Biochemistry 9Th Edition Campbell Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Biochemistry 9th Edition Campbell Test
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Chapter 06 - The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes
1. How much faster is a reaction with the fastest enzyme than without a catalyst?
a. About 10 times faster.
b. About 100 times faster.
c. About 1,000 times faster.
d. About 10,000 times faster.
e. About 1020 times faster.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CAFA.BIOC.15.5 - Modified from 5e
TOPICS: Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts
DATE CREATED: 12/23/2013 2:14 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 12/23/2013 2:14 PM
2. As catalysts, enzymes are

a. significantly less effective than nonenzymatic catalysts
b. slightly less effective than nonenzymatic catalysts
c. significantly more effective than nonenzymatic catalysts
d. slightly more effective than nonenzymatic catalysts
e. exactly the same as nonenzymatic catalysts
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CAFA.BIOC.15.9 - Modified for 8e
TOPICS: Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts
3. The rate of a reaction depends on

a. the free energy change
b. the activation energy
c. the enthalpy change
d. the entropy change
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Kinetics Versus Thermodynamics
4. Enzymatic activity has an optimum temperature because

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
a. the component amino acids have varying melting points

b. the rate of reactions is thermodynamically controlled
c. the side chains of essential residues are chemically degraded at higher temperatures
d. raising the temperature speeds up the reaction until protein denaturation sets in
e. the organism dies beyond a certain temperature
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CAFA.BIOC.15.7 - Modified in 8e
5. The main difference between a catalyzed and an uncatalyzed reaction is that

a. the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction is lower.
b. the catalyzed reaction has a more favorable free energy change.
c. the catalyzed reaction has a more favorable enthalpy change.
d. the catalyzed reaction has a more favorable entropy change.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
6. Which of the following is not true?

a. In thermodynamics, spontaneous does not mean instantaneous or even fast.
b. If a reaction is spontaneous then it has a negative ΔG.
c. Speed of a reaction is a kinetic parameter, not a thermodynamic one.
d. A reaction with a positive ΔG0 can never happen
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CAFA.BIOC.15.4 - New in 7e
7. What effect does a catalyst have on the ΔG° of a reaction?

a. A catalyst lowers the ΔG°.
b. A catalyst raises the ΔG°.
c. A catalyst has no effect on the ΔG°.

d. It depend on the specific catalyst.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
8. Which of the following is most directly related to the speed of a reaction?

a. The temperature
b. The ΔG0 of the reaction
c. The ΔG of the reaction
d. The ΔG0‡ of the reaction
e. None of these is correct.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
9. A rate constant is
a. the rate of a reaction at standard temperature and pressure.
b. the rate of a reaction at equilibrium.
c. a proportionality constant relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration(s) of the reactant(s).
d. a kind of transition state.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
10. The rate of a reaction is always dependent on the concentration(s) of the reactant(s).
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
11. All catalysts work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
12. The amount of energy released during a reaction tells nothing about the rate at which that reaction will occur.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
13. Thermodynamically favorable reactions all release energy.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
14. The sign of Gibb's Free Energy is positive ("+") when energy is released.
a. True
b. False

ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
15. Which of the following is true about lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?

a. There are two types of subunits, H amd M, that combine to form 5 types of isozymes
b. An increase in H-based isozymes was once used to diagnose heart attacks
c. An increase in blood levels of LDH of any kind is indicative of some sort of problem
d. One type of LDH has only H subunits
e. All of the choices
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Kinetcis vs. Thermodynamics
16. The order of a reaction can be determined from the balanced equation for the reaction.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Enzyme Kinetics Equations
17. The kinetic order of a reaction

a. can be determined by inspection from the coefficients of the balanced equation
b. must be determined experimentally
c. always depends on the concentration of enzyme
d. never depends on concentrations of reactants
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

18. Given the rate law, rate = k[A][B], the overall reaction order is
a. zero
b. one
c. two
d. cannot be determined
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
19. First order kinetics means:

a. The rate of a reaction is independent of the amount of reactant measured.
b. The rate of the reaction varies directly with the amount of reactant measured.
c. The rate of the reaction varies with the square of the amount of the reactant measured.
d. More information is needed to answer this question.
e. None of these is correct.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
20. The active site of an enzyme

a. is frequently located in a cleft in the enzyme.
b. is the portion of the enzyme to which the substrate binds.
c. contains the reactive groups that catalyze the reaction.
d. all of these are correct
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Enzyme-Substrate Binding

21. The substrate will only bind to the enzyme when the shapes fit together rigidly.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
22. In the induced-fit model of substrate binding to enzymes

a. the substrate changes its conformation to fit the active site
b. the active site changes its conformation to fit the substrate
c. there is a conformational change in the enzyme when the substrate binds
d. there is aggregation of several enzyme molecules when the substrate binds
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
23. The E-S complex often shows as a slight depression in the energy profile for the reaction.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
24. The active site of an enzyme is the place where the following happens:
a. The enzyme substrate complex forms here.
b. The catalytic reaction happens here.
c. Allosteric regulation of enzyme rate occurs here.
d. The enzyme-substrate complex forms and the reaction occurs at the active site.

e. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
25. Which of the following is implied by induced fit between the enzyme's active site and the substrate?
a. The enzyme is a flexible molecule.
b. An enzyme will work equally well with different substrates.
c. An active site can bind to different substrates.
d. The enzyme is a flexible molecule so different substrates can bind.
e. All of these are correct
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
26. Which of the following is true?

a. The E-S complex often dissociates with no reaction taking place.
b. The E-S complex must form before a reaction can take place
c. Once the E-S complex forms, it can go on to form product or dissociate to E + S
d. All of these are correct
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
27. Which of the following is true about the enzyme chymotrypsin?

a. The enzyme can cleave peptides.
b. The enzyme can cleave esters.
c. The enzyme only binds to aromatic substrates.
d. The enzyme can cleave substrates which are not naturally occurring.
e. All of these are correct
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
28. The reaction catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamoylase is

a. the first step in the synthesis of amino acids.
b. the first step in the synthesis of fatty acids.
c. the first step in the synthesis of CTP and UTP.
d. is part of glycolysis.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
29. In the reaction catalyzed by chymotrypsin, a graph in which the rate is plotted against the concentration of substrate
a. is sigmoidal, characteristic of an allosteric enzyme
b. shows that cooperative kinetics are observed
c. shows that the reaction is zero order
d. is hyperbolic, characteristic of a nonallosteric enzyme
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
30. In the reaction catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamoylase, a graph in which the rate is plotted against the concentration
of substrate
a. is sigmoidal, characteristic of an allosteric enzyme
b. shows that noncooperative kinetics are observed
c. shows that the reaction is zero order
d. is hyperbolic, characteristic of a nonallosteric enzyme
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1


