaction will eventually reach equilibrium. Why does
this not happen in living organisms?
Ans: In a cell, the product may be utilized for a subsequent reaction, thus the reaction may not
reach equilibrium.
Section: 6.3
47. While some enzymes have very specific substrates, others are more promiscuous. What would
you suspect is the reason for this?
Ans: Specificity of binding is separate from catalysis. The specificity of the enzyme for its
substrate is due to many weak interactions between the substrate and the amino acids of
the protein. Thus, for the less specific binding protein, there must be less required
interactions for binding.
Section: 6.4
48. Multiple dilution and dialysis of a purified protein results in a loss of enzymatic activity. What
might be the cause for this? Assume the structure of the protein is retained.
Ans: The dilution and dialysis must have separated small molecules from the enzyme. These
are likely cofactors (cosubstrates) required for the activity. One could test this hypothesis
by adding back potential cofactors and observing a reconstituted activity.
Section: 6.2
49. If Keq = 1, what is the G°′? If Keq >1, what is the G°′? If Keq <1, what is the G°′?
Ans: G°′ = 0, negative value, positive value
Section: 6.3
50. The free energy change (ΔG′) for the oxidation of the sugar molecules in a sheet of paper into
CO2 and H2O is large and negative (the = G°′ – 2833 kJ/mol). Explain why paper is stable at
room temperature in the presence of oxygen (O2).
Ans: Activation energy! While the reaction is highly thermodynamically favorable, it is not
going to happen without a catalyst or sufficient added energy due to the energy barrier.
Section: 6.4
51. The G°′ for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi is approximately –31kJ/mole. Calculate the
equilibrium constant for this reaction (R = 8.314J/°mole) at the cellular temperature of 37°C. If
the cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi are 8, 1, and 8mM, respectively, is the above
reaction at equilibrium in the cell?
52. How does a rigid, lock and key model for substrate binding not fit with the formation of the
transition state?
Ans: The amino acids in the active site must combine with any cofactors and the substrates in
an orientation that promotes the active site. This intermediate will not be like the
substrate in shape and coordination. Thus, the binding and reaction must allow for a
flexible and dynamic binding and active site.
Section: 6.4
Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 9
53. A mutation of a proteolytic enzyme described in Section 6.1 results in a stable covalent bond
between one of the catalytic amino acids of the protease with its protein substrate. What would
be the most likely outcome of enzyme function?
Ans: The enzyme, after one round of reaction, would be catalytically dead. The stable
transition state would render the active site amino acid unavailable for further reactions
and would not drive forward the rest of the reaction. This is much like the transition state
analog discussed in Section 6.4.
Section: 6.4
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