Monkayo College of Arts, Sciences and Technology

L.S. Sarmiento Sr. St. Poblacion, Monkayo, Davao de Oro

Eggplant Farming System

PREPARED BY
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture 2A
Cyrus C. Bautista
Karlo C. Balabat
Cheryl Alarcon Miel

Submitted to:
SITTIE AISHA T. MANUCANG, L. AGRI., MEXED
BSA (AGRI. 4) INSTRUCTOR
Content
Chapter I. Commodity System
 Background of the commodity
 Objectives of the Study
 Scope and Limitations

Chapter II. Input Production Subsystem

 Planting Materials
 Varieties
 Climatic Soil Requirements
 Seedling Production
 Land Preparation
 Transplanting And Maintenance
 Pest And Disease Management
 Harvesting
 Post-Harvest
 Cost And Return Analysis Per Hectare

Chapter III. Farm Subsystem

 Local Farm Production

 Economic state of the Farm Sector
 Technological Development
 Key location and function
 Production Flow of the chosen commodity

Chapter IV. Processing Subsystem

 Competition
 Technology and Economic of Processing subsystem
  Problem of the subsystem
Chapter V. Distribution and Marketing Subsystem
 Marketing Opportunities of the chosen commodity in the
Philippines
 Marketing channels
 Demand
 Prices and Trends
 Pre-marketing and post-harvest handling practices
 Foreign and World trade

Chapter VI. Support Subsystem

 Financial Institutions
 Public Sector
 International Organization

Chapter VII. SWOT Analysis

 SWOT Analysis for Input Subsystem
 SWOT Analysis for Farm Subsystem
 SWOT Analysis for Processing Subsystem
 SWOT Analysis for Distribution and Marketing Subsystem
 SWOT Analysis for Support Subsystem

Chapter VIII. Conclusion and Recommendations

 References
 Appendices

 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

Eggplant, also known as Solanum melongena, is an economically important

vegetable in the Philippines and is considered the country's most popular vegetable
crop. It is a good source of vitamins, fiber, and minerals, providing many small-scale
farmers with their primary employment and livelihood. In recent years, there has
been a growing interest in studying the effects of different rootstocks and grafting
combinations on eggplant growth, yield, and fruit properties. In this study, we will
focus on studying the influence of wild relative rootstocks on eggplant growth, yield,
and fruit physicochemical properties under open field conditions.

Eggplant is a valuable vegetable crop in the Philippines, and researchers are

actively exploring the effects of various rootstocks and grafting combinations on
eggplant growth, yield, and fruit properties. By utilizing wild relative rootstocks and
specific grafting combinations, there is an opportunity to substantially improve
eggplant growth, yield, and fruit quality, which presents a promising path for
enhancing eggplant production.

The eggplant industry is a vital part of the agricultural sector, especially in

Asia, where it accounts for 87% of the world's production and covers 90% of the
global production area, according to research by Chen and Li (2008). Despite being
primarily grown for local consumption, eggplant is a valuable crop with significant
economic importance in the region.

Eggplant is an incredibly nutritious vegetable that provides essential vitamins,

minerals, and fiber, and it has been recognized as a potential cure for various
ailments. Researchers such as Maghirang (2001), Paredes (2005), Tan (2007), and
Chen and Li (2008) have all studied the various health benefits of eggplant, including
its ability to treat toothaches, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, dull vision, high
cholesterol, inflammation and swellings, and liver complaints.

This study aims to explore the different farming opportunities and potential
uses of this versatile commodity. Eggplant has become a popular crop in many
regions due to its versatility, and its numerous health benefits have made it a popular
ingredient in many cuisines worldwide. The results of this study will provide insights
into how farmers can make the most of eggplant cultivation and how the vegetable
can be used to improve human health and well-being.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 This study has been conducted with the intention of establishing and
communicating standards for eggplant quality and grading that meet the
demands of both domestic and international markets.

 It also aims to thoroughly understand the current state of the eggplant market
in the Philippines, including demand, supply, pricing, and consumption
patterns. The insights obtained from this study will enable farmers and traders
to make informed decisions about planting and selling eggplants, and

 Analyzed the entire eggplant supply chain, from production to distribution and
retail, in order to identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study focuses on assessing eggplant cultivation practices, including

planting techniques, pest and disease management, and use of fertilizers. Examine
the market demand for eggplants in local and international markets. Investigate the
environmental sustainability of eggplant farming practices. The available data for
analysis are limited to recent publications such as the Philippine Statistic Authority
(PSA) and the Agricultural Statistic Division (ASD). It is important to note that
regulatory changes and new studies may affect the accuracy of long-term predictions
and recommendations.
 CHAPTER II
FARM / INPUT AND PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEM

PLANTING MATERIALS
The cropping of eggplants needs the following materials: seeds, soil,
fertilizers, mulch, water (irrigation), plant supports and tools like secateurs, shovels,
and shears.

Seeds
Start eggplant seeds about eight weeks before planting outside. Plant
seeds one-fourth inch deep in flats containing sterile, soilless germination mix.

Soil
Eggplants prefer light, humus-rich, well-drained, warm soil. If planted in
early spring, eggplant grows best in soft sandy soils; loam is selected for later
crops. In high rainfall regions or areas with poor drainage, grow eggplant in
raised beds. Eggplants prefer a soil pH of 5.5 to 6.8. Perform a soil test ahead
of planting to know the soil pH. Add aged compost or commercial organic
planting mix to planting beds early of planting and turn the soil to 12 inches
(30cm) deep. Warm the soil in advance of planting by laying black plastic over
planting beds for two weeks.

Fertilizer
Side dress with nitrogen (21-0-0) using ½ tablespoon per plant at 4 and
8 weeks after planting. Place the fertilizer on the side of the plant and irrigate
it into the soil. Avoid over-fertilizing eggplant, which encourages excessive
leaf growth and delays flowering and fruit maturity.

Mulch
Eggplants benefit from black plastic mulch because it helps to heat the
soil and reduce root damage. Mulching around the plant will conserve soil
moisture and reduce weed growth.
 Water
Water eggplant profoundly and infrequently, applying 1-2 inches per
week. Use drip irrigation if possible. Irrigate so that moisture goes deeply into
the soil. Irregular watering (under or over) can cause harsh, leathery fruit or
root rot.

