Biological Psychology 13Th Edition Kalat Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Biological Psychology 13th Edition
Kalat Test Bank

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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
1. Hyman’s heart is beating thanks to the work of smooth muscles.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. Nu has been riding her bike for several miles. At this point, she is probably relying more on her fast-twitch muscles.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. The doctor checked Daphne’s eyes by shining a light into them to see if her pupils contracted. The doctor was testing
her central pattern generators.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. In order to move his hand, Eloy would need the medial corticospinal tract to be activated.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
8. A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.

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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
10. People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to
move.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
12. The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
13. Glenna wants to learn how to play the piano so she is watching her sister play. While she is watching, Glenna’s mirror
neurons would be active.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
14. Giving pure dopamine to Parkinson’s patients has generally been very successful.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
15. In Huntington’s disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
16. Annamae is studying for a quiz on movement. She writes in her notes that _____ muscle type is responsible for the
activity of the ______.
a. striated; digestive system
b. cardiac; heart
c. smooth; heart
d. cardiac; digestive system
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
ANSWER: b
17. In order to properly digest her food, Viola needs her ____ muscles to move the food through her digestive system.
a. smooth
b. striated
c. cardiac
d. antagonistic
ANSWER: a
18. What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?
a. Smooth
b. Striated
c. Cardiac
d. Syncarpous
ANSWER: b
19. What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?
a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber.
b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
c. The more axons, which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements.
d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
ANSWER: d
20. The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.
a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles
b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles
c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not
d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons
ANSWER: d
21. What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron’s axon meets a muscle fiber?
a. Neuromuscular junction
b. Polar junction
c. Muscle spindle
d. Neurofiber synapse
ANSWER: a
22. Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____.
a. Extensor muscles
b. Flexor muscles
c. Cardiac muscles
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Chapter 07
d. Antagonistic muscles
ANSWER: d
23. Dr. Holzwarth is working in the lab and has been able to demonstrate that drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity
will result in muscles becoming ______.
a. relaxed
b. contracted
c. fatigued
d. stretched
ANSWER: a
24. Which muscle is “antagonistic” to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

a. A flexor muscle in the right arm
b. An extensor muscle in the left arm
c. An extensor muscle in the right arm
d. Another flexor muscle in the right arm
ANSWER: c
25. The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s).
a. two; three
b. one; three
c. three; two
d. three; one
ANSWER: b
26. The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of one to more than ____ fibers.
a. 10
b. 100
c. 1000
d. 50
ANSWER: b
27. In order to bend her arm, Chia needs her _____ muscles.
a. flexor
b. smooth
c. extensor
d. pink and white
ANSWER: a
28. A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____.

a. activating more action potentials
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
b. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials
c. recruiting different muscle fibers
d. returning to its basal metabolic rate
ANSWER: c
29. Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
a. Fast-twitch muscles
b. Slow-twitch muscles
c. Smooth muscles
d. Intermediate muscles
ANSWER: a
30. If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about
its behavior?
a. It could chase prey over long distances.
b. It could chase prey only over short distances.
c. It probably travels constantly.
d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.
ANSWER: b
31. Angelina has been dancing all night. At this point, most of the ____ has been used by the muscles and she is now
relying on ____.
a. glucose; fast-twitch fibers
b. glucose; slow-twitch fibers
c. fatty acids; fast-twitch fibers
d. fatty acids; slow-twitch fibers
ANSWER: a
32. Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____.
a. intermediate fibers
b. anaerobic contraction
c. fast-twitch fibers
d. slow-twitch fibers
ANSWER: d
33. Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____.
a. aerobic
b. anaerobic
c. anabolic
d. abolic
ANSWER: b
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
34. A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.

a. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue
b. position and movement of a part of the body
c. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle
d. degree of fatigue in a muscle
ANSWER: b
35. Brian’s body initiated the stretch reflex. Which is true?

a. Brian will now stretch his muscle as a result of the reflex.
b. The reflex was initiated because Brian stretched a muscle.
c. His muscles will now be inhibited.
d. He will now be able to stretch further.
ANSWER: b
36. A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____.
a. proprioception
b. somatosensation
c. pain
d. vision
ANSWER: a
37. A muscle spindle responds to the ____.

a. oxygen level in the muscle
b. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction
c. fatigue of the muscle
d. stretch of the muscle
ANSWER: d
38. A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____.
a. dorsal root ganglion
b. cerebellum
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. muscle spindles
ANSWER: d
39. Peggy lifted a heavy box. As a result of the increased muscle tension, she will have activation of _____.
a. the Golgi tendon organ
b. smooth muscles
c. the stretch reflex
d. her ballistic muscles
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Chapter 07
ANSWER: a
40. The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

a. prevent extreme muscle contractions
b. guard against fatigue of muscles
c. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping
d. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles
ANSWER: a
41. Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____.
a. tension; fatigue
b. fatigue; tension
c. stretch; tension
d. tension; stretch
ANSWER: c
42. Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.
a. contraction; inhibition of contraction
b. inhibition of contraction; contraction
c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
d. contraction; contraction
ANSWER: a
43. What experience is similar to losing proprioception?

a. Losing your sense of equilibrium
b. Walking on a leg that has “fallen asleep”
c. Having a phantom limb
d. Teeth chattering in the cold
ANSWER: b
44. A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.
a. constriction
b. slow
c. stretch
d. fast
ANSWER: c
45. A ballistic movement ____.

a. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements
b. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement
c. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
d. tends to overcorrect itself
ANSWER: c
46. After getting wet, Angelo’s dog shook off the water. His dog’s behavior depends on ____.
a. central pattern generator
b. stretch reflex
c. motor program reflex
d. a Golgi tendon organ
ANSWER: a
47. A motor program is a ____.

a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback
b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements
c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk
d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
ANSWER: d
48. Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?
a. Flapping wings if suddenly dropped
b. Learning to fly
c. Stretching its wings but not flapping them
d. Flapping its wings while eating
ANSWER: a
49. Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?
a. A bird flying from tree to tree
b. A child catching a baseball
c. A child playing the piano
d. An adult yawning
ANSWER: a
50. Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?

a. Yawning
b. Making a list
c. Taking your first steps
d. Learning how to drive
ANSWER: a
51. Professor Sanborn is giving a lecture on movement. He tells that class that to make movements occur, the motor
cortex _____.
a. has direct connections to the muscles
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
b. sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord
c. controls isolated movement in a single muscle
d. relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers
ANSWER: b
52. The posterior parietal cortex ____.

a. is the main area for touch and other body information
b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
ANSWER: b
53. Delora has posterior parietal damage. As a result, she ____.

a. can see an object, but is unable to describe it
b. has good hand-eye coordination only if she closes one eye
c. has difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound
d. will not step over an obstacle, although she can accurately describe it
ANSWER: d
54. People with posterior parietal damage ____.

a. cannot walk toward something they hear
b. have trouble converting vision into action
c. can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it
d. cannot accurately describe what they see.
ANSWER: b
55. The prefrontal cortex ____.

d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
ANSWER: d
56. The premotor cortex ____.