31. The Michaelis-Menten approach to describing the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction makes which of the
following assumptions about the conversion of product into substrate?
a. The product binds reversibly to the enzyme in order to be converted into the substrate.
b. The product is not converted to substrate to any appreciable extent.
c. The product is converted to substrate following simple first order kinetics.
d. The product is converted to substrate following simple second order kinetics.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Michaelis-Menten Approach
32. The initial rate of an enzymatic reaction is usually determined in order to assure that
a. the enzyme is active
b. there is no reverse reaction of product to the enzyme-substrate complex
c. the substrate is not used up
d. the experiment can be completed quickly
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
33. According to the steady-state assumption

a. the product concentration does not change significantly
b. the substrate concentration is large and does not change significantly
c. the concentration of enzyme-substrate complex remains constant with time
d. the free enzyme concentration is always in great excess to the concentration of enzyme-substrate complex
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1


34. Most enzyme reactions display first order kinetics for the individual substrates when the substrate concentration is
low.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
35. When the substrate concentration is low, an enzyme reaction

a. will display zero-order kinetics.
b. will display first-order kinetics.
c. will display second-order kinetics.
d. will denature and cease to function.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
36. When an enzyme is saturated with substrates,

a. it will display zero-order kinetics.
b. it will display first-order kinetics.
c. it will display second-order kinetics.
d. it will denature and cease to function.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
37. The Michaelis constant is

a. related to the molecular weight of the enzyme

b. a measure of the resistance of the enzyme to denaturation
c. a reflection of the percentage of polar amino acids in the enzyme
d. a rough measure of the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
38. The KM expression is equal to

a. (k1 + k2) / k−1
b. (k−1 + k2) / k1
c. (k1 + k−1) / k2
d. k−1 / k1
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
39. Which of the following are related for a given enzyme?

a. Vmax, KM, and percentage of α-helix
b. Vmax, kcat, and percentage of β-sheet
c. Vmax, kcat, and turnover number
d. Vmax, KM, and molecular weight
e. None of these are related in any way
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
40. The Michaelis constant is

a. the rate constant for the formation of the substrate-enzyme (E-S) complex.
b. the rate constant for the breakdown of the substrate-enzyme (E-S) complex to form free enzyme and substrate.
c. the rate constant for the breakdown of the substrate-enzyme (E-S) complex to form free enzyme and product.
d. a compilation of several rate constants for the reaction.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
41. The drug acetazolamide:

a. Is used to help fight altitude sickness
b. Was found to ruin the taste of carbonated beverages
c. Does not affect the taste of non-carbonated liquors
d. Causes its effect on taste by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase 4
e. All of these
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
42. The substrate-enzyme (E-S) complex

a. always proceeds to form the products rapidly.
b. always breaks down to form free enzyme and substrate.
c. always breaks down to form free enzyme and product.
d. may break down to form free enzyme and substrate, or free enzyme and product.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
43. When an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has two substrates and substrate A must bind before substrate B, the mechanism
is called
a. a ping-pong mechanism
b. a random mechanism
c. an ordered mechanism
d. a suicide mechanism
e. none of these is true
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
44. Which of the following is true concerning a ping-pong mechanism?

a. Either substrate can bind first
b. Either product can leave first
c. One product leaves before the second substrate binds
d. One product leaves before either substrate has bound
e. none of these are true
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
45. A Lineweaver-Burk plot is useful in the analysis of enzymatic reactions because

a. it is easier to see whether points deviate from a straight line than from a curve
b. it is not affected by the presence of inhibitors
c. it can be used whether or not the enzyme displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics
d. all of the above
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
46. The steady state of an enzyme reaction is the following:

a. The rate observed just after mixing the enzyme and substrate.
b. The rate observed and Vmax.

c. The rate of product formation.
d. The state which exists when E-S complex is forming as fast as it is breaking down.
e. The state which exists when substrate concentration equals KM.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
47. If the y-intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot = 1.91 (sec/millimole) and the slope = 75.3 L/sec, Vmax equals:
a. 0.0254 millimoles per second.
b. 0.523 millimoles per second.
c. 5.23 millimoles per second.
d. 39.4 millimoles per second.
e. 75.3 millimoles per second.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
48. If the y-intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot = 1.91 (sec/millimole) and the slope = 75.3 L/sec, KM equals:
a. 0.0254 millimolar (mM).
b. 0.523 millimolar (mM).
c. 5.23 millimolar (mM).
d. 39.4 millimolar (mM).
e. 75.3 millimolar (mM).
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
49. The Michaelis constant determines the Vmax of an enzymatic reaction.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
50. It is important that at physiological conditions, enzymes work at Vmax.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
Exhibit 6A
This is a reaction going on in your muscle cells right this very minute:
The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes this reaction in the forward direction as part of the glycolytic pathway.
It follows simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics:
Typical cellular concentrations: triose phosphate isomerase = 0.1 nM

dihydroxyacetone phosphate = 5 µM glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = 2 µM
51. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the equilibrium constant for the uncatalyzed reaction?
a. 0.9
b. 1.1
c. 2.5
d. Cannot be determined from the information provided.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
PREFACE NAME: Exhibit 6A

52. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the KM of the enzyme?

a. 10 nM
b. 0.1 µM
c. 1 µM
d. 10 µM
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
53. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the Vmax of the enzyme?

a. 90 nM/s
b. 4500 µM/s
c. 200 µM/s
d. 0.5 M/s
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
54. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the actual velocity of the forward reaction under physiologic conditions?
a. 2 nM/s
b. 45 nM/s
c. 500 nM/s
d. 30 nM/s
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

55. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the equilibrium constant for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
a. 0.9
b. 1.1
c. 2.5
d. Cannot be determined from the information provided.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
56. Refer to Exhibit 6A. "Restrainin" is an inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase. When it is added to cells at a
concentration of 0.4 nM, the enzyme's apparent KM for the substrate is altered to 100 µM, but the Vmax is unchanged.
a. This is a competitive inhibitor.
b. This is an uncompetitive inhibitor.
c. This is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
d. This is an irreversible inhibitor.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Enzyme Inhibition
57. Refer to Exhibit 6A. "Restrainin" is an inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase. When it is added to cells at a
concentration of 0.4 nM, the enzyme's apparent KM for the substrate is altered to 100 µM, but the Vmax is unchanged.
In the following graph, which line best represents the Lineweaver-Burk plot obtained in the presence of restrainin?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
58. Refer to Exhibit 6A. "Hindrate" is an inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase. When it is added to cells at a
concentration of 0.1 nM, the enzyme's KM for the substrate is unchanged, but the apparent Vmax is altered to 50 nM/sec.
a. This is a competitive inhibitor.
b. This is an uncompetitive inhibitor.
c. This is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
d. This is an irreversible inhibitor.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
59. Refer to Exhibit 6A. "Hindrate" is an inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase. When it is added to cells at a
concentration of 0.1 nM, the enzyme's KM for the substrate is unchanged, but the apparent Vmax is altered to 50 nM/sec.
In the following graph, which line best represents the Lineweaver-Burk plot obtained in the presence of hindrate?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
60. Which of the following statements regarding the Michaelis constant is false?
a. It is similar to the affinity constant between the enzyme and substrate.
b. The dimension for the Michaelis constant is concentration, such as molarity.
c. The Michaelis constant determines the Vmax.
d. It is the substrate concentration necessary to reach 1/2 Vmax.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
61. To study the nature of an enzyme, Vmax is not as good a measurement as the catalytic rate constant kcat because:
a. The Vmax is not a true constant since it depends on the concentration of enzyme
b. The Vmax cannot be measured
c. The Vmax is only valid for allosteric enzymes
d. none of these
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
62. The KM of hexokinase for glucose = 0.15 mM and for fructose, KM = 1.5 mM. Which is the preferred substrate?
a. Glucose.
b. Fructose.
c. Neither substrate is preferred over the other.
d. You cannot tell from the data given.
e. None of these answers is correct.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
63. Competitive inhibitors have this effect:

a. Modifying the KM value.
b. Changing the value for Vmax.
c. Interfering with substrate binding.
d. This type of inhibitor both changes the KM and interferes with substrate binding.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
64. Which of the following inhibitors binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site?
a. competitive inhibitor
b. noncompetitive inhibitor
c. irreversible inhibitor
d. all of these
e. none of these
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
65. Inhibitors can have the following effects on enzyme kinetics:

d. An inhibitor can change the KM and interfere with substrate binding.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
66. The value of Vmax changes in

a. competitive inhibition
b. noncompetitive inhibition
c. both forms of inhibition
d. neither form of inhibition
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
67. The fundamental difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition is

a. the degree of cooperativity of the reaction
b. the size of the active site of the enzyme
c. the manner of binding of substrate to the enzyme
d. the manner of binding of inhibitor to the enzyme
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1

68. Which of the following is more likely to inhibit regulatory subunits of an allosteric enzyme?
a. A competitive inhibitor
b. A non-competitive inhibitor
c. An irreversible inhibitor
d. All of these are equally likely to inhibit a regulatory subunit
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
69. For competitive inhibition

a. the value of KM decreases
b. the value of Vmax decreases
c. it is possible to overcome the effect of the inhibitor by increasing the concentration of substrate
d. none of the above
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
70. Irreversible inhibitors of enzymatic reactions

a. bind to the enzyme only at low temperatures.
b. affect only serine side chains.
c. react with the enzyme to produce a protein that is not enzymatically active and from which the original
enzyme cannot be regenerated.
d. are bound to the enzyme by the lock-and-key mechanism.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

71. A noncompetitive inhibitor

a. binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site
b. is structurally related to the substrate
c. does not affect the value of Vmax
d. decreases the value of KM
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
72. What effect is seen on a Lineweaver-Burk graph when a competitive inhibitor is added?
a. The y-intercept is changed, but not change the slope of the line.
b. The slope of the line is changed, but not the y-intercept.
c. Both the y-intercept and the slope of the line are changed.
d. Neither the y-intercept not the slope of the line is changed.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
73. What effect is seen on a Lineweaver-Burk graph when a mixed-type inhibitor is added?
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

74. Generally speaking, a competitive inhibitor and the substrate cannot both bind to the enzyme at the same time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
75. What effect is seen on a Lineweaver-Burk graph when a non-competitive inhibitor is added?
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
76. Non-competitive inhibitors have this effect:

d. This type of inhibitor both changes the Vmax and interferes with substrate binding.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
77. If an inhibitor changes the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk graph, but not the y-intercept, it is this type of inhibition:
a. Competitive.
b. Non-competitive.
c. Mixed Inhibition (uncompetitive inhibition).
e. More than one answer is correct.

ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
78. If an inhibitor changes the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk graph, but not the x-intercept, it is this type of inhibition:
a. Competitive.
b. Non-competitive.
c. Mixed Inhibition (uncompetitive inhibition).
e. More than one answer is correct.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
79. Which of the following diseases has not been successfully treated using the principles of enzyme inhibition?
a. AIDS.
b. Lactose intolerance
c. Virus infection
d. Neither AIDS nor virus infection.
e. All of these have been successfully treated using enzyme inhibitors.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
80. Which of the following is true about a mixed type inhibition?

a. A Lineweaver-Burk plot will give parallel lines
b. The KM will change but not the Vmax
c. The lines of a Lineweaver-Burk graph will cross in the top left quadrant
d. None of these is true
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
81. Pure noncompetitive inhibition is a limiting case of

a. Competitive inhibition
b. Uncompetitive inhibition
c. Irreversible inhibition
d. Mixed inhibition
e. None of these is true
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
82. Which of the following is the most unique about an uncompetitive inhibitor?
a. It affects the KM of the enzyme
b. It affects the Vmax of the enzyme
c. It can be identified by a Lineweaver-Burk plot
d. The inhibitor can bind to ES but not to free E
e. None of these is particularly unique to an uncompetitive inhibitor
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
83. Which of the following is not related to the others?

a. Suicide Substrate
b. Irreversible Inhibitor
c. Trojan Horse substrate
d. Competitive Inhibitor
e. All of these are related
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
84. Nonenzymatic catalysts enhance the rate of a reaction by factors of _____.

a. 105 to 109
b. 102 to 104
c. 1015 to 1020
d. 1022 to 1024
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Enzyme Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics
DATE CREATED: 11/25/2016 7:19 AM
DATE MODIFIED: 11/25/2016 7:20 AM
85. Identify a true statement about the enzyme creatine kinase (CK).
a. Creatine kinase (CK) is found only in brain and skeletal muscles.
b. After a heart attack, creatine kinase (CK) shows up more rapidly in blood than lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
c. Creatine kinase (CK) is an isozyme as it can exist in five different forms.
d. A high level of creatine kinase (CK) in brain indicates normal functioning of the brain.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Enzyme Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics
86. The rate of the reaction of glycogenn with inorganic phosphate, Pi, to form glucose-1-phosphate and glycogenn-1 is
_____.
a. rate = k[Glycogen]1[Pi]1
b. rate = k[Glycogen]0[Pi]1
c. rate = k[Glucose-1-phosphate]1[Pi]1
d. rate = k[Glucose-1-phosphate]0[Pi]1
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
87. The rate of a zero-order reaction depends on the _____.

a. total number of reactants
b. concentration of products
c. concentration of reactants
d. presence of catalysts
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
TOPICS: Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
88. Explain the mechanism of the lock-and-key model of enzyme-substrate binding.