Other
Install plant supports at the time of planting. Protect young plants with
polyethene floating row covers if days or nights are cool. Harvest eggplants
when they have reached mature size; clip them off with sharp shears.

Varieties

Climatic Soil Requirements

 Eggplant can be grown from low to mid-elevations throughout the year.
Production is best, however, during the dry, cool months in sandy loam soil. Clay
loam to clayey soils, with a pH of 5.5-6.5, can also be used.

Seedling Production

Eggplant is best grown transplanted. Line sow 200-250g of seeds/ha in a

seedbed with one part animal manure and ½ part carbonated rice hull. The lines
should be 10-15 cm apart. Water before and after sowing. Mulch with rice hull or
straw and provide partial shading. Water regularly. One week before transplanting,
expose to full sunlight. Transplant four weeks from sowing.

Land Preparation

Prepare the land by plowing once and harrowing twice. Make furrows 1.0 m
apart. Spread manure along rows or hills at 1-2 handfuls per hill. Apply complete
fertilizer (14-14-14) at 10-15 g/hill and cover lightly with soil.

Transplanting and Maintenance

Irrigate the area before transplanting. Plant one seedling per hill at a distance
of 0.5-1.0 m, depending on variety. Provide a 1.0 m long stake to prevent lodging.
Irrigate by furrow every 7-14 days, depending on season and soil type. Side-dress
with urea at 10 g/hill every 2-4 weeks during the vegetative stage. Use equal parts
urea and 0-0-60 at the start of fruiting. Weed 2-3 times during the growing season or
as necessary. Practice mulching to minimize weed growth and maintain uniform soil
moisture.

Pest and Disease Management

Avoid mono-cropping. Plant different varieties in one area. Intercrop with

other vegetables and include repellants such as garlic, marigold, ginger, and
lemongrass. In the case of tip borer, remove and burn damage shoot together with
the larvae. If green leafhopper incidence is severe, spray insecticides at
recommended rates. With intercropping and mulching, the incidence of insect pests
will be minimal. Eggplant can be grown economically even without pesticides.

Harvesting
 Harvest mature fruits which are shiny and still soft; more frequent harvesting
can reduce damage from fruit borers. Harvest all fruits, including deformed and
damaged ones, to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Harvesting can last for
3-6 months. Several varieties can be grown from 1-2 years.

Post-harvest

Discard or bury severely infested fruits or make them into compost. Grade
according to market standards. Pack in crates lined with banana leaves. Do not
expose to high temperatures.

Cost And Return Analysis Per Hectare

I. Variable Cost

a. Labor (P 150/MD)

Plowing 1,500

Harrowing 3,000

Bedding 1,500

Manure Application 1,000

Seedling preparation (15MD) 2,250

Transplanting (10MD) 1,500

Fertilization (3x) (2MD) 900

Replanting (2 MD) 300

Mulching with rice straw (10 MD) 1,500

Fertilization Application:

Basal (4 MD) 600

Side dress (10 MD) 1,500

Irrigation (30 MD) 4,500

Weeding (20 MD) 3,000

 Spraying (30 MD) 4,500

Harvesting (50 MD) 7,500

Pruning (24 MD) 3,600

Miscellaneous (20 MD) 3,000

Sub-total 41,750

b. Materials

Seeds 1,500

Animal manure (5t) 5,000

Fertilizer:

16-20-0 (3bags @ 1,560/bag) 4,680

14-14-14 (6 bags @ 1,520/bag) 9,120

46-0-0 (10bags @ 1,250/bag) 12,500

0-0-60 (4bags @1,430/bag) 5,720

Lime (3tons) 2,000

Pesticides (insecticides & fungicides) 15,000

Miscellaneous 5,000

Sub-total 60,520

II. Fixed Cost

Land Rental 5,000

5pcs scythe 250

3pcs shovel 400

3pcs hoe 500

2 knapsack sprayer 3,000

Sub-total 9,150
TOTAL COST 111,320

Gross Income 200,000

Net Income 88,680

ROI – 80%
Estimated marketable yield/ ha @ P5/kl. (40,000 x P5kl)
 Chapter III

FARM SUBSYSTEM

Local Farm Production

The current status of eggplant production in the local farms of the

Philippines can be considered satisfactory, with no significant concerns or
issues. Eggplant is one of the most important vegetable crops in the country,
both in terms of volume and area of production. In 2020, the Philippines
produced around 249,900 metric tons of eggplant from 21,800 hectares of
land. The Ilocos Region is the leading producer of eggplant, followed by
Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, CALABARZON, and Bicol.

However, eggplant production in the Philippines is also facing some

challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the Eggplant Fruit and Shoot
Borer (EFSB), a destructive insect pest that can cause up to 73% crop losses.
Another challenge is the lack of access to high-yielding varieties and
improved farming practices.

The Philippine government is working to address these challenges

through various programs and initiatives. For example, the Department of
Agriculture promotes Bt eggplant, a genetically modified variety resistant to
EFSB. The government also provides farmers access to training and technical
assistance on eggplant production. Overall, the local farm production of
eggplant in the Philippines is in good condition. The country is a leading
producer of eggplant, and the crop is profitable for farmers. However, some
challenges, such as the EFSB pest, lack of access to high-yielding varieties,
and improved farming practices, need to be addressed.

Here are some additional things to note about the local farm production of
eggplant in the Philippines:

 Eggplant is a year-round crop in the Philippines but is most abundant

during the dry season (October to May).
 The Philippines exports a small amount of eggplant to other countries
in Asia, such as Japan and Korea.
  The Philippine government supports developing new eggplant varieties
more resistant to pests and diseases.
 The government is also promoting sustainable farming practices, such
as organic farming and integrated pest management.

Economic State of the Farm Sector

Eggplant is a profitable crop for farmers, and the industry is growing,

especially to farmers who are using Barate King F1 variety. According to the
Philippine Statistics Authority, eggplant production in the Philippines
amounted to approximately 9.22 billion Philippine pesos in 2022. This
represents an increase from the previous year.