d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
ANSWER: c
57. Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
a. an inability to move
b. the loss of somatosensory experiences
c. poorly planned movements
d. no effect on movement
ANSWER: c
58. The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement
itself is the ____.
a. premotor cortex
b. somatosensory cortex
c. inferior temporal cortex
d. tabes dorsalis
ANSWER: a
59. In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex
outside the primary visual cortex ____.
a. cannot locate the source of sounds
b. lose their ability to see everything
c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it
d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
ANSWER: d
60. When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?
a. In preparation for movements
b. During movements
c. At or after the end of movements
d. During inhibition of movements
ANSWER: a
61. The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____.
a. premotor cortex
b. prefrontal cortex
c. supplementary motor cortex
d. tabes dorsalis
ANSWER: b
62. Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary
motor cortex.
a. posterior parietal cortex
b. secondary motor cortex
c. somatosensory cortex

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
d. supplementary motor cortex
ANSWER: d
63. The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____.

a. during the second or two after a movement
b. during the second or two prior to a movement
c. only during a movement
d. only after a movement
ANSWER: b
64. Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.
a. premotor cortex
b. prefrontal cortex
c. supplementary motor cortex
d. tabes dorsalis
ANSWER: c
65. Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas?
a. Posterior parietal lobe
b. Primary motor cortex
c. Premotor cortex
d. Supplementary motor cortex
ANSWER: d
66. Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is
watching.
a. primary motor cortex
b. spinal cord
c. mirror
d. observational
ANSWER: c
67. Who is most likely to have trouble performing the antisaccade task.
a. Linwood who is 5 years old.
b. Evie who is 20 years old.
c. Lael who is 35 years old.
d. Devon who is 50 years old.
ANSWER: a
68. The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.
a. readiness potential
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07
b. action potential
c. evoked potential
d. motor potential
ANSWER: a
69. Professor Samaniego is giving a lecture on movement. She tells the class that recent studies about voluntary
movements and conscious decisions have found that ____.
a. we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement
b. voluntary movements are the result of free will
c. brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision
d. we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions
ANSWER: c
70. People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.
a. feelings of intention
b. the ability to make conscious decisions
c. a sense of timing
d. muscle strength
ANSWER: a
71. The corticospinal tract extends from the _____ to the ____.
a. basal ganglia; spinal cord
b. spinal cord; cerebellum
c. cerebral cortex; cerebellum
d. cerebral cortex; spinal cord
ANSWER: d
72. Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?

a. Cerebellum
b. Cerebral cortex
c. Spinal cord
d. Thalamus
ANSWER: c
73. The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____.

a. pyramids of the medulla
b. spinal cord
c. reticular formation
d. vestibular nucleus
ANSWER: a

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Chapter 07
74. Lucina is painting with a small brush in each hand. To do this movement, she needs activation via the _____ tract.
a. Lateral
b. Ventral
c. Dorsal
d. Medial
ANSWER: a
75. Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body?
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
c. Bilateral
d. Dorsolateral
ANSWER: c
76. In order to stand up and sit down, Mr. Parton needs activation of his ____ motor system.
a. dorsolateral tract
b. medial tract
c. supplementary
d. hippocampal
ANSWER: b
77. What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?
a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both.
b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion.
c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other.
d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.
ANSWER: b
78. Ever since she suffered damage to her _______, Melissa has found it hard to do things like writing and clapping her
hands.
a. cerebellum
b. basal ganglia
c. mirror neurons
d. hippocampus
ANSWER: a
79. Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which
structure?
a. Reticular formation
b. Cerebellum
c. Ventromedial hypothalamus
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d. Parasympathetic nervous system
ANSWER: b
80. Although he has had cerebellar damage, Tim still wants to compete in a sport. Which sport is most likely still able to
do?
a. Basketball
b. Golf
c. Tennis
d. Weight lifting
ANSWER: d
81. What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to
another?
a. Gyration
b. Sclerosis
c. Slide
d. Saccade
ANSWER: d
82. Professor Ruggeri tells her class that saccades are voluntary eye movements from one target to another and are
initiated by the ____.
a. spinal cord
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebellum
d. hippocampus
ANSWER: c
83. After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?
a. The initial rapid movement to the nose
b. The second step involving the hold function
c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement
d. Both the second and third steps
ANSWER: a
84. The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____.
a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target
b. holding a finger in a steady position
c. using the hands to lift heavy weights
d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand
ANSWER: b
85. The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____.
Name: Class: Date:
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a. precise timing
b. control of muscle strength
c. comparison between the left and right hemispheres
d. detecting the intensity of a stimulus
ANSWER: a
86. Purkinje cells are ____.

a. proprioceptors
b. flat cells in sequential planes
c. nuclei in the central cerebellum
d. axons parallel to one another
ANSWER: b
87. How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response?
a. By determining the number of Purkinje cells that fire in sequence
b. By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells
c. By determining which one of all the available Purkinje cells becomes active
d. By passing information back and forth between one Purkinje cell and another
ANSWER: b
88. Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the
cerebellum?
a. Parallel fibers
b. Purkinje cells
c. Putamen cells
d. Saccade cells
ANSWER: b
89. The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____.
a. less the collective duration of the response
b. greater the collective duration of the response
c. greater the strength of the response
d. less the strength of the response
ANSWER: b
90. The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.
a. basal ganglia
b. limbic system
c. cerebellum
d. sympathetic nervous system
ANSWER: a
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91. Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases ____.
a. glutamate
b. ACh.
c. dopamine
d. GABA
ANSWER: d
92. Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the
cerebral cortex?
a. Globus pallidus and putamen
b. Globus pallidus and caudate nucleus
c. Caudate nucleus and putamen
d. Globus pallidus
ANSWER: c
93. Professor Gill tells his class that the basal ganglia are very important for learning _____.
a. motor habits that are difficult to describe in words
b. repetitive motor behaviors like cutting with a knife
c. skills like ballet that include an element of balance
d. fine motor skills such as writing calligraphy
ANSWER: a
94. Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.

a. clumsy; paralysis
b. initiation; stopping
c. gross muscle function; fine motor coordination
d. timing; voluntary movements
ANSWER: d
95. What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

a. Rapid fatigue of the muscles
b. Loss of saccadic eye movements
c. Difficulty initiating movements
d. Inability to coordinate speech with movements
ANSWER: c
96. Professor Paulk is lecturing about Parkinson Disease. He tells the class that damage from the disease results in a loss
of neurons in the _____ that release _____.
a. basal ganglia; dopamine
b. basal ganglia; glutamate

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c. substantia nigra; dopamine
d. substantia nigra; glutamate
ANSWER: c
97. In Parkinson’s disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

a. Basal ganglia to cerebellum
b. Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
c. Cerebellum to spinal cord
d. Cerebral cortex to spinal cord
ANSWER: b
98. The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson’s disease ____.

a. equals that of early onset Parkinson’s disease
b. is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson’s disease
c. is greater for DZ twins that MZ twins
d. is greater for females than males
ANSWER: b
99. Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson’s disease in cases that involve ____.
a. early onset of the disease
b. late onset of the disease
c. first-born children
d. children with older brothers and sisters
ANSWER: a
100. What is the effect of MPTP?