ANSWER: The lock-and-key model assumes a high degree of similarity between the shape of the substrate and
the geometry of the binding site on the enzyme. The substrate binds to a site whose shape
complements its own shape, like a key in a lock or the correct piece in a three-dimensional jigsaw
puzzle.
POINTS: 1
QUESTION TYPE: Essay

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advancing and strengthening (though still far within our own
mutually conceded military lines) our posts of observation,
and for the quick response of the men if summoned for
defensive action. Otherwise no change in the conduct,
condition, or temper of the troops was observable. So quietly
were these precautions effected that Filipino citizens,
noticing the apparent indifference of our men, warned me
repeatedly of the danger to be apprehended from a sudden
simultaneous attack of the insurgents within and without the
city, and were quietly informed that we did not anticipate any
great difficulty. Another very noticeable proof of
premeditated intent on the part of the insurgents was
perceived in the excitement manifested by the natives and
their removal in large numbers from the city. All avenues of
exit were filled with vehicles transporting families and
household effects to surrounding villages. The railway
properties were taxed to their utmost capacity in carrying the
fleeing inhabitants to the north within the protection of the
established insurgent military lines. Aguinaldo, by written
communications and messages, invited his old-time friends to
send their families to Malolos, where their safety was
assured, but Hongkong was considered a more secure retreat and
was taken advantage of. A carefully prepared estimate showed
that 40,000 of the inhabitants of the city departed within the
period of fifteen days."
Report of General Otis, August 31, 1899

(Message and Documents: Abridgment, 1899-1900,
volume 2, pages 1075-88).
The counter-proclamation of Aguinaldo, referred to above by

General Otis, was issued on the 5th of January, 1899, from
Malolos, addressed to My brothers, the Filipinos, all the
honorable consuls, and other foreigners." It said:
"Major General E. S. Otis's proclamation published yesterday

in the Manila papers obliges me to circulate the present one,
in order that all who read and understand it may know of my
most solemn protest against said proclamation, for I am moved
by my duty and my conscience before God, by my political
obligations with my beloved country, by my official and
private relations to the North American nations.
{378}
In the above mentioned proclamation, General Otis calls
himself 'Military Governor in the Philippines,' and I protest
once and a thousand times, with all the energy in my soul,
against such an authority. I solemnly proclaim that I have
never had, either at Singapore or here in the Philippines, any
verbal or written contract for the recognition of American
sovereignty over this cherished soil. … Our countrymen and
foreigners are witnesses that the land and naval forces of the
United States existing here have recognized by act the
belligerency of the Philippines, not only respecting but also
doing public honor to the Filipino banner, which triumphantly
traversed our seas in view of foreign nations represented here
by their respective consuls.
"As in his proclamation General Otis alludes to some

instructions issued by His Excellency the President of the
United States relating to the administration of affairs in the
Philippines, I solemnly protest in the name of God, root and
source of all justice and all right, who has visibly acceded
me the power to direct my dear brethren in the difficult task
of our regeneration, against this intrusion of the United
States Government in the administration of these islands. In
the same manner I protest against such an unexpected act which
treats of American sovereignty in these islands in the face of
all antecedents that I have in my possession referring to my
relations with the American authorities, which are unequivocal
testimony that the United States did not take me out of Hong
Kong to make war against Spain for their own benefit, but for
the benefit of our liberty and independence, to which end said
authorities verbally promised me their active support and
efficacious co-operation. So that you all may understand it,
my beloved brothers, it is the principle of liberty and
absolute independence that has been our noble ambition for the
purpose of obtaining the desired object, with a force given by
the conviction, now very widespread, not to retrace the path
of glory that we have passed over."-
United States, 56th Congress, 1st Session,

Senate Document 208, page 103.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (January).

Appointment of the First Commission to the Philippines
and the President's instructions to it.
On the 20th of January, 1899, the President of the United

States addressed the following communication to the Secretary
of State: "My communication to the Secretary of War, dated
December 21, 1898, declares the necessity of extending the
actual occupation and administration of the city, harbor, and
bay of Manila to the whole of the territory which by the
treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, passed from the
sovereignty of Spain to the sovereignty of the United States,
and the consequent establishment of military government
throughout the entire group of the Philippine Islands. While
the treaty has not yet been ratified, it is believed that it
will be by the time of the arrival at Manila of the
commissioners named below. In order to facilitate the most
humane, pacific, and effective extension of authority
throughout these islands, and to secure, with the least
possible delay, the benefits of a wise and generous protection
of life and property to the inhabitants, I have named Jacob G.
Schurman, Rear-Admiral George Dewey, Major General Elwell S.
Otis, Charles Denby, and Dean C. Worcester to constitute a
commission to aid in the accomplishment of these results. In
the performance of this duty, the commissioners are enjoined
to meet at the earliest possible day in the city of Manila and
to announce, by a public proclamation, their presence and the
mission intrusted to them, carefully setting forth that, while
the military government already proclaimed is to be maintained
and continued so long as necessity may require, efforts will
be made to alleviate the burden of taxation, to establish
industrial and commercial prosperity, and to provide for the
safety of persons and of property by such means as may be
found conducive to these ends.
"The commissioners will endeavor, without interference with
the military authorities of the United States now in control
of the Philippines, to ascertain what amelioration in the
condition of the inhabitants and what improvements in public
order may be practicable, and for this purpose they will study
attentively the existing social and political state of the
various populations, particularly as regards the forms of
local government, the administration of justice, the
collection of customs and other taxes, the means of
transportation, and the need of public improvements. They will
report through the Department of State, according to the forms
customary or hereafter prescribed for transmitting and preserving
such communications, the results of their observations and
reflections, and will recommend such executive action as may
from time to time seem to them wise and useful. The
commissioners are hereby authorized to confer authoritatively
with any persons resident in the islands from whom they may
believe themselves able to derive information or suggestions
valuable for the purposes of their commission, or whom they
may choose to employ as agents, as may be necessary for this
purpose.
"The temporary government of the islands is intrusted to the

military authorities, as already provided for by my
instructions to the Secretary of War of December 21, 1898, and
will continue until Congress shall determine otherwise. The
commission may render valuable services by examining with
special care the legislative needs of the various groups of
inhabitants, and by reporting, with recommendations, the
measures which should be instituted for the maintenance of
order, peace, and public welfare, either as temporary steps to
be taken immediately for the perfection of present
administration, or as suggestions for future legislation. In
so far as immediate personal changes in the civil
administration may seem to be advisable, the commissioners are
empowered to recommend suitable persons for appointment to
these offices from among the inhabitants of the islands who
have previously acknowledged their allegiance to this
Government.
"It is my desire that in all their relations with the

inhabitants of the islands the commissioners exercise due
respect for all the ideals, customs, and institutions of the
tribes which compose the population, emphasizing upon all
occasions the just and beneficent intentions of the Government
of the United States. It is also my wish and expectation that the
commissioners may be received in a manner due to the honored
and authorized representatives of the American Republic, duly
commissioned on account of their knowledge, skill, and
integrity as bearers of the good will, the protection, and the
richest blessings of a liberating rather than a conquering
nation.
WILLIAM McKINLEY."
Report of the Philippine Commission, January 31, 1900,

volume 1, exhibit 2 (page 185).
{379}
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (January-February).