Eggplant farmers can earn a good income, especially if they are able to
produce high yields and sell their produce at a reasonable price. However,
some factors can affect the profitability of eggplant production, such as the
cost of inputs, the weather, and the market price of eggplant. One of eggplant
farmers' most significant challenges is the cost of inputs, such as fertilizer and
pesticides. The prices of these inputs have been rising in recent years, which
has made it more difficult for farmers to make a profit.

Another challenge facing eggplant farmers is the climate. Eggplant is a

tropical crop that is susceptible to drought and flooding. Extreme weather
events can damage eggplant crops and reduce yields. Finally, the market
price of eggplant can also affect the profitability of eggplant production. The
cost of eggplant can fluctuate depending on the supply and demand. If the
supply of eggplant is high, the price will be low. Conversely, if the supply of
eggplant is low, the price will be high.

Despite these challenges, the economic state of the farm sector of

eggplant production in the Philippines is generally reasonable. The industry is
growing, and farmers can earn a good income if they are able to produce high
yields and sell their produce at an acceptable price.

The Philippine government also supports the eggplant industry through

various programs and initiatives. For example, the DA (Department of
Agriculture) provides farmers access to training and technical assistance on
eggplant production. The government is also promoting new eggplant
varieties more resistant to pests and diseases.

Technological Development

Technological development is also an essential aspect of eggplant

production in the Philippines. The recent approval of genetically modified
eggplant for commercial cultivation in the country is an example of
technological advancement in the industry. Black plastic mulch and drip
irrigation are also recommended to improve eggplant production. Another
thing which helps farmers raise more income is the rampant recommendation
of using organic fertilizers, such as manures and vermicompost.

GMOs

 The Philippines government approved Bt eggplant for commercial

cultivation in October 2022, making it the country's third genetically
engineered crop approved for commercial propagation.
 Bt eggplant is genetically modified to contain a protein from Bacillus
thuringiensis. This soil bacterium provides inherent protection against
the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), reducing the need for
pesticides.
 Field trials conducted in Bangladesh, the Philippines, and India
demonstrated that Bt eggplant is virtually immune to EFSB, safe for
humans and the environment, and welcomed by farmers.

Black Plastic Mulch

 A study conducted in the United States found that eggplant plants

grown on raised beds covered with white plastic film mulch had
improved plant growth and fruit yield compared to plants grown with
high levels of irrigation water.
 Another study found that eggplant plants grown on black polyethylene
soil mulch had increased the total yield of fruits.
  Mulching appears to be a viable tool to increase eggplant yield, and the
use of black plastic mulch is one way to achieve this.

Organic Fertilizers

 The Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) recommends applying

vermicompost fertilizer at a rate of 5 tons per hectare during planting
and applying vermi-tea and probiotic liquid fertilizer once a week to
foliage.
 Juan Magsasaka, a popular vlogger agriculturist, recommends that in
eggplant production, it is best to use plastic mulch to control weeds,
preserve soil moisture, prevent soil erosion and leaching of fertilizers,
and reflect sunlight to repel insect pests hiding under the leaves. They
also recommend applying 0.5 kg PCM or any commercial organic
fertilizer and 0.4 kg ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) per 10 linear
meters of the planting furrows or ridges.

Key Location and Function

The key locations in the Philippines for planting eggplant based on the
Philippine Statistics Authority are:

 Ilocos Region
 Central Luzon
 Cagayan Valley
 CALABARZON
 Bicol

These regions account for a significant portion of the total eggplant

production in the Philippines. The Ilocos Region is the leading producer of
eggplant, followed by Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, CALABARZON, and
Bicol.

Here are some of the reasons why these regions are vital locations for
eggplant production in the Philippines:
 Favorable climate

Eggplant is a tropical crop that thrives in warm and humid climates.

The key eggplant-producing regions in the Philippines have a climate
ideal for eggplant production.

Fertile Soil

Eggplant plants require fertile soil to produce high yields. The key
eggplant-producing regions in the Philippines, especially the Ilocos
Region have fertile soil well-suited for eggplant production.

Access To Irrigation

Eggplant plants need regular irrigation, especially during the dry

season. The key eggplant-producing regions in the Philippines have
access to irrigation, which allows farmers to grow eggplant year-round.

Availability Of Labor

Eggplant is a labour-intensive crop. The key eggplant-producing

regions in the Philippines have a large pool of skilled labour available
to help farmers with eggplant production.

The Philippine government supports the eggplant industry through

programs and initiatives in these critical locations. For example, the
Department of Agriculture provides farmers access to training and technical
assistance on eggplant production. The government is also promoting new
eggplant varieties more resistant to pests and diseases.

The Philippines' main eggplant-producing regions are Ilocos, Central

Luzon, Cagayan Valley, CALABARZON, and Bicol. These regions have a
climate, soil, irrigation, and labor force well-suited for eggplant production.
The Philippine government also supports the eggplant industry in these key
locations through various programs and initiatives.
Production Flow of Commercial Eggplant

The production flow of commercial eggplant in the Philippines can be

summarized in the following steps:

Land preparation

The land is prepared by plowing, harrowing, and levelling.

Organic matter, such as manure or compost, is added to the soil to
improve fertility.

Sowing

Eggplant seeds are sown in seedbeds or nurseries. The

seedlings are watered regularly and fertilized.

Transplanting

The seedlings are transplanted to the field when they are 4-6
weeks old. The plants are spaced 40-60 cm apart.

Fertilization

Eggplant plants are fertilized regularly with a balanced fertilizer.

Irrigation

Eggplant plants need regular irrigation, especially during the dry

season.

Pest and disease management

Eggplant plants are susceptible to a number of pests and

diseases, such as the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), bacterial
wilt, and fungal diseases. Farmers must implement integrated pest
management (IPM) practices to protect their crops.
Harvesting

Eggplant fruits are harvested when they are fully mature and
have reached the desired size.

Post-harvest handling

Eggplant fruits are graded, sorted, and packed for market.

 CHAPTER IV

SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM

Eggplant, which is long and purple with a distinctive green stem, is

frequently used in Philippine stews and soups. While some may not
appreciate eggplant due to its texture, it is an exceptionally adaptable
ingredient. Whether incorporated into omelettes, salads, adobo, or pinakbet,
finding a dish where eggplant, also known as "talong," does not fit well is
challenging. With the addition of herbs, spices, and other ingredients,
eggplant can complement the main star of a meal or even take the spotlight.
Its ease of cultivation and versatility in dishes explain its popularity in modern
Filipino kitchens.