a. It kills the neurons that release dopamine.
b. It suppresses activity of the immune system.
c. It is converted in the brain to dopamine.
d. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
ANSWER: a
101. It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____.

a. the primary cause of Parkinson’s disease
b. a contributing factor in some cases of Huntington’s disease
c. the primary cause of myasthenia gravis
d. a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson’s disease
ANSWER: d
102. What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
a. Haloperidol
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b. Physostigmine
c. Dilantin
d. L-dopa
ANSWER: d
103. A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson’s disease because it ____.
a. is already present in too large an amount
b. does not cross the blood-brain barrier
c. would have to be the size of a baseball to be effective
d. is too expensive
ANSWER: b
104. What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson’s disease?

a. It only helps those who are in the later stages.
b. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
c. It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons.
d. It blocks glutamate receptors.
ANSWER: c
105. Scot has Parkinson’s disease. His doctors have given him L-dopa as a treatment because it will ____.
a. stimulate stem cells to release growth factors
b. stimulate glial cells to produce more myelin
c. result in an increase in dopamine
d. result in a decrease in GABA
ANSWER: c
106. As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____.
a. the most effective technique
b. more effective in late stages of the disease
c. modestly effective, as with other treatments
d. not at all effective
ANSWER: c
107. Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease usually include ____.

a. paralysis
b. jerky arm movements and body tremors
c. rapid fatigue
d. difficulty coordinating the left hand with the right hand
ANSWER: b
108. Isaiah has been diagnosed with Huntington’s disease. What symptom(s) is he likely to experience?
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a. Rapid fatigue of the muscles
b. Loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs
c. Twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
d. Impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements
ANSWER: c
109. Garnet has Huntington’s disease. As a result, she has had disruptions of ____.
a. her brain pathways that use dopamine for signaling
b. the cerebellum
c. the substantia nigra
d. the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
ANSWER: d
110. The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Dissociative identity disorder
c. Antisocial personality disorder
d. Bipolar disorder
ANSWER: a
111. What is the usual age of onset for Huntington’s disease?

a. 5–7 years old
b. 12–20 years old
c. 30–50 years old
d. 65 years or older
ANSWER: c
112. Professor Wen is lecturing his class about Huntington’s Disease. He tells the class that it is a genetic disorder caused
by _____.
a. a recessive gene on the X chromosome
b. duplication of chromosome 21
c. genes passed down from the father
d. a dominant gene on chromosome 4
ANSWER: d
113. In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington’s disease repeats its sequence of bases ____.
a. under ten times
b. between approximately 11–24 times
c. at least 36 times
d. approximately 75 or 80 times
ANSWER: b
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114. The presymptomatic test for Huntington’s disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also
____.
a. the approximate age of onset
b. what other diseases the person will contract
c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease
d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later
ANSWER: a
115. Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington’s disease?
a. enhancing formation of glutamine chains
b. increasing production of huntingtin
c. blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering
d. decreasing production of BDNF
ANSWER: c
116. Describe the areas and major functions of the primary motor cortex (include the relevant areas near to the motor
cortex).
ANSWER: Since the pioneering work of Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig (1870), neuroscientists have known
that direct electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex—the precentral gyrus of the frontal
cortex, just anterior to the central sulcus—elicits movements. The motor cortex does not send messages
directly to the muscles. Its axons extend to the brainstem and spinal cord, which generate the impulses
that control the muscles. In most mammals, these axons connect only to interneurons, which in turn
control motor neurons. In humans and other primates, some axons go directly from the cerebral cortex
to motor neurons, presumably giving us greater dexterity. Human movements depend on both the
axons to motor neurons and axons to interneurons.
The motor cortex is just anterior to the somatosensory cortex, and the two match up nicely. That is, the
brain area that controls the left hand is near the area that feels the left hand, the area that controls the
left foot is near the area that feels the left foot, and so forth. You need to feel a body part to control its
movement accurately.
The primary motor cortex is important for making movements, but not for initial planning. One of the
first areas to become active in planning a movement is the posterior parietal cortex, which monitors
the position of the body relative to the world. The prefrontal cortex and the supplementary motor
cortex are also important for planning and organizing a rapid sequence. The premotor cortex is most
active immediately before a movement. It receives information about the target to which the body is
directing its movement, as well as information about the body’s current position and posture. The
prefrontal cortex, which is also active during a delay before a movement, stores sensory information
relevant to a movement. It is also important for considering the probable outcomes of possible
movements.
117. Describe the significance of mirror neurons.

ANSWER: Of discoveries in neuroscience, one of the most exciting to psychologists has been mirror neurons, which are
active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a
similar movement. Mirror neurons were first reported in the premotor cortex of monkeys and later in other
areas and other species, including humans. These neurons are theoretically exciting because of the idea that
they may be important for understanding other people, identifying with them, and imitating them. For
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Chapter 07
example, mirror neurons in part of the frontal cortex become active when people smile or see someone else
smile, and they respond especially strongly in people who report identifying strongly with other people.
Many people have speculated that people with autism—who fail to form strong social bonds—might lack
mirror neurons. However, one study using fMRI found normal mirror neuron responses in autistic people, so
we need to look elsewhere to explain autism. Mirror neurons are activated not only by seeing an action, but
also by any reminder of the action. Certain cells respond to hearing an action as well as seeing or doing it.
Other cells respond to either doing an action or reading about it.
The possibilities are exciting, but before we speculate too far, an important question remains: Do mirror
neurons cause imitation and social behavior, or do they result from them? Put another way, are we born with
neurons that respond to the sight of a movement and also facilitate the same movement? If so, they could be
important for social learning. However, another possibility is that we learn which visible movements
correspond to movements of our own. Then seeing others’ actions reminds us of our own, and activates brain
areas responsible for those actions. In that case, mirror neurons are not responsible for imitation or
socialization.
The answer may be different for different movements. Some newborn infants imitate a few facial movements,
especially tongue protrusion. That result implies built-in mirror neurons that connect the sight of a movement
to the movement itself. However, in both monkey and human infants, many mirror neurons do not respond to
observations of others’ movements until after the infant has practiced making those movements itself. A
mirror neuron cannot be essential for learning to imitate a movement if you have to practice the movement
before that neuron develops its mirror properties.
In addition, researchers identified mirror neurons that responded both when people moved a certain finger,
such as the index finger, and when they watched someone else move the same finger. Then they asked
people to watch a display on the screen and move their index finger whenever the hand on the screen moved
the little finger. They were to move their little finger whenever the hand on the screen moved the index finger.
After some practice, these “mirror” neurons turned into “counter-mirror” neurons that responded to
movements of one finger by that person and the sight of a different finger on the screen. In other words, at
least some mirror neurons modify their properties by learning, and therefore it is possible that they developed
their original properties by learning also.
118. Describe the relationship of conscious decisions and movements. What may this relationship reveal about
consciousness?
ANSWER: Each of us has the feeling, “I consciously decide to do something, and then I do it.” That sequence seems so
obvious that we might not even question it, but research casts doubt on this assumption. Research indicates
that the brain activity responsible for the movement apparently began before the person’s conscious decision
to move. The results seem to indicate that your conscious decision does not cause your action. Rather, you
become conscious of the decision after the process leading to action has already been underway for about 300
ms. None of these results deny that you make a voluntary decision. The implication, however, is that what we
identify as a conscious decision is the perception of a gradual brain process. It probably begins with
unconscious processes that build up to a certain level before they become conscious.
119. Briefly describe the cellular organization of the cerebellum.