Causes of and responsibility for the outbreak of hostilities
between the Americans and the Filipinos.
"The Philippine Information Society," organized for the

purpose of "placing within reach of the American people the
most reliable and authoritative evidence attainable in regard
to the people of the Philippine Islands and our relations to
them," has published in Number VII of the First Series of its
pamphlets a carefully made collection of information, from
official and other sources, relative to the circumstances in
which hostilities between the American and Filipino forces
came about. On this as on other subjects which the society has
investigated it seems to have pursued its inquiries with no
aim but to learn and set forth the truth. Its conclusions,
resting on the evidence which it submits, are stated in an
introduction to the pamphlet as follows:
"It will presumably he admitted that the important question

with regard to the Outbreak of Hostilities, February 4, 1899,
is not, who fired the first shot, but who was responsible for
the conditions that made it evident to every observer weeks
before the clash came that a single shot might bring on war. …
The situation may be briefly explained as follows: We believed
that the Philippine Archipelago was and ought to be ours, and
we were moving to take possession as rapidly as possible. The
Filipinos, or at least Aguinaldo's government and followers,
believed that the country was theirs and they resented every
effort on our part to occupy it. We considered it ours through
cession from Spain and right of conquest. They claimed that
Spain no longer held possession of the country and therefore
had no right to cede it to us; moreover, that by right of
conquest we were entitled only to temporary occupation of
Manila. We wished to extend our sovereignty throughout the
Archipelago with all possible dispatch. They desired
independence, or at least a protectorate which, while securing
them from foreign aggression, should leave them control of
their internal affairs. While a discussion of the justice of
either position does not come within the limits of the present
inquiry, it is important to remember that from the first a
minority in this country urged that the Filipinos were
entitled to a promise of ultimate independence, and that a
resolution of Congress, similar to that passed in the case of
Cuba, would avert all occasion for war. This course having
been rejected by our country, the question arises, did the
assertion of United States sovereignty render war inevitable? …
"No doubt most Americans believe that left to themselves the

Filipinos would soon have lapsed into anarchy, while a few
maintain that with temporary assistance in international
affairs they would have developed a government better suited
to their peculiar needs than we can ever give them. Still
others who are familiar with the Filipinos and kindred races
believe that their aspiration for an independent national
existence was not deep rooted, that had we adopted an
affectionate, admiring tone to their leaders, had we
recognized their government and approved of it, we could soon
have made their government our government, could have been as
sovereign as we pleased, and had the people with us. Whatever
view one may hold, it must be admitted that if we were to
establish our sovereignty by peaceful methods it was essential
to win the confidence and affection of the Filipinos. … There
is every indication that the Filipinos were prepared, at
first, to treat us as friends and liberators. General Anderson
tells the following interesting story: The prevailing
sentiment of the Filipinos towards us can be shown by one
incident. About the middle of July the insurgent leaders in
Cavite invited a number of our army and navy officers to a
banquet. There was some post-prandial speech-making, the
substance of the Filipino talk being that they wished to be
annexed but not conquered. One of our officers in reply
assured them that we had not come to make them slaves, but to
make them free men. A singular scene followed. All the
Filipinos rose to their feet, and Buencomeno, taking his
wine-glass in his hand, said: We wish to be baptized in that
sentiment. Then he and the rest poured the wine from their
glasses over their heads. After the very first, however, the
cultivation of intimate relations with the Filipino leaders
seems to have been considered unimportant or inadvisable.
General Merritt states that he never saw Aguinaldo. Social
intercourse between our officers and the Filipinos was
discouraged by General Otis. In fact after the surrender of
Manila General Whittier seems to have been the only one of our
superior officers who ever had a personal interview with
Aguinaldo.
"Certainly after the proclamation of January 4, [see above: A.

D. 1898-1899 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY)] war could only have been
avoided by a decisive action of Congress promising ultimate
independence to the Filipinos. That proclamation of January 4
raised the issue and provoked the counter proclamation of
January 5, which so stirred the people against us—a
proclamation in which Aguinaldo once and a thousand times and
with all the energy of his soul protested against American
sovereignty, and which closed with the words, 'upon their
heads be all the blood which may be shed.' …
"Aguinaldo's proclamation was followed by a series of

conferences of which General Otis reports 'It was one
continued plea for some concession that would satisfy tho
people.' On January 16th he cabled to Washington, 'Aspiration
Filipino people is independence with restrictions resulting
from conditions which its government agree with American when
latter agree to officially recognize the former.' Finally on
January 25th he sent word to the insurgent commissioners that
'To this dispatch no reply has been received.' From this time
General Otis states, the insurgents hurried forward
preparations for war. Contemporaneous with these events in the
Philippines the Treaty of Peace was pending in the United
States Senate where it had been assigned for a vote on
February 6th.
"With regard to the actual outbreak of' hostilities, there is

a sharp difference of opinion. The United States press
dispatches announcing the outbreak, and the contemporaneous
newspaper statements by the Filipinos … are of interest as
evidence that from the very first each side claimed the other
to be the aggressor.
{380}
As to which of these opposing claims is borne out by the
facts, the editors would say that after careful study of all
the accessible evidence they find that according to the most
authoritative statements the outbreak occurred as the result
of a trespass by four armed Filipinos on territory admitted by
the Filipino in command to be within the jurisdiction of the
United States. The number of Filipinos has been variously
estimated. The editors follow the report of General MacArthur
in command of the division in which the firing began, which
agrees with the report of Second-Lieutenant Wheedon of the
First Nebraska U. S. Volunteer Infantry, stationed at Santa
Mesa. The action of the Filipino trespassers seems to have
been an instance of bad discipline in the insurgent army.
Certainly it was not ordered on that date by the insurgent
leaders, although there are some indications that the leaders
had planned to attack in a few days. The claim that our forces
instigated the attack for the purpose of securing the votes
necessary to ratify the treaty is absolutely unsupported by
any evidence which has come to the attention of the editors."
Philippine Information Society,

Publications, First Series, VII., Introduction.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (January-November).