The popularity of eggplant extends beyond the Philippines, as people

worldwide have been enjoying it in their cuisines for centuries. From
neighboring Asian countries to those across the oceans, eggplant has found
its place in a wide range of culinary traditions. Its dynamic qualities and rich,
almost creamy taste have made it a global culinary staple.

You might be wondering about the origins of eggplant. With such a

diverse history, it is no surprise that this berry has a multifaceted background.
While eggplant is believed to have originated in India, some argue that it is
native to Africa. Nevertheless, it has been growing in South and East Asia
since prehistoric times. The earliest documented mention of eggplant can be
found in a Chinese agricultural archive dating back to as early as 544 AD.
Historical records also show that eggplant was cultivated in the Mediterranean
region by Arabs during the Middle Ages before spreading to Spain in the 8th
century. Four centuries later, an agricultural book from Arabic Spain detailed
how to grow aubergines.

Interestingly, many people used to fear eggplants due to their close

relation to nightshades, a group of plants that includes many poisonous or
potentially toxic species. In some cultures, eggplants had an unfavorable
reputation; for example, they were associated with madness in Italy. For a
berry that grew almost everywhere, it wasn't always a welcome addition to the
table.

Nutritionally, eggplants are rich in fibre, protein, manganese, and

essential nutrients like potassium, vitamin C, and vitamin K. They are also a
valuable source of antioxidants, which can help protect your body from future
illnesses. This antioxidant content has led many to believe that consuming
eggplant can be beneficial in preventing various heart diseases.

Due to its high fibre content, eggplants can also help regulate blood
sugar levels, possibly contributing to weight loss. One of the most renowned
Filipino dishes featuring eggplant is
"pinakbet," a combination of crispy
"lechon kawali" and fresh vegetables
enhanced by the flavours of "bagoong
alamang" (shrimp paste). While
eggplant isn't the star of this dish, it
plays a significant role.

Another popular eggplant recipe in the

Philippines is "tortang talong," an eggplant omelette.
This simple and quick-to-make dish is common in
Filipino households, often served with rice and a
side of ketchup. What's unique about tortang talong
is that the eggplant is typically served with the stem
still attached. This dish's simplicity makes it
accessible to anyone in the kitchen.

Competition

While eggplant production in the Philippines has reached a stable

stage, there is still room for improvement. Certain hindrances must be
addressed to enhance further and optimize the production process. Domestic
competition is another big challenge facing eggplant production in the
Philippines. There is often an oversupply of eggplant in the Philippines, which
drives down prices. This oversupply is due to a number of factors, including
the high number of eggplant farmers, the lack of coordination among farmers,
and the lack of access to storage and processing facilities. The number of
eggplant farmers in the Philippines has increased significantly in recent years.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, there were 102,432 eggplant
farmers in the Philippines in 2022, up from 52,874 in 2010. The price of
eggplant in the Philippines has declined in recent years.

Other data from the Philippine Statistics Authority shows that the
average price of eggplant in the Philippines was PHP 15.05 per kilogram in
2022, down from PHP 20.29 per kilogram in 2010. Another problem is that
many eggplant farmers in the Philippines have difficulty marketing their
produce. This is due to a number of factors, including the lack of access to
information about market prices, the lack of bargaining power, and the lack of
infrastructure to transport their produce to market. The income of eggplant
farmers in the Philippines is low. According to a 2019 study by the Philippine
Institute for Development Studies, the average net profit for eggplant farmers
was only PHP 10,000 per hectare.

A study by ISAAA Inc. found that eggplant farming is a profitable

business and a significant source of income for farmers in the Philippines.
However, the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB), a major pest, causes
significant damage to the crop. To address this issue, scientists from the
University of the Philippines Los Baños-Institute of Plant Breeding (UPLB-IPB)
are conducting the Bt eggplant project, which is considered one of the tools to
combat the EFSB infestation. In a study conducted by Dr. Cesar Quicoy,
economist and professor from UPLB, it was shown that eggplant farmers are
losing PhP33.85 billion (US$634 million) due to the delays in the commercial
approval of Bt eggplant.

Dr. Quicoy studied the cost of delaying the commercialization of Bt

eggplant in three different adoption rate scenarios: 15%, 30%, and 50% of the
total eggplant production. At 15% adoption rate, eggplant farmers are losing
PhP10.155 billion in potential revenue in the first year of Bt eggplant
commercialization. At 30% adoption rate, eggplant farmers should have
earned at least PhP20.311 billion annually. Moreover, at 50% adoption rate,
eggplant farmers could have earned at least PhP33.852 billion in potential
revenue in the first year and at least PhPP37.889 billion in the 10th year of its
adoption.

Bt eggplant or Bt talong contains a natural protein from the soil

bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, making it resistant to EFSB. The Bt protein
affects EFSB only and is safe for humans, farm animals, and non-target
insects. The commercialization of Bt eggplant will not only increase the yield
and profit of eggplant farmers but also improve their health and the
environment because of the 48% reduction in chemical pesticides used per
hectare and 19.5% lower environmental footprint against non-adopting
farmers.

The study also reports that farmers could reduce their total cost of
production per hectare by at least PhP2,480.18 by planting Bt eggplant.
Farmers could also double their net income of PhP35,756.06 to
PhP71,060.33 because of the additional yield of 2.12 metric tons per hectare.
Farmers are guaranteed other income from the reduced production costs and
lesser damages in crops produced, resulting in more marketable products.

Technology and Economics of Processing Subsystem

The TEP subsystem in the Philippines is a crucial player in developing

and implementing cutting-edge technologies for the efficient processing and
preservation of agricultural products. It provides unwavering technical
assistance and comprehensive training to farmers and processors to help
them harness these technologies to their maximum potential. Using eggplant
in the TEP subsystem is an intelligent move that delivers significant
advantages to farmers and consumers. Farmers can leverage the increased
demand for eggplant to secure higher prices, while consumers can enjoy
better access to an extensive range of eggplant products.