ANSWER: The cerebellum receives input from the spinal cord, from each of the sensory systems by way of the cranial
nerve nuclei, and from the cerebral cortex. That information eventually reaches the cerebellar cortex, the
surface of the cerebellum.
• The neurons are arranged in a precise geometrical pattern, with multiple repetitions of the same units.
• The Purkinje cells are flat (two-dimensional) cells in sequential planes, parallel to one another.
• The parallel fibers are axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells.
• Action potentials in parallel fibers excite one Purkinje cell after another. Each Purkinje cell then transmits an
inhibitory message to cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum (clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the
cerebellum) and the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, which in turn send information to the midbrain and the
thalamus.
• Depending on which and how many parallel fibers are active, they might stimulate only the first few Purkinje
cells or a long series of them. Because the parallel fibers’ messages reach different Purkinje cells one after
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Chapter 07
another, the greater the number of excited Purkinje cells, the greater their collective duration of response.
That is, if the parallel fibers stimulate only the first few Purkinje cells, the result is a brief message to the
target cells; if they stimulate more Purkinje cells, the message lasts longer. The output of Purkinje cells
controls the timing of a movement, including both its onset and offset.
120. Briefly describe the nature of Parkinson’s disease. Include a discussion of its causes and possible treatments.
ANSWER: The main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (also known as Parkinson disease) are rigidity, muscle tremors,
slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity. It becomes more common as people
age, striking 1 percent to 2 percent of people over age 65. Early symptoms usually include loss of olfaction
and psychological depression. Many but not all Parkinson’s patients have cognitive deficits, which may
include problems with attention, language, or memory. The immediate cause of Parkinson’s disease is the
gradual loss of neurons in the substantia nigra and therefore a loss of dopamine-releasing axons to the
striatum (part of the basal ganglia). With the loss of this input, the striatum decreases its inhibition of the
globus pallidus, which therefore increases its inhibitory input to the thalamus. The result is less vigorous
voluntary movements. People with Parkinson’s disease are still capable of movement, and sometimes they
move normally in response to signals or instructions, such as when following a parade. However, their
spontaneous movements are slow and weak.
What causes the damage to the substantia nigra? An early study reported that having a monozygotic twin
with early-onset Parkinson’s disease greatly increased your probability of getting it, but having a monozygotic
twin with late-onset disease had no effect. That result implied that genes make little or no contribution to late-
onset Parkinson’s disease. Later studies have found less extreme results, indicating that genes do influence
the late-onset disease, though less strongly than they affect early-onset disease. So far, researchers have
identified more than 20 genes that apparently increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease, although the results
vary from one study to another, and one population to another.
The results agree, however, that none of these genes by itself produces a high risk. An accidental discovery
implicated exposure to toxins as another factor in Parkinson’s disease. In northern California in 1982, several
young adults developed symptoms of Parkinson’s disease after using a drug similar to heroin. Before the
investigators could alert the community to the danger, many other users had developed symptoms ranging
from mild to fatal. The substance responsible for the symptoms was MPTP, a chemical that the body
converts to MPP+, which accumulates in, and then destroys, neurons that release dopamine, partly by
impairing the transport of mitochondria from the cell body to the synapse. Postsynaptic neurons react to the
loss of input by increasing their number of dopamine receptors.
People are sometimes exposed to hazardous environmental chemicals that damage cells of the substantia
nigra. Many studies have shown increased risk of Parkinson’s disease among people with much exposure to
insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The disease is more common in farmers and other rural dwellers
than in city dwellers, presumably because of increased exposure to these chemicals. Exposure to these
chemicals increases the risk especially among people with any of the genes that predispose to Parkinson’s. If
someone also had a traumatic head injury, the risk goes up even more. In short, most cases result from
several influences combined, not just one.
What else might influence the risk of Parkinson’s disease? Researchers compared the lifestyles of people
who did and didn’t develop the disease. One factor that stands out consistently is cigarette smoking and
coffee drinking: People who smoke cigarettes or drink coffee have less chance of developing Parkinson’s
disease.
Because Parkinson’s disease results from a dopamine deficiency, a logical goal is to restore the missing
dopamine. A dopamine pill would be ineffective because dopamine does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
Physicians in the 1950s and 1960s reasoned that L-dopa, a precursor to dopamine that does cross the
barrier, might be a good treatment. In contrast to all the medicines that were discovered by trial and error, this
was the first drug in psychiatry or neurology, and one of the first in all of medicine, to emerge from a plausible
theory. Taken as a daily pill, L-dopa reaches the brain, where neurons convert it to dopamine. L-dopa is still
the most common treatment for Parkinson’s disease. However, L-dopa treatment is disappointing in several
ways. It increases dopamine release in all axons, including those that had deteriorated and those that were
still functioning normally. It produces spurts of high release alternating with lower release. Even if it
adequately replaces lost dopamine, it does not replace other transmitters that are also depleted. It does not
slow the continuing loss of neurons. Moreover, it produces unpleasant side effects such as nausea,
restlessness, sleep problems, low blood pressure, repetitive movements, and sometimes hallucinations and
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Chapter 07
delusions.
A potentially exciting strategy has been “in the experimental stage” since the 1980s. In a pioneering study,
Perlow et al. (1979) injected the chemical 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine, a chemical modification of
dopamine) into rats to damage the substantia nigra of one hemisphere, producing Parkinson’s-type
symptoms on the opposite side of the body. After the movement abnormalities stabilized, the experimenters
transplanted substantia nigra tissue from rat fetuses into the damaged brains. Most recipients recovered
much of their normal movement within four weeks. Control animals that suffered the same brain damage
without receiving grafts showed little or no recovery. This is only a partial brain transplant, but still, the
Frankensteinian implications are striking.
If such surgery works for rats, might it also for humans? Ordinarily, scientists test any experimental procedure
extensively with laboratory animals before trying it on humans, but with Parkinson’s disease, the temptation
was too great. People in the late stages have little to lose and are willing to try almost anything. The obvious
problem is where to get the donor tissue. Several early studies used tissue from the patient’s own adrenal
gland. Although that tissue is not composed of neurons, it produces and releases dopamine. Unfortunately,
the adrenal gland transplants seldom produced much benefit.
Another possibility is to transplant brain tissue from aborted fetuses. Fetal neurons transplanted into the
brains of patients with Parkinson’s sometimes survive for years and make synapses with the patient’s own
cells. However, the operation is expensive and difficult, requiring brain tissue from four to eight aborted
fetuses, and the benefits to the patient have been small at best.
A related approach is to take stem cells—immature cells that are capable of differentiating into other cell
types—guide their development so that they produce large quantities of L-dopa, and then transplant them
into the brain. The idea sounds promising, but researchers will need to overcome several difficulties before
this might become an effective treatment.
121. What are the three types of muscles seen in the human body and where might they be found?
ANSWER: Humans have skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles control the movements of the
body as most are attached to bones that allow a person to make movements. Smooth muscle is found in the
digestive system. Cardiac muscle allows the heart to pump blood.
122. Jeanette is planning to take part in a charity bicycle race. Describe what types of muscle fibers she will need to use at
the beginning of the race as opposed to several miles into the race and why.
ANSWER: Jeanette will start out the race by using her slow-twitch fibers as the activity is aerobic. However, once she
has started to use up all of the available glucose (due to prolonged activity), her body will begin using her
fast-twitch muscle fibers as they can function anaerobically.
123. What is the role of the prefrontal cortex regarding movement. What mistakes in movement might someone make if
they had damage to the prefrontal cortex?
ANSWER: The prefrontal cortex is active during a delay before a movement and stores sensory information relevant to
the movement. It is also important for considering the probable outcomes of possible movements. A person
with damage to the prefrontal cortex would have disorganized movements such as getting in the shower
before taking your clothes.
124. Stacia has damage to her lateral corticospinal tract. What sorts of movements would she have trouble doing?
ANSWER: The lateral corticospinal tract is a pathway of axons from the primary motor cortex and surrounding areas
including the red nucleus to the spinal cord. It controls movements in the peripheral parts of the body like the
hands and feet. Stacia is going to have trouble with activities that involve moving her hands and feet such as
writing. However, she might compensate by moving her arms and shoulders using her medial corticospinal
tract.
125. Gerald has been diagnosed with Huntington’s disease. Describe what symptoms he should expect.
ANSWER: Gerald is probably already experiencing the early symptoms like arm jerks and facial twitches. Eventually the
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Chapter 07
tremors will spread to other parts of the body and will becoming more like writhing. It will interfere with
Gerald’s ability to walk, speak, and other voluntary movements. Besides movements, Gerald will suffer other
psychological disorders such as apathy, depression, sleeplessness, and memory impairments.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Poikien kirja
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Poikien kirja
Author: Veikko Korhonen
Release date: December 22, 2023 [eBook #72475]
Language: Finnish
Original publication: Helsinki: Kustaannusliike Mattila & Kumpp, 1924
Credits: Juhani Kärkkäinen and Tapio Riikonen
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POIKIEN