Attack on American forces by the Tagalos.
Continued hostilities.
Progress of American conquest.
"No definite date had been set for the attack [by the hostile
Tagalos], but a signal by means of rockets had been agreed
upon, and it was universally understood that it would come
upon the occurrence of the first act on the part of the
American forces which would afford a pretext; and in the lack
of such act, in the near future at all events. Persistent
attempts were made to provoke our soldiers to fire. The
insurgents were insolent to our guards and made persistent and
continuous efforts to push them back and advance the insurgent
lines farther into the city of Manila. … With great tact and
patience the commanding general had held his forces in check,
and he now made a final effort to preserve the peace by
appointing a commission to meet a similar body appointed by
Aguinaldo and to 'confer with regard to the situation of
affairs and to arrive at a mutual understanding of the intent,
purposes, aims, and desires of the Filipino people and of the
people of the United States.' Six sessions were held, the last
occurring on January 29, six days before the outbreak of
hostilities. No substantial results were obtained, the
Filipino commissioners being either unable or unwilling to
give any definite statements of the 'intent, purposes, and
aims of their people.' At the close of the last session they
were given full assurances that no hostile act would be
inaugurated by the United States troops. The critical moment
had now arrived. Aguinaldo secretly ordered the Filipinos who
were friendly to him to seek refuge outside the city. The
Nebraska regiment at that time was in camp on the east line at
Santa Mesa, and was guarding its front. For days before the
memorable 4th of February, 1899, the outposts in front of the
regiment had been openly menaced and assaulted by insurgent
soldiers; they were attempting to push our outposts back and
advance their line. They made light of our sentinels and
persistently ignored their orders. On the evening of the 4th
of February, an insurgent officer came to the front with a
detail of men and attempted to pass the guard on the San Juan
Bridge, our guard being stationed at the west end of the
bridge. The Nebraska sentinel drove them back without firing,
but a few minutes before 9 o'clock that evening a large body
of insurgent troops made an advance on the South Dakota
outposts, which fell back rather than fire. About the same
time the insurgents came in force to the east end of the San
Juan Bridge, in front of the Nebraska regiment. For several
nights prior thereto a lieutenant in the insurgent army had
been coming regularly to our outpost No. 2, of the Nebraska
regiment, and attempting to force the outpost back and
insisting on posting his guard within the Nebraska lines; and
at this time and in the darkness he again appeared with a
detail of about six men and approached Private Grayson, of
Company D, First Nebraska Volunteers, the sentinel on duty at
outpost No. 2. He, after halting them three times without
effect, fired, killing the lieutenant, whose men returned the
fire and then retreated. Immediately rockets were sent up by
the Filipinos, and they commenced firing all along the line, …
and continued to fire until about midnight; and about 4
o'clock on the morning of February 5 the insurgents again
opened fire all around the city and kept it up until the
Americans charged them and drove them with great slaughter out
of their trenches."
Philippine Commission, Preliminary Report

(Exhibit 1.—Report, January 31, 1900,
"They [the insurgents] were promptly repulsed in a series of

active engagements which extended through the night of the
4th, and the 5th, 6th, and 10th days of February. Our lines
were extended and established at a considerable distance from
the city in every direction. On the 22d of February a
concerted rising of the Tagalogs in the city of Manila, of
whom there are about 200,000, was attempted, under
instructions to massacre all the Americans and Europeans in
the city. This attempt was promptly suppressed and the city
was placed under strict control. The troops composing the
Eighth Army Corps under General Otis's command at that time
were of regulars 171 officers and 5,201 enlisted men and of
volunteers 667 officers and 14,831 enlisted men, making an
aggregate of 838 officers and 20,032 enlisted men. All of the
volunteers and 1,650 of the regulars were, or were about to
become entitled to their discharge, and their right was
perfected by the exchange of ratifications of the treaty on
the 11th of April. …
"The months of the most intense heat, followed by the very

severe rainy season of that climate, were immediately
approaching, and for any effective occupation of the country
it was necessary to await both the close of the rainy season
and the supply of new troops to take the place of those about
to be discharged. Practically all the volunteers who were then
in the Philippines consented to forego the just expectation of
an immediate return to their homes, and to remain in the field
until their places could be supplied by new troops. They
voluntarily subjected themselves to the dangers and casualties
of numerous engagements, and to the very great hardships of
the climate. They exhibited fortitude and courage, and are
entitled to high commendation for their patriotic spirit and
soldierly conduct. …
{381}
"No attempt was … made to occupy the country, except in the

vicinity of Manila, and at such points as were important for
the protection of our lines. Such movements as passed beyond
this territory were designed primarily to break up threatening
concentrations of insurgent troops, and to prevent undue
annoyance to the positions which we occupied. On the 11th of
February the city of Iloilo, on the island of Panay, the
second port of the Philippines in importance, was occupied.
After the capture of Iloilo the navy took possession of the
city of Cebu, on the island of Cebu, and on the 26th of
February a battalion of the 23d Infantry was dispatched to
that port for the protection of the inhabitants and property.
On the 1st of March a military district comprising the islands
of Panay, Negros, and Cebu, and such other Visayan islands as
might be thereafter designated, to be known as the 'Visayan
Military District,' was established and placed under the
supervision of Brigadier General Marcus P. Miller, commanding
1st Separate Brigade, Eighth Army Corps, with headquarters at
Iloilo. The 3d Battalion of the 1st California Volunteer
Infantry was thereupon ordered to the island of Negros, under
the command of Colonel (now Brigadier General) James F. Smith,
and took possession of the city of Bacolod, on that island,
without resistance. On the 5th of May Brigadier General James
F. Smith assumed temporary command of the Visayan military
district, and on the 25th of May Brigadier General R. P.
Hughes, United States Volunteers, was assigned to the command
of the district. On the 19th of May the Spanish garrison at
Jolo, in the Sulu Archipelago, was replaced by American
troops. By the 31st of August the number of troops stationed
at Jolo and the Visayan Islands, including a small guard at
the Cavite Arsenal, amounted to 4,145. …
"All of the forces who were entitled to be discharged as above