The Philippine Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) has

developed a technology for processing eggplant into flour. This flour can be
used to make a variety of products, such as bread, pasta, and cookies. It is
made by drying and grinding eggplant into a
powder. Eggplant flour is highly nutritious
and a good fibre, protein, and vitamin
source. The FNRI has developed a
technology for processing eggplant into flour
that is more efficient and cost-effective than
traditional methods. This technology uses a
combination of drying and grinding
techniques to produce high-quality eggplant
flour.

The Department of Agriculture (DA) has partnered with the private

sector to establish a number of processing plants for eggplant. These plants
produce a variety of eggplant products,
such as canned eggplant, frozen
eggplant, and dried eggplant. Processed
eggplant products are convenient and
easy to use. They can be used to make a
variety of dishes, such as adobo, kare-
kare, and sinigang. Processed eggplant
products also help extend the eggplant's
shelf life, reducing food waste.

Problem of the subsystem

According to a study, the use of Bt eggplant in the Philippines could

lead to a reduction in pesticide use by 50-80%. Bt eggplant is genetically
modified to resist pests, and its regulatory approval in the Philippines has
been controversial due to concerns about its potential health and
environmental impacts. The use of Bt eggplant in the Philippines could reduce
pesticide use, but it could also have negative effects on non-target organisms
and the environment. Although it is known that Bt talong, are crucial to
expanding the eggplant industry, many people are still unsure about using it
because of the hazards it may pose to the environment. Another problem is
the cost of seeds of Bt talong variety. Because of the ability of Bacillus
thuringiensis to make it resistant to EFSB, of course, the price is expected to
be higher than the most used variety.

Processed eggplants have the potential to become a popular ingredient

in the Philippines if the proper steps are taken. While it's true that there are
currently not many processing plants for eggplant, this presents an
opportunity for investment and growth. With more technical expertise in
eggplant processing, new and innovative products can be created that will
cater to the local market. It's important to note that eggplant is a highly
nutritious and versatile crop, and with the proper research and marketing
efforts, it can become a staple in many Filipino households. Despite the initial
cost of processing eggplant being high, the long-term benefits of having a
thriving industry in this area will outweigh the costs. By raising awareness
about the existence and benefits of processed eggplant products, we can
create a demand for them and help support the growth of this industry. But
still, processed eggplant products are not yet widely available in the
Philippines.
 CHAPTER V

DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING SUBSYSTEM

Marketing Opportunities of the Chosen Commodity in the Philippines

The Philippines is one of the top eggplant producers in Asia. Eggplant

production is spread across different regions, with Pangasinan, Ilocos, and
Central Luzon being major producing areas. In 2020, the Philippines produced
approximately 293,000 metric tons of eggplants. The country exports a significant
portion of its eggplant produce, with Japan and South Korea being major export
destinations. Domestic consumption of eggplant remains high due to its
widespread use in Filipino cuisine. The production of specialty and organic
eggplants has been on the rise, catering to niche markets.

(Table No. 1a) A Global Analysis of Eggplant Importation of

the Philippines

Export Market Expansion

The Philippines has the potential to export eggplants to other countries.

According to a market overview, the country's eggplant export value 2022 was
+1.32K USD, with a 41.83% increase over the past year. In September 2021,
the export market expansion for eggplants in the Philippines showed promise.
The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) is a valuable source of data and
information regarding the country's agricultural exports, including eggplants.
The growth of the Philippine eggplant export market is a truly exciting
development in recent years, with increased demand from various countries
such as Japan, South Korea, and the Middle East. The high-quality and
delectable Filipino eggplants have been well-received by these markets, and
there are efforts to explore emerging markets in Asia and Europe for a
broader customer base. This expansion of the market is a positive sign for the
industry's future, and there is great potential for growth in the years to come. It
is heartening to see the versatility of this vegetable, and we are confident that
it will continue to soar in this upward trend.

Processed Eggplants

The market for processed eggplants in the Philippines is significant due

to lack of awareness among Filipinos. The processed eggplant market in the
Philippines is still in its early stages of development, but it is growing rapidly.
There are a number of opportunities for businesses to develop new and
innovative processed eggplant products. For example, businesses could
develop processed eggplant products that are specifically designed for
children or for people with dietary restrictions. Here are some specific
examples of market opportunities for processed eggplants in the Philippines:

Canned eggplant

Canned eggplant is a popular

ingredient in Filipino cuisine. It is used
in a variety of dishes, such as adobo,
kare-kare, and sinigang. Canned
eggplant is also a convenient
ingredient for busy Filipinos who do
not have time to prepare fresh
eggplant meals.

Frozen Eggplant

Frozen eggplant is another convenient

ingredient for busy Filipinos. It can be
used in a variety of dishes, such as
 eggplant parmesan and eggplant stir-fry. Frozen eggplant is also a
good source of vitamins and minerals.

Dried Eggplant

Dried eggplant is a popular ingredient in

Filipino cuisine. It is often used in soups,
stews, and sauces. Dried eggplant is also a
good source of fiber and protein.

Pickled Eggplant

Pickled eggplant is a popular

condiment in Filipino cuisine. It is often
used with rice and other dishes.
Pickled eggplant is also a good source
of vitamins and minerals.

Processed Eggplant Products

There are a number of other

processed eggplant products that
could be developed for the Philippine
market. For example, businesses
could develop eggplant flour, eggplant
juice, and eggplant chips.

Marketing Channels

1. Local Markets - Farmers can sell their eggplants in local markets in the
Philippines. According to a study, Metro Manila is the major market for
eggplant in the country.
2. Export Markets - The Philippines has the potential to export eggplants to
other countries. This means that farmers can explore export markets for
their eggplants.
3. Online Marketplaces - Farmers can sell their eggplants through online
marketplaces such as Lazada and Shopee, which are popular in the
Philippines.
4. Direct Selling - Farmers can sell their eggplants directly to consumers,
such as restaurants and hotels, which require a steady supply of fresh
produce.
5. Cooperatives - Farmers can join cooperatives to market their eggplants
and negotiate better prices with buyers collectively.
6. Supermarkets - Farmers can sell their eggplants to supermarkets, which
are becoming increasingly popular in the Philippines.
7. Food Processors - Farmers can sell their eggplants to food processors
who use them as ingredients in various food products such as sauces,
dips, and spreads.
8. Restaurants And Hotels - Farmers can sell their eggplants directly to
restaurants and hotels, which require a steady supply of fresh produce.
9. Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) - Farmers can participate in
CSA programs, where consumers pay upfront for a share of the farmer's
harvest and receive regular deliveries of fresh produce.
10. Agricultural Cooperatives - Farmers can join agricultural cooperatives
that specialize in marketing and distribution of agricultural products,
including eggplants.
11. Mobile Markets - Farmers can sell their eggplants through mobile markets
that travel to different locations, providing access to fresh produce in areas
where traditional markets are not available.
12. Direct-To-Consumer Marketing - Farmers can sell their eggplants
directly to consumers through farm stands, farmers' markets, and online
platforms.
13. Value-Added Products - Farmers can create value-added products such
as pickled eggplants, eggplant chips, and eggplant-based dips and
spreads, which can be sold directly to consumers or through retail
channels.
 14. Supermarkets And Grocery Stores - Farmers can sell their eggplants to
supermarkets and grocery stores, which are becoming increasingly
popular in the Philippines.