KIRJA ***
POIKIEN KIRJA
Kirj.
Veikko Korhonen
Helsingissä, Kustannusliike Mattila & Kumpp, 1924.
SISÄLLYS:
Jonni-sedän luona.
Punikki ja porvari.
Lokkiluodolla.
JONNI-SEDÄN LUONA.
1.
Heikki ja Paavo istuivat kirjojensa ääressä, valmistellen huomisia

läksyjä. Äiti oli äsken korjannut päivällisen pois pöydästä ja siistinyt
huoneen. Oli hiljaista. Vesikattila vain lauloi hiljaa hellalla.
Läksyt eivät oikein maistuneet tänä iltapäivänä pojille. Siihen oli

syynä huhtikuun illan kaunis kajastus, joka tulvehti ikkunasta sisään
ja teki jollakin tavoin rauhattomaksi. Ulkona olisi ollut verrattoman
hauska toisten toverien kanssa, mutta äiti oli kieltänyt menemästä,
ennenkuin hän tulisi kotiin kaupungilta ja juotaisiin teetä ensin
yhdessä.
— Korjaa Heikki tulta vesikattilan alle, käski Paavo, joka oli kahta
vuotta nuorempi veljeään.
— Korjaa sinä, kun olet kerran nuorempi, sanoi Heikki.
— Minulla on enemmän läksyjäkin.
— Minä korjasin viimeksi. Mene nyt.

Viimeinenkin liekki sammui hellasta ja kekäleen pää putosi
permannolle ja jäi siihen.
Heikki työnsi jyrinällä tuolin syrjään ja heitti kekäleen hellaan.
— Olet koko aasi, kimmahti hän veljelleen. — Kunhan äiti tulee,

niin….
— Ettäkö kantelisit, naurahti Paavo.
Heikki vaikeni. Hän tiesi, ettei äiti pitänyt siitä, että hänelle tultaisiin
kielittelemään. Siksipä Paavon nallikka niin sanoikin.
Heikki oli äsken täyttänyt neljätoista vuotta, pitkä, hontelo poika.

Hän oli nyt neljännellä luokalla yhteiskoulussa. Viime keväänä oli
hän saanut ehdot ja hädin tuskin ne suoritettuaan päässyt
muuttamaan seuraavalle luokalle. Paavo, kahta vuotta nuorempi,
lyhyt, pullea, teräväpäinen ja toisinaan sukkelasuinenkin veitikka,
lopettaisi loistavasti kolmannen luokkansa, kun Heikki sensijaan voisi
jäädä tänä keväänä kokonaan luokalleen.
Niin surullisesti olivat asiat.
Ei auttanut, vaikka äitikin valitti ja opettajat tekivät parhaansa.

Heikille ei tullut kiirettä milloinkaan. Paavokin pyrki joskus veljeään
kiusottelemaan:
— Kahdenkymmenenviiden vanhana ylioppilas, kolmenkymmenen

vanha kandidaatti ja neljänkymmenen vanhana maisteri, ja ajatelkaa,
seitsemänkymmenen vanhana saa hän jo painaa tohtorin hatun
päähänsä.
— Entä sinä, ärähti tähän aina Heikki, mutta ei voinut ryhtyä
luetteloa tekemään. Paavo oli ahkera poika ja, vuotta myöhemmin
kouluun tulleena kuin veljensä, hyvin edistynyt.
Vesikattila lauloi hiljaa hellalla ja pojat koettivat taas syventyä

lukuihinsa. Paavokin tunsi nyt kovin kaipaavansa ulos ja vähän väliä
silmäsi hän ikkunasta pihamaalle, joka oli äsken lakaistu puhtaaksi.
Kostea hiekka ja kulonurmi muutamien puitten juurella näytti niin
kovin houkuttelevalta. Kohta tulisi kevät ja koulu loppuisi. Sitten…
sitten…
Värikkäät kuvat kesästä keskeyttivät kokonaan Paavon lukemisen.
Portaissa kuului askeleita, ja äiti tuli sisään.
— Voi rakkaat lapset, kun olette antaneet tulen sammua

kokonaan, sanoi hän heti pojille.
— Minä käskin Paavoa, mutta hän ei korjannut tulta, puolustautui

Heikki.
— Miksei Heikki pojuni itse korjannut, sanoi äiti. — Pienien

tehtävien suorittamisesta saa aina enemmän iloa kuin käskemisestä.
Paavonkin pitäisi tehdä käskemättä, mitä osaa ja saa aikaan.
Äiti näytti olevan hyvällä tuulella, ihanpa iloinen, ja pojat miettivät,

mistä se mahtoi johtua. Jokin hyvä uutinen oli varmaankin äidillä.
Pian valmistui tee äidin laittamana, ja katettuaan pöydän sanoi äiti:
— Minullapa on hyviä uutisiakin. Ja se koskee teitä, pojat