mentioned have now [November. 29, 1899] been returned to this
country and mustered out. The new troops designed to take the
place of those returning to this country, and to constitute an
effective army for the occupation of the Philippines, have
been transported to Manila. … The troops now in the
Philippines comprise 905 officers and 30,578 men of the
regular force, and 594 officers and 15,388 men of the
volunteer force, making an aggregate of 1,499 officers and
45,966 men, and when the troops on the way have arrived the
total force constituting the Eighth Army Corps will be 2,051
officers and 63,483 men.
"By the 10th of October the process of changing armies and the
approach of the dry season had reached a point where an
advance toward the general occupation of the country was
justified. At that time the American lines extended from the
Bay of Manila to Laguna de Bay, and included considerable
parts of the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, and Morong to the
south and east of Manila, substantially all of the province of
Manila and the southern parts of Bulacan and Pampanga,
dividing the insurgent forces into two widely separated parts.
To the south and east of our lines in Cavite and Morong were
numerous bands occasionally concentrating for attack on our
lines, and as frequently dispersed and driven back toward the
mountains. On the 8th or October, the insurgents in this
region having again gathered and attacked our lines of
communication, General Schwan with a column of 1,726 men
commenced a movement from Bacoor, in the province of Cavite,
driving the enemy through Old Cavite, Noveleta, Santa Cruz,
San Francisco de Malabon, Saban, and Perez das Marinas,
punishing them severely, scattering them and destroying them
as organized forces, and returning on the 13th to Bacoor. On
the north of our lines stretched the great plain of central
Luzon extending north from Manila about 120 miles. This plain
comprises parts of the provinces of Manila, Pampanga, Bulacan,
Tarlac, Nueva, Ecija, and Pangasinan. It is, roughly speaking,
bounded on the south by the Bay of Manila: on the east and
west by high mountain ranges separating it from the seacoasts,
and on the north by mountains and the Gulf of Lingayen.
Through the northeast and central portion flows the Rio Grande
from the northern mountains southwesterly to the Bay of Manila,
and near the western edge runs the only railroad on the island
of Luzon, in a general southeasterly direction from Dagupan,
on the Bay of Lingayen, to Manila. In this territory Aguinaldo
exercised a military dictatorship, and with a so-called
cabinet imitated the forms of civil government, having his
headquarters at Tarlac, which he called his capital, and which
is situated near the center of the western boundary of the
plain.
"The operations commenced in October involved the movement of

three separate forces:
(1) A column proceeding up the Rio Grande and along the

northeastern borders of the plain and bending around to the
westward across the northern boundary toward the Gulf of
Lingayen, garrisoning the towns and occupying the mountain
passes which gave exit into the northeastern division of the
island.
(2) An expedition proceeding by transports to the Gulf of

Lingayen, there to land at the northwestern corner of the
plain and occupy the great coast road which from that point
runs between the mountains and the sea to the northern
extremity of the island, and to proceed eastward to a junction
with the first column.
(3) A third column proceeding directly up the railroad to the

capture of Tarlac, and thence still up the road to Dagupan,
driving the insurgent forces before it toward the line held by
the first two columns.
These movements were executed with energy, rapidity, and

success, notwithstanding the exceedingly unfavorable weather
and deluges of rain, which rendered the progress of troops and
transportation of subsistence most difficult. On the 12th of
October a strong column under General Lawton, with General
Young commanding the advance, commenced the northerly movement
up the Rio Grande from Arayat, driving the insurgents before
it to the northward and westward. On the 18th the advance
reached Cabiao. On the 19th San Isidro was captured, and a
garrison established; on the 27th Cabanatuan was occupied, and
a permanent station established there. On the 1st of November
Aliaga and Talavera were occupied. In the meantime
detachments, chiefly of Young's cavalry, were operating to the
west of the general line of advance, striking insurgent
parties wherever they were found and driving them toward the
line of the railroad. By the 13th of November the advance had
turned to the westward, and our troops had captured San Jose,
Lupao, Humingan, San Quintin, Tayug, and San Nicolas. By the
18th of November the advance had occupied Asingan and Rosales,
and was moving on Pozorrubio, a strongly intrenched post about 12
miles east of San Fabian. General Lawton's forces now held a
line of posts extending up the eastern side of the plain and
curving around and across the northern end to within a few
miles of the Gulf of Lingayen.
{382}
"On the 6th of November a force of 2,500, under command of

General Wheaton, sailed from Manila for the Gulf of Lingayen,
convoyed by ships of the Navy, and on the 7th the expedition
was successfully landed at San Fabian with effective
assistance from a naval convoy against spirited opposition. On
the 12th the 33d Volunteers, of Wheaton's command, under
Colonel Hare, proceeded southeastward to San Jacinto, attacked
and routed 1,200 intrenched insurgents, with the loss of the
gallant Major John A. Logan and 6 enlisted men killed, and one
officer and 11 men wounded. The enemy left 81 dead in the
trenches and suffered a total loss estimated at 300. In the
meantime, on the 5th of November, a column under General
McArthur advanced up the railroad from Angeles to Magalang,
clearing the country between Angeles and Arayat, encountering
and routing bodies of the enemy at different points, and
capturing Magalang. On the 11th it took Bamban, Capas, and
Concepcion, and on the 12th of November entered Tarlac, from
which the enemy fled on its approach. Meantime, parties,
mainly of the 36th Volunteers, under Colonel J. F. Bell,
cleared the country to the right of the line of advance as far
east as the points reached by General Lawton's flanking
parties. On the 17th of November McArthur's column had
occupied Gerona and Panique, to the north of Tarlac, On the
19th, Wheaton's troops, and on the 20th, McArthur's troops,
entered Dagupan.
"On the 24th of November General Otis was able to telegraph to

the Department as follows: 'Claim to government by insurgents
can be made no longer under any fiction. Its treasurer,
secretary of the interior, and president of congress in our
hands; its president and remaining cabinet officers in hiding,
evidently in different central Luzon provinces; its generals
and troops in small bands scattered through these provinces,
acting as banditti, or dispersed, playing the rôle of
"Amigos," with arms concealed.' Since that time our troops
have been actively pursuing the flying and scattered bands of
insurgents, further dispersing them, making many prisoners,
and releasing many Spanish prisoners who had been in the
insurgents' hands. On the 23d General Young's column had
reached Namacpacan, 30 miles north of San Fernando, in the
province of Union, and passed north into the mountains; and on
the 24th Vigan, the principal port of the northwest coast, was
occupied by a body of marines landed from the battle ship
Oregon. Wherever the permanent occupation of our troops has
extended in the Philippine Islands civil law has been
immediately put in force. The courts have been organized and
the most learned and competent native lawyers have been
appointed to preside over them. A system of education has been
introduced and numerous schools have been established."
Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1899