Demand

The demand for eggplant production in the Philippines is high and growing.
Eggplant is a popular vegetable in the Philippines, and it is used in a variety of
dishes. First and foremost, the Philippines' population is growing, increasing the
demand for food, including eggplant. More and more Filipinos are living in urban
areas, leading to a change in eating habits. Filipinos in urban areas are more
likely to eat processed foods, and eggplant is a popular ingredient in processed
foods.

Filipinos are becoming more affluent, increasing the demand for high-quality
foods like eggplant. The demand for eggplant is expected to continue to grow in
the Philippines in the coming years. This growth will be driven by the factors
mentioned above, as well as by the increasing awareness of the health benefits
of eggplant.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Philippines produced

242,000 metric tons of eggplant in 2022. This production was not enough to meet
the domestic demand for eggplant. The Philippines imported 24,000 metric tons
of eggplant in 2022 to meet the domestic demand. The Philippine government is
encouraging farmers to produce more eggplant. The government is providing
subsidies to farmers and investing in research and development to improve the
quality and yield of eggplant.

Prices and Trends

Eggplant (long and purple) increased from PhP21.04 per kilogram in November
2021 to PhP49.25 per kilogram in November 2022. The price decreased by 1.79
percent compared with the price in October 2022. (refer to table no.1)
 (table no.2a) Farm Gate Price of Eggplant in Ilocos
Sur

Philippines Retail Price: Eggplant: National Capital Region data was reported at
89.260 PHP/kg in 31 Jul 2023. This records an increase from the previous 87.980
PHP/kg for 15 Jul 2023. (refer to image no. 2)

(table no.2b) Retail Price of Eggplant in NCR

By understanding the variations in prices across regions, we can provide

valuable insights into the difference between Farmgate and Retail prices.

In November 2021, the farmgate price of eggplant was PhP21.04 per

kilogram. By November 2022, it had increased to PhP49.25 per kilogram. This
represents a significant increase of approximately 133.59% over one year.

The retail price of eggplant in the National Capital Region was reported at
89.26 PHP/kg on July 31, 2023. This is higher than the previously reported price
of 87.98 PHP/kg on July 15, 2023. The increase in the retail price during this
period is about 1.45%.

The farmgate price of eggplant saw a much more substantial increase

(133.59%) from November 2021 to November 2022 compared to the retail price's
growth of 1.45% from July 15, 2023, to July 31, 2023. The retail price is generally
higher than the farmgate price, as is common in the supply chain, where
intermediaries add their margins. It's important to note that the retail price tends
to be influenced by various factors, including transportation costs, storage,
packaging, margins added by middlemen and retailers, and the initial farmgate
price. The retail price increase of 1.45% over two weeks is relatively modest
compared to the significant increase in the farmgate price over a year. This
suggests that while farmers are benefiting from higher eggplant prices,
consumers in the National Capital Region experienced only a tiny increase in
eggplant prices during the specified timeframe.

Pre-Marketing and Post-Harvest Handling Practices

Pre-Marketing

To ensure successful eggplant cultivation, farmers must start by

selecting high-quality seeds that guarantee good germination and healthy
growth of plants. Proper land preparation is also essential, which includes
removing weeds, adding organic matter, and ensuring adequate drainage.
Farmers should implement pest and disease control measures to prevent
infestations and minimize the use of chemical pesticides. Harvesting
eggplants at the correct maturity stage ensures good quality and longer shelf
life. Additionally, sorting and grading eggplants based on size, shape, and
quality is crucial to meet market requirements.

Post-Harvest

 Eggplants are fruit. They need to be picked while still immature before
the seeds develop and the flesh becomes spongy.
 Eggplant cultivars vary widely in colour, shape and size. They can be
grown in the open or inside protected cropping structures.
  The glossy skin has no stomata or lenticels, making eggplants
relatively resistant to moisture loss.
 Eggplants are very chiling sensitive. Most varieties are damaged by
storage below 10°C. Chilling damage results in brown patches on the
skin, sunken lesions and premature decay. It also causes darkening of
the flesh, especially around in the developing seeds.
 Chilling sensitivity can be reduced by delaying cooling, short hot water
treatments, or plastic film packaging.
 Although eggplants are relatively insensitive to ethylene, exposure can
increase chilling damage and de-green the calyx.

Foreign and World Trade

Based on the most recent data compiled by Report Linker Research, the
worldwide production of eggplants is anticipated to climb to approximately 63 million
metric tons by 2026. This projection is underpinned by a steady average annual
growth rate of 1.5%. A noteworthy historical trend emerges as well, as eggplant
supply on a global scale has shown a consistent annual increase of 2.2% since
1966.

In the specific context of the year 2021, China stood out as the predominant
eggplant producer, boasting a remarkable output of 37 million metric tons. Following
closely behind were India, Egypt, and Iran, securing the second, third, and fourth
positions in eggplant production. Meanwhile, the tiny nation of Malta experienced a
substantial 46% surge in its eggplant production when compared to the preceding
year, demonstrating a substantial increase. Conversely, Lithuania saw a notable
18.9% decline in its eggplant production during the same period.

(Table No. 3a - Recent Trends of The Leading Eggplant Producers in The World)
 Based on the data provided regarding global eggplant production trends, it is
evident that the eggplant industry is experiencing steady growth, with a projected
increase to 63 million metric tons by 2026. The historical growth rate of 2.2% per
year since 1966 suggests a resilient market for this vegetable.