— Arvasinhan sen. Äiti näyttikin niin iloiselta, virkkoi Paavo. —
Sanohan sitten meillekin.
— Jos lupaatte olla ahkeria ja teette nurisematta, mitä äiti vaatii,

niin pääsette kesäksi Jonni-sedän luokse maalle.
Sain häneltä kirjeen, jossa hän lupaa ottaa teidät koko kesäksi
kotiinsa.
— Sepä hauskaa, iloitsi Paavo, mutta Heikki arveli, että setä vaatii
tekemään työtä ja se ei olisi hänestä yhtään hauskaa, varsinkaan
kesälomalla.
— Huonostipa Heikki ottaa vastaan uutisen, sanoi äiti. — Ei setä

liikoja vaadi ja työhän on kaiken olevaisen alkulähde. Ilman työtä ei
elä kukaan, ei ainakaan saisi elää. Ne, jotka elävät työttöminä, eivät
saa nauttia koskaan raitista elämäniloa, usko se poikani.
— Pääsemmekö me sitten maalle heti, kun koulu loppuu? kysyi

Paavo, jota ei näyttänyt työnteko kovin pelottavan.
— Luulisinpa. Koetan saada siihen valmiiksi kaikki, mitä siellä

tarvitsette.
— Siellä nyt ei tarvitse liioin mitään, maalla, sanoi Heikki. —

Ollaan hurstissa, niinkuin rengit ja piiat, naureksi hän ja alkoi kertoa,
miltä silloin oli näyttänyt maalla, kun muutamia vuosia aikaisemmin
olivat olleet äidin kanssa käymässä Jonni-sedän luona. Heikin
kertomus oli puhdasta pilkkaa ja äiti sai taas syytä nuhdella Heikkiä.
— Ei saa halveksia piikoja ja renkejä eikä muitakaan

maatyömiehiä, sillä he kantavat tässä maassa raskaimman kuorman
ja helteen. Heidän työnsä on monastikin suuriarvoisempaa kuin
monen muun, jolle pää paljastetaan. Toivoisin, että sinä Heikki
oppisit kunnioittamaan maan pääelinkeinoa.
Puheltiin kaikenlaista maalle muutosta, johon Heikkikin jo innostui.

Pojat saivat teensä ja luvan mennä vähäksi aikaa ulos.
— Parin päivän perästä on Vappu ja sitten hummataan, sanoi

Paavo hypähdellen innoissaan.
— Mitä se hummaaminen on? kysyi äiti naurahtaen.
— Semmoista, että poikasakki kulkee kadulla ja väliin hihkaisee.

Etkö sitä nyt tiedä, äiti.
— Kadulla kuljetaan kauniisti, eikä huudeta. Eihän koulupojat saa

sällimäisinä kulkea, neuvoi äiti.
Pojat vilistivät ulos ja olivat pian naapurin pihalla kertomassa

maalle muutostaan toisille tovereille.
— Mitäs tyhjää te nyt puhutte, alkoi muuan Paavon luokkatoveri

kiusotella. — Mihinkäs kotihiiret muuttavat.
— Yhtähyvin kuin kaupunkirotatkin.
— Olemmeko me rottia, hä?
Kinastus jatkui ja pian oli tappelu valmis. Kieriskeltiin pihamaan

sannassa, ja kun vastapuoli oli lukuisampi, mutusteltiin poikia
hyvänpäiväisesti. Karkuunkaan eivät pojat olisi lähteneet, ellei
pihamaalle olisi sattunut tulemaan vanhempia ihmisiä. Lähtiessään
mutaisi kuitenkin Paavo muuatta poikaa nyrkillään naamaan ja
huusi:
— Siitä saa lukkarin Sami tortun.
Poika tupertui pihamaalle ja suusta tuli verta. Vaivoin pääsi hän

kotiin, jossa kanteli asian, ja pian se joutui rehtorin korviin. Veljeksillä
oli aresti varmasti tiedossa. Tulipa se vielä äidinkin korville samana
iltana, ennenkuin pojat ehtivät mennä nukkumaan.
Äiti liikkui keittiössä kyynelsilmin, ja pojat arvasivat hänen kuulleen

heidän nujakoinnistaan naapurin pihalla.
Tuntui pahalta, sitä ei voinut kieltää, vaikka olisi ollut kuinkakin

urhoollinen olevinaan.
— Mitä luulet äidin sanovan? arveli Paavo veljelleen.
— Tietysti niitä tavanmukaisia neuvojaan latelee, sanoi Heikki.
Paavon mielestä ei Heikin olisi niin pitänyt sanoa, mutta ei

virkkanut siitä mitään veljelleen. Sanoipa toista, mitä ajatteli:
— Niitähän se aina…
Äiti neuvoikin taas tapansa mukaan ja varoitteli enää sellaiseen

seikkailuun antautumasta. Nyt he olivat häpäisseet itsensä ja äitinsä.
Paavollakin oli vielä paha omatunto siitä, että oli kannattanut

Heikkiä, kun tämä puhui halveksien äidin neuvoista.
Se olisi nyt pyydettävä anteeksi äidiltä, mutta he olivat jo

vuoteessaan, ja Heikki varmasti nauraisi hänelle, jos hän rupeaisi
sellaisia anteeksi pyytämään.
Mutta hän ei saanut rauhaa.

Samapa se. Jos Heikki nauroi, niin naurakoon. Siitäpä näkee, ettei
se ollut oikein.
— Kuule äiti. Annatko minulle anteeksi vielä toisenkin asian.
Se tuli tuskin kuuluvasti Paavon vuoteesta.
— No, mitä se olisi?
Äiti kumartui Paavon vuoteen yli.
— No kun minä tulin sanoneeksi halveksivasti sinun neuvoistasi,

äiti
Paavo kuulosti, eikö Heikki tunnustaisi samalla, mutta tämä nauroi

vain. Paavo aikoi jo sanoa äidille, että Heikin alkua oli kaikki tyyni,
mutta ei kuitenkaan kehdannut.
— Saahan Paavo pieni anteeksi, mutta eihän poju enää vasta

halveksi äidin neuvoja.
— En milloinkaan.
Kun äiti poistui huoneesta, kivahti Paavo veljelleen:
— Miksi et tunnustanut sinäkin äidille?
Heikki nauroi vuoteessaan.
— Eihän olisi ollut pakko sinunkaan..
Se tuli kuin arvellen ja Paavo tunsi, että veljelläkin oli huono

omatunto, mutta ei tahtonut sitä tunnustaa itselleenkään.
Se suututti Paavoa. Mitä minä hänelle tekisin? mietti hän. Kantelu
äidille oli kiellettyä.
Heikki tuntui kuitenkin pian unohtaneen koko asian.
— Kun minä pääsen maalle, niin minä en tee mitään muuta kuin
uin ja ongin kaiket päivät ja katselen tyttöjä leikkitovereiksi.
— Hyh… vai tyttöjä! Ja sinä luulet sedän sallivan sinun niin

laiskotella!
— No ei se ainakaan kintuilla hyppää, se on varma.
Tulee olemaan hauskaa, kun saa kiusotella talon kukkoa ja