(Message and Documents: Abridgment, 1899-1900,
General Young, whose movement is referred to above, reported

to General Otis from Pozorrubio, on the 17th of November:
"Aguinaldo is now a fugitive and an outlaw, seeking security
in escape to the mountains or by sea. My cavalry have ridden
down his forces wherever found, utterly routing them in every
instance, killing some, capturing and liberating many
prisoners, and destroying many arms, ammunition, and other war
impediments." On the 30th, Major March was sent by General
Young, as he expresses it, "on Aguinaldo's trail," and
encountered the forces of the Filipino General Pilar in the
Tila Pass. The following is Major March's report of the fight
which then occurred, and in which the Filipino commander fell:
"The trail winds up the Tila Mountains in a sharp zigzag. The
enemy had constructed a stone barricade across the trail at a
point where it commanded the turns of the zigzag for a
considerable distance. The barricade was loopholed for
infantry fire and afforded head cover for the insurgents. On
passing on beyond Lingey the advance was checked by a heavy
fire from this barricade, which killed and wounded several
men, without having its position revealed. I brought up the
remainder of the command at double time, losing two men
wounded during the run up. On arriving at the point, I located
the insurgents' position with my glasses—their fire being
entirely Mauser and smokeless powder—by the presence of the
insurgent officer who showed himself freely and directed the
fire. On pushing forward, the number of my men who were hit
increased so rapidly that it was evident that the position
could not be taken by a front attack, when the trail only
allowed the men to pass one at a time. On the left of the
barricade was a gorge several hundred feet deep. On its right,
as we faced it, was a precipitous mountain which rose 1,500 feet
above the trail. Across the gorge and to the left front of the
barricade was a hill, which, while it did not permit of flank
fire into the barricade, commanded the trail in its rear, and
this point I occupied with ten sharpshooters in command of
Sergeant-Major McDougall. He lost one man wounded in getting
to the top, and when there rendered most effective assistance.
I then ordered Lieutenant Tompkins to take his company (H) and
proceeding back on the trail to ascend the slope of the
mountain under cover of a slight ridge which struck the face
of the mountain about 150 feet from the summit. From there he
had a straight-up climb to the top, where the men pulled
themselves up by twigs and by hand. The ascent took two hours,
during which the enemy kept up an incessant and accurate fire,
which they varied by rolling down stones on our heads. When
Tompkins' men appeared upon the crest of the hills over their
heads, he had the command of the two other trenches which were
constructed in rear of the barricade, I have described, around
a sharp turn in the trail, and which were also held by the
insurgents. He opened fire upon them and I charged the first
barricade at the same time, and rushed the enemy over the
hill. We found eight dead bodies on the trail, and the bushes
which grew at the edge of the gorge were broken and
blood-stained where dead or wounded men fell through. Among
the dead bodies was that of Gregorio del Pilar, the general
commanding insurgent forces. I have in my possession his
shoulder straps; French field glasses, which gave the range of
objects; official and private papers, and a mass of means of
identification. He was also recognized personally by Mr.
McCutcheon and Mr. Keene, two newspaper correspondents who had
met him before.
{383}
The insurgents' report of their loss in this fight is 52,
given to me after I reached Cervantes. My loss was 2 killed
and 9 wounded. I reached the summit at 4.30 P. M. and camped
there for the night. … At Cervantes I learned that the force
at Tila Pass was a picked force from Aguinaldo's body guard,
and that it was wiped out of existence. Aguinaldo with his
wife and two other women and a handful of men were living in a
convent at Cervantes, perfectly secure in his belief that Tila
Pass was an impregnable position. It was the insurgents'
Thermopylæ."
Report of Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, 1900,

part 4, page 331.
Mr. McCutcheon, one of the newspaper correspondents referred

to by Major March, gave to the "Chicago Record" a graphic
account of the fight in Tila Pass, and wrote feelingly of the
death to the young Filipino General Pilar:
"General Gregorio del Pilar," wrote Mr. McCutcheon, "was the

last man to fall. He was striving to escape up the trail and
had already received a wound in the shoulder. A native was
holding his horse for him and just as he was preparing to
mount a Krag-Jorgensen bullet caught him in the neck, and
passing through came out just below his mouth. The men of
Company E, rushing up the trail, caught the native, who was
endeavoring to secure the papers which the general had in his
pockets, and a moment later captured the horse. At that time
no one knew who the dead man was, but from his uniform and
insignia they judged that he was an officer of high rank. The
souvenir fiend was at once at work and the body was stripped
of everything of value from the diamond ring to the boots. …
Many letters were found, most of them from his sweetheart,
Dolores Jose, who lived in Dagupan. A handkerchief bearing her
name was also found in his pocket. One letter was found from
the president of Lingay and gave the exact number of soldiers
in March's command. Pilar's diary, which ran from November 19
on to the day of his death, was of remarkable interest, for it

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Biochemistry 9th Edition Campbell Test

2. As catalysts, enzymes are

3. The rate of a reaction depends on

4. Enzymatic activity has an optimum temperature because

a. the component amino acids have varying melting points

5. The main difference between a catalyzed and an uncatalyzed reaction is that

6. Which of the following is not true?

7. What effect does a catalyst have on the ΔG° of a reaction?

c. A catalyst has no effect on the ΔG°.

8. Which of the following is most directly related to the speed of a reaction?

13. Thermodynamically favorable reactions all release energy.

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15. Which of the following is true about lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?

17. The kinetic order of a reaction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CAFA.BIOC.15.7 - Modified in 8e

19. First order kinetics means:

20. The active site of an enzyme

TOPICS: Enzyme-Substrate Binding

22. In the induced-fit model of substrate binding to enzymes

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e. All of these are correct.

26. Which of the following is true?

27. Which of the following is true about the enzyme chymotrypsin?

28. The reaction catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamoylase is

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QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

33. According to the steady-state assumption

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DATE CREATED: 12/23/2013 2:14 PM

35. When the substrate concentration is low, an enzyme reaction

36. When an enzyme is saturated with substrates,

37. The Michaelis constant is

a. related to the molecular weight of the enzyme

38. The KM expression is equal to

39. Which of the following are related for a given enzyme?

40. The Michaelis constant is

41. The drug acetazolamide:

42. The substrate-enzyme (E-S) complex

44. Which of the following is true concerning a ping-pong mechanism?

45. A Lineweaver-Burk plot is useful in the analysis of enzymatic reactions because

46. The steady state of an enzyme reaction is the following:

b. The rate observed and Vmax.

49. The Michaelis constant determines the Vmax of an enzymatic reaction.

50. It is important that at physiological conditions, enzymes work at Vmax.

Typical cellular concentrations: triose phosphate isomerase = 0.1 nM

PREFACE NAME: Exhibit 6A

52. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the KM of the enzyme?

53. Refer to Exhibit 6A. What is the Vmax of the enzyme?

DATE CREATED: 12/23/2013 2:14 PM

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63. Competitive inhibitors have this effect:

65. Inhibitors can have the following effects on enzyme kinetics:

66. The value of Vmax changes in

67. The fundamental difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition is

HAS VARIABLES: False

69. For competitive inhibition

70. Irreversible inhibitors of enzymatic reactions

DATE CREATED: 12/23/2013 2:14 PM

71. A noncompetitive inhibitor

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76. Non-competitive inhibitors have this effect:

e. More than one answer is correct.