In 2021 China, India, Egypt, and Iran emerged as the leading eggplant
producers, with China dominating the market. This information can guide decision-
makers in the agricultural and food sectors, highlighting the importance of these
countries as critical players in eggplant production.

Furthermore, the significant production increase in Malta and the decline in

Lithuania underscore the dynamic nature of the eggplant industry. For those involved
in eggplant cultivation, it is crucial to adapt to changing market conditions and
explore opportunities for growth in response to consumer demand.

To sum up, the market for eggplants is gradually expanding, largely driven by
China, while other countries such as Malta have the potential for growth. To take
advantage of this growth, it is recommended that agricultural stakeholders keep an
eye on market trends and invest in research and development to improve crop yield
and quality. Furthermore, exploring new export markets and diversifying products
can help the eggplant industry prosper in the coming years.

According to the search results, China is the leading country in terms of per
capita consumption of eggplant, followed by Egypt and India (refer to Table No. 2). In
terms of production, China is also the largest producer of eggplants, followed by
India and Egypt. It is worth noting that
the largest eggplant-supplying
countries in Asia were Turkey, China,
and Malaysia, with a 54% share of
the total supply.

(Table No. 3b – Top Consumers of Eggplant according to Food

and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database)
 CHAPTER VI

SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM

Having a support subsystem for eggplant production is crucial for the

Philippines due to population growth, changes in the Filipino diet, and the capability
of the country to supply the demand. A support subsystem for eggplant production in
the Philippines is essential for a number of reasons.

Eggplant farming is an essential industry for Filipino farmers, but it also has its
challenges. One of the common issues they face is the eggplant fruit and shoot borer
(EFSB), which can cause significant crop losses. However, there are ways to
overcome these challenges and improve yields. A support subsystem can empower
farmers by providing valuable information, resources, and agricultural inputs.
Farmers can also benefit from training on the best practices for eggplant production.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can increase their income, leading to
better living standards and food security for themselves and their families. Moreover,
sustainable agricultural practices such as integrated pest management (IPM) can be
adopted, reducing the environmental impact of eggplant production and making it
more sustainable for future generations.

The research side of farming eggplants has been a great help in the industry.
For example, a study made by ISAAC Inc. “Socioeconomic Impacts of Bt Eggplant -
Ex-ante Case Studies in the Philippines”, shows that a Bt eggplant farm could gain
higher net farm income than a conventional one because of increased marketable
yield and reduced insecticide and labor costs. This opens up the opportunity for Bt
Talong to be cultivated by many in the Philippines.
 CHAPTER VII

SWOT ANALYSIS

SWOT Analysis for Input Subsystem

Introduction

The input subsystem is the part of the eggplant farming system that
provides the inputs needed to produce eggplant, such as seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides, and irrigation water. It is vital to have a solid and efficient input
subsystem in order to produce high-quality eggplant at a competitive price.A
SWOT analysis of the input subsystem can help identify areas where the
system is strong and can be improved. For example, the analysis may identify
the following strengths of the input subsystem: There is a wide range of high-
quality eggplant seeds available in the Philippines. There is a good network of
agricultural input suppliers in the country. The government provides subsidies
to eggplant farmers for the purchase of specific inputs.

The analysis may identify several weaknesses of the input subsystem

in the Philippines. Firstly, the cost of agricultural inputs is high, which could be
a challenge for farmers. Secondly, some eggplant farmers lack awareness of
the latest technologies and best practices for input use. Lastly, the distribution
of agricultural inputs is not consistent across the country, which could affect
the overall productivity of the agricultural sector. Once the strengths and
weaknesses of the input subsystem have been identified, the SWOT analysis
can be used to identify opportunities and threats.

Strengths

 Eggplant is a popular vegetable with a high demand in the market.

 Eggplant can be grown in a variety of climates and soil types.
 Eggplant is a relatively low-maintenance crop.
 Eggplant is a good source of vitamins and minerals.
 Eggplant can be grown year-round in some areas.
 Weaknesses

 Eggplant is susceptible to pests and diseases.

 Eggplant requires warm temperatures to grow.
 Eggplant is a delicate fruit that can be easily bruised.
 Eggplant has a short shelf life.
 Eggplant can be expensive to produce.

Opportunities

 The global eggplant market is growing rapidly.

 There is a growing demand for organic eggplants.
 There is a growing demand for processed eggplant products.
 There is an opportunity to export eggplants to other countries.
 There is an opportunity to develop new eggplant varieties that are more
resistant to pests and diseases.

Threats

 Climate change could make it more difficult to grow eggplants.

 Competition from other vegetable crops could reduce demand for
eggplants.
 Economic downturns could reduce demand for eggplants.
 Increased imports of eggplants could reduce demand for domestically
grown eggplants.
 New pests and diseases could emerge and damage eggplant crops.

SWOT Analysis for Farm Subsystem

Introduction

A SWOT analysis of the farm subsystem is vital for conducting a

commodity study about eggplant farming in the Philippines. It can help to
identify areas where the system is strong and areas where it can be improved,
as well as opportunities and threats. This information can be used to develop
strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the system, which
can lead to a number of benefits for eggplant farmers and the Philippine
eggplant industry as a whole. In addition to the benefits listed above, a SWOT
analysis of the farm subsystem can also help to identify areas for research
and development, develop strategies for sustainable agriculture, and improve
communication and coordination among stakeholders.

Strengths

 Favorable climate and soil

 Access to irrigation
 Availability of labor
 Government support
 Technological advancements (e.g., Bt eggplant, black plastic mulch,
organic fertilizers)

Weaknesses

 Susceptibility to pests and diseases (e.g., EFSB, bacterial wilt, fungal

diseases)
 High cost of inputs
 Lack of access to high-yielding varieties and improved farming
practices
 Small average farm size

Opportunities

 Growing demand for eggplant

 Increasing exports
 Development of new eggplant varieties and technologies
 Government support programs and initiatives

Threats

 Climate change
 Rising input costs
 Competition from foreign producers
SWOT Analysis for Processing Subsystem

Introduction

The processing subsystem is part of the eggplant farming system

responsible for processing eggplant into value-added products, such as
eggplant chips, eggplant sauce, and eggplant pickles. It is important to have a
robust and efficient processing subsystem in order to add value to eggplant
and make it more marketable. A SWOT analysis of the processing subsystem
can help identify areas where the system is strong and can be improved.