äkäistä härkää ja puskettaa pässiä.
— Nyt minä en yhtään ymmärrä sinua, virkkoi Paavo.
— Se ei vetele Jonni-sedän luona. Ja sitäpaitsi se ei olisi oikein

tehty.
Heikki hohotti ja se kiukutti helposti kiivastuvaa Paavoa.
— Lakkaa jo höröttämästä, että saa nukkua. Huomenna on meillä

onneton päivä.
— Mitä luulet siitä tappelusta tulevan? kyseli Heikki.
— Sitä, mitä aina pahan teosta seuraa. Pääsemme karsseriin ja

päiväkirjaan tulee harakan varpaat.
— Se olikin sinun syytäsi kaikki, sanoi Heikki. — Minäkin saan nyt

sinun tähtesi rangaistuksen.
— Paremmin sinä sen ansaitset kuin minä. Tämänkin iltaisista
puheistasi.
Heikki jatkoi alkamansa syyttelemistä, mutta Paavo ei enää

jaksanut kuunnella. Siepaten vesikannun kaatoi hän sen sisällön
Heikin päänpohjiin.
Heikki pakeni huutaen keittiöön. Äiti tuli hätään.
— Mitä se sellainen… eikö tappelu jo mielestänne riittänyt?
Paavo selitti syyn. Äiti koetti pidättää nauruaan, sen huomasi

Paavo, ja se helpoitti häntä. Heikki olikin niin kovin hassun näköinen
keittiössä kuivatessaan itseään ja motkottaessaan:
— Kyllä minä sen vielä maksan.
Äiti sai sovinnon aikaan ja pian olivat veljekset unen helmoissa,

ensin suunniteltuaan kesän viettoa maalla.
2.
Kuukausi oli vierähtänyt. Äiti saatteli poikia asemalle. He olivat nyt

matkalla Jonni-sedän luokse.
Kesäkuun ensimmäinen päivä oli kaunis ja pilvetön, ja pojat

nauttivat jo edeltäpäin matkastaan.
— Se vain on niin surkeaa, että sinä äiti et pääse matkaan. Olisi

varmaan hauskempaa, kun sinäkin olisit siellä, sanoi Paavo.
— Minullahan on täällä lehmäni ja toimeni. En minä koko kesäksi

jouda.
— Mutta lupaathan tulla käymään, sanoi Heikki, joka katsoi
velvollisuudekseen sanoa jotain lämmintä äidille.
— Tulen kyllä ja silloin minä toivoisin kuulevani vain kiitosta teistä.

Kaikesta muustahan olen jo teille puhunut, mutta tahtoisin vielä
muistuttaa, että tekisitte työtä. Se varjelee kaikesta pahasta.
Pian juna lähti, ja pojat huiskuttivat vielä äidille. Mielihyvä

matkasta pyyhkäisi pois eron ikävän ja innokkaasti ohi viliseviä
maisemia katsellen ja keskustellen sujuikin matka pian.
Jonni-setä oli tullut itse asemalle.
— Onko hauskaa päästä maalle? kysyi hän heti pojilta ja samalla

kiirehti hevosen luo, joka odotti aitaan sidottuna.
On, on. Siellähän saa uida ja onkia, vai miten, setä? sanoi Heikki.
Setä huomasi, että Heikki koetti esiintyä huolettoman varmasti ja

melkein kuin aikuiset Se ei miellyttänyt setää. Hän sanoikin siitä heti
Heikille leikillisesti hymyillen.
— Sinustahan on taitanut paisua jo aikamies.
Siinä oli hyväntahtoista ivaakin, jota Jonni-setä oli usein halukas

käyttämään, mutta Heikki ei nyt sitä huomannut.
— No ainahan sitä… sanoi hän.
— No, no… kyllä sinusta tehdään vielä siinä suhteessa pieni

poika, kunhan kotiinnutaan Hernemaassa. Entä sinä Paavo, joko
sinäkin kuvittelet olevasi aikamies?
— En minä vielä, sanoi Paavo hämillään ja setä nauroi.

Setä oli jo kääntänyt maantielle hevosen ja mentiin hyvää kyytiä.
— Niin, kyllä miestä pitää olla pikkupojassakin, siinä missä

tarvitaan, mutta sen tulee ilmetä ainoastaan reippautena ja
ahkeruutena ja vieläpä kohteliaisuutenakin. Onhan niitä pikku pojan
miehuuteen kuuluvia ominaisuuksia paljonkin, mutta niistä puhutaan
sitten toisen kerran. Nyt katsotaan, miten tämä sedän Polle osaa
ravata.
Ja setä kiinnitti ohjaksia. Olipa se menoa. Ihan naurattamaan

rupesi ja sydän alassa viilsi niin somasti.
— Enkö minäkin saa joskus ajaa? kysyi Heikki.
— No tahtooko Paavokin…? kysyi setä.
— Kyllähän minä mielelläni…
Setä nauroi ja sipaisi kädellään Paavon poskea.
— Kyllä te saatte opetella ratsastamaan, mutta ilman satulaa,

niinkuin maalla on tapana. Saa nähdä, kumpi teistä ensin oppii.
— Minä varmasti, kerskui Heikki.
— No ei saa olla niin varma itsestään, sanoi setä. — Eikä

ainakaan antaa sen noin tulla kuuluville.
Heikki punastui. Hän alkoi jo harmittaa sedän opettamishalu,

vaikka tiesikin, että setä tarkoitti ainoastaan hyvää. Hän päätti vaieta
kokonaan.
Mutta Paavo puheli jo innostuneena sedän kanssa, voitettuaan

ensin ujoutensa.
— Joko ahven syö onkea? kysyi hän.
— Ei vielä, ennenkuin juhannukselta. Vai ahvenia sinä mietitkin.

No, onhan siinä kotijärvessä ahvenia, semmoisia köriläitä ovatkin,
että saat varoa, etteivät mukanaan vie.
— Minä sain kerran kaupungin lahdelta semmoisen ahvenen, että

painoi kaksi kiloa, sanoi Paavo räpytellen silmiään. Paino oli tullut
sanotuksi edeltäpäin ajattelematta.
Setä ihan hohotti.
— No jaksoiko pieni ressu semmoisen kalan kantaa kotiin?
Paavo kävi turkinpunaiseksi kasvoiltaan. Setä oli huomannut, että

hän pisti pitkän valeen. Heikki vielä alkoi höhöttää ja sanoi
halveksuvasta.
— Ei ole toki Paavo parka nähnytkään sellaista ahventa.
— Sitä minäkin, virkkoi vielä setä, ja Paavon korvia kuumensi niin

hirveästi. Hän päätti, ettei milloinkaan enää sanoisi sellaista, joka
vivahtaisi valheelta.
Siinä läheni jo Hernemaan viljelykset. Kylläpä ne olivatkin laajat.

Työväkeä hääri pelloilla, ja Paavo kysyi, mitä ne tekivät, siten
haihduttaakseen sedän ajatuksia hänen kalajutustaan.
Setä selitti.
Heikki oli päättänyt näyttää heti sedälle jalomielisyyttään ja

sanoikin nyt hänelle:
— Me rupeamme Paavon kanssa kasvitarhatyöhön. Se tulee
olemaan suunnattoman hauskaa.
Taas nauroi setä.
— Niin, kyllä teidän on työtä tehtävä, saadaan nähdä sitten, onko

se teistä niinkään hauskaa. Mutta kyllä siihen pian tottuu ja sitten se
on todellakin hauskaa. Työtä ei hennoisi vaihtaa mihinkään muuhun.
Asemalta lähtiessä oli ukkonen jyrähdellyt, ja nyt oli pilvi noussut

heidän huomaamattaan, ja vettä alkoi tulla yht'äkkiä kuin saavista.
— Nyt minä kastun, hätäili Heikki ja koetti kyyristyä sedän

suojaan.
— Noo, ethän sinä sokerista ole, sanoi setä ja kiirehti hevosta,

joka kuumalla ilmalla oli jo alkanut väsyä — Olethan sinä
partiolainen.
Kun päästiin talon pihaan, taukosi sade ja siinäpä olivatkin pikku-

serkut jo heitä vastaan ottamassa.
— Päivää! Terveisiä kaupungista, sanoi Heikki juhlallisesti, mutta

Paavo ei osannut sanoa mitään, katsoi vain serkku-Lailan kirkkaisiin
silmiin. Laila tarjosikin Paavolle ensiksi kätensä ja siitä oli Heikki
hieman nyreissään. Hän oli muutenkin märkä kuin uitettu koira ja
heille naurettiin molemmille.
— Se olikin kokonainen vedenpaisumus, jonka me saimme

niskaamme, sanoi
Heikki terästäen ryhtiään.
Laila nauroi iloisesti ja toinen pikku-serkku, kolmetoista vuotias
Niilo katseli hieman hämillään kaupunkilaisserkkujen vapaata
esiintymistä, joka oli hänestä melkein kadehdittavaa.
Tätikin tuli siihen ja ystävällisesti kehoitteli:
— Tulkaa nyt saamaan kuivaa päällenne. Onko teillä mukana… no

se on hyvä. Sitten saatte kahvia.
Pojat pukeutuivat nopeasti heille varatussa huoneessa, ja Heikki

virkkoi toimekkaasti:
— Ei ole hullumpi tuo Laila-serkku, vai mitä, velimies?
— Eihän me vielä mitä miehiä olla, sanoihan sen jo setäkin. Ja

kyllä
Laila sievä on. Hän antoi minulle kättäkin ensiksi.
— Kättä… nauroi taas Heikki sitä kiusottavaa nauruaan — eihän

niin sanota.
— Sanottiinpa tuota miten tahansa. Mennään nyt.
— Mutta kyllä hän tulee pitämään minusta yhtä paljon kuin

sinustakin, arveli Heikki.
— Tietysti. Hänhän on sinun serkkusi, niinkuin minunkin.
Heikki oli äskeistä sanoessaan ajatellut jotain muuta. Pojat olivat

koulussa aina kehuneet, että "se ja se tyttö piti hänestä". Se tuntui
komealta, mutta opettaja oli kerran sellaista kuultuaan nauranut ja
sanonut, että te olette tyhmiä.
Laila tulikin jo heitä hakemaan. Hän oli äsken täyttänyt neljätoista
vuotta ja oli lyhyehkö, mutta sitä tukevampi. Ja sitten iloinen veitikka.
Ja toimelias. Sitä kelpasi katsella serkkujen, miten nopeasti Laila
tarjoili kahvia.
— Nyt saatte hieman levätä matkan jälkeen ja sitten mennään

laskemaan verkot. Saa nähdä sitten, kumpi teistä jaksaa paremmin
soutaa, sanoi Laila.
— Minä tietysti, virkkoi Heikki, mutta setä taas sanoi hänelle, ettei
pitänyt edeltäpäin mitään kehua.
— Niinpä sitten mennään rantaan, sanoi setä, kun pojat olivat

vakuuttaneet jaksavansa lepäämättä lähteä.
Niilo katseli vielä syrjästä uusia vieraitaan, mutta Laila lähti heitä
saattamaan rantaan.
— Osaatko sinä uida? kysyi Paavo topakkana tytöltä.
Laila nauroi niin, että valkoinen hammasrivi välkkyi.
— Kuka tuota nyt ei osaa. Olen minä uinut tuon salmen poikki,
sanoi hän.
Heikki aikoi väittää sitä valheeksi, mutta älysi ajoissa, että se olisi
loukannut serkkua.
— Olen minäkin uinut pitkiä matkoja, sanoi hän vain ja siihen

virkkoi
Laila, että sittenpä saataisiin nähdä.
— Kyllä kai noin pitkillä säärillä jaksaa potkia, arveli hän,

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Biological Psychology 13th Edition

Kalat Test Bank

2. In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine.

4. Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

6. Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.

8. A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

9. The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.

24. Which muscle is “antagonistic” to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

28. A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____.

34. A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.

35. Brian’s body initiated the stretch reflex. Which is true?

37. A muscle spindle responds to the ____.

40. The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

43. What experience is similar to losing proprioception?

45. A ballistic movement ____.

47. A motor program is a ____.

50. Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?

52. The posterior parietal cortex ____.

53. Delora has posterior parietal damage. As a result, she ____.

54. People with posterior parietal damage ____.

55. The prefrontal cortex ____.

56. The premotor cortex ____.

57. Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10

63. The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____.

72. Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?

73. The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12

86. Purkinje cells are ____.

94. Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.

95. What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16

97. In Parkinson’s disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

98. The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson’s disease ____.

100. What is the effect of MPTP?

101. It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____.

104. What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson’s disease?

107. Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease usually include ____.

111. What is the usual age of onset for Huntington’s disease?

117. Describe the significance of mirror neurons.

119. Briefly describe the cellular organization of the cerebellum.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 24

Title: Poikien kirja

Author: Veikko Korhonen

Release date: December 22, 2023 [eBook #72475]

Original publication: Helsinki: Kustaannusliike Mattila & Kumpp, 1924

Credits: Juhani Kärkkäinen and Tapio Riikonen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POIKIEN

Helsingissä, Kustannusliike Mattila & Kumpp, 1924.

Heikki ja Paavo istuivat kirjojensa ääressä, valmistellen huomisia

Läksyt eivät oikein maistuneet tänä iltapäivänä pojille. Siihen oli

— Korjaa sinä, kun olet kerran nuorempi, sanoi Heikki.

— Minulla on enemmän läksyjäkin.

— Minä korjasin viimeksi. Mene nyt.

Heikki työnsi jyrinällä tuolin syrjään ja heitti kekäleen hellaan.

— Olet koko aasi, kimmahti hän veljelleen. — Kunhan äiti tulee,

— Ettäkö kantelisit, naurahti Paavo.

Heikki oli äsken täyttänyt neljätoista vuotta, pitkä, hontelo poika.

Niin surullisesti olivat asiat.

Ei auttanut, vaikka äitikin valitti ja opettajat tekivät parhaansa.

— Kahdenkymmenenviiden vanhana ylioppilas, kolmenkymmenen

Vesikattila lauloi hiljaa hellalla ja pojat koettivat taas syventyä

Värikkäät kuvat kesästä keskeyttivät kokonaan Paavon lukemisen.

94. Cerebellum is to as basal ganglia are to .