Conducting a SWOT analysis of the processing subsystem is a crucial

tool for carrying out a commodity study on eggplant farming in the Philippines.
The analysis helps in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the system,
as well as potential opportunities and threats. This information can then be
used to develop strategies to improve the system's efficiency and
effectiveness, which can benefit eggplant processors and the Philippine
processed eggplant industry as a whole.

Strengths

 Growing demand for eggplant products, both domestically and

internationally
 Favorable climate and soil conditions for eggplant production
 Availability of a large pool of skilled labor
 Government support for eggplant production and processing, including
the development of new technologies and the provision of financial
assistance
 Existence of a number of processing plants for eggplant

Weaknesses

 High cost of Bt eggplant seeds

 Lack of awareness and acceptance of Bt eggplant among some
farmers and consumers
  Limited access to modern processing equipment and technologies
 Lack of coordination between eggplant processors and farmers

Opportunities

 Growing demand for processed eggplant products, such as canned

eggplant, frozen eggplant, and dried eggplant
 Development of new markets for eggplant products, both domestically
and internationally
 Increasing use of innovative processing technologies, such as the
technology developed by FNRI to produce eggplant flour
 Government support for the development of the eggplant processing
industry

Threats

 Climate change could lead to more frequent and severe crop failures,
which could reduce the supply of eggplant available for processing
 Rising input costs could put pressure on the profitability of eggplant
production and processing
 Competition from foreign producers of processed eggplant products

SWOT Analysis for Distribution and Marketing Subsystem

Introduction

Eggplant farming is not only about cultivation, but also about the
distribution and marketing of the produce. The distribution and marketing
subsystem is a crucial part of the eggplant farming system as it is responsible
for ensuring that the eggplants reach the consumers in an efficient and timely
manner. A strong and efficient distribution and marketing subsystem is
essential for ensuring that eggplants are available to consumers at a
reasonable price, thereby promoting the growth of the eggplant industry in the
Philippines.
 Assessing the effectiveness of the distribution and marketing
subsystem can help identify areas that require improvement as well as areas
that are performing well. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of
the system, as well as opportunities and threats, strategies can be developed
to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The benefits of a
strong and efficient distribution and marketing subsystem are significant and
can lead to increased profits for eggplant distributors and marketers, better
access to eggplants for consumers, and the growth and development of the
Philippine eggplant industry.

Conducting a SWOT analysis of the distribution and marketing subsystem can

help pinpoint the areas where the system is performing well and where it
needs improvement. For instance, the analysis may reveal the following
strengths: a vast network of markets and retail outlets where eggplant is sold,
the presence of experienced eggplant distributors and marketers, and the
government's support through several programs and initiatives. Once the
strengths and weaknesses are identified, the SWOT analysis can assist in
identifying opportunities and threats.

Strengths

 Growing demand for eggplant both domestically and internationally

 Favorable climate and soil conditions for eggplant production in the
Philippines
 Availability of a large pool of skilled labor
 Government support for eggplant production and marketing
 Increasing popularity of processed eggplant products

Weaknesses

 Lack of awareness of the health benefits of eggplant among some

Filipinos
 Limited access to modern processing and marketing technologies
 Lack of coordination between eggplant farmers and processors
 High retail prices of eggplant
 Opportunities

 Export expansion to new markets, such as China, Southeast Asia, and

the Middle East
 Development of new and innovative processed eggplant products
 Promotion of the health benefits of eggplant to consumers
 Investment in modern processing and marketing technologies
 Improved coordination between eggplant farmers and processors

Threats

 Rising input costs

 Climate change
 Competition from imported eggplant

SWOT Analysis for Support Subsystem

Introduction

A SWOT analysis is crucial for the support subsystem of eggplant

production in the Philippines to ensure the industry's sustainability and help
farmers overcome challenges. It will identify areas that need improvement,
such as modern processing equipment or more training for best practices.
The analysis will enable policymakers and stakeholders to develop strategies
to improve efficiency and effectiveness, supporting Filipino farmers'
livelihoods.

Conducting a comprehensive SWOT analysis of the support subsystem

for eggplant production in the Philippines can yield several advantages that
are crucial to consider. Firstly, it can raise awareness among farmers
regarding the latest technologies and best practices for eggplant production,
thereby promoting greater efficiency and profitability. Secondly, it can foster
collaboration between farmers and researchers, leading to the development of
new and innovative eggplant varieties and production methods. Lastly, it can
enhance the competitiveness of the Philippine eggplant industry in the global
market, thereby positioning it as a prominent player in the industry.
Strengths

 Existence of a number of government and non-government

organizations that provide support to eggplant farmers
 Availability of research and development institutions that are
working to develop new and improved eggplant varieties and
production methods
 Increasing awareness of the importance of sustainable
agricultural practices
 Growing demand for eggplant products both domestically and
internationally

Weaknesses

 Lack of access to modern processing and marketing

technologies
 Limited coordination between farmers and support organizations
 High cost of agricultural inputs
 Lack of awareness among farmers of the latest technologies
and best practices for eggplant production

Opportunities

 Increasing demand for processed eggplant products

 Growing popularity of sustainable agricultural practices
 Potential to develop new and innovative eggplant products
 Potential to expand exports to new markets

Threats

 Climate change
 Competition from imported eggplant
 Rising input costs
 Lack of government support
 CHAPTER VIII

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

This Commodity Study on Eggplant in the Philippines identified several areas

that need improvement, such as limited access to modern processing and marketing
technologies, lack of coordination between eggplant farmers and processors, and
high retail prices of eggplant. The analysis also identified opportunities for export
expansion to new markets, development of new and innovative processed eggplant
products, promotion of the health benefits of eggplant to consumers, investment in
modern processing and marketing technologies, and improved coordination between
eggplant farmers and processors. However, the industry also has threats, such as
rising input costs, climate change, and competition from imported eggplant.

A SWOT analysis identified areas for improvement in eggplant production in

the Philippines, such as limited access to modern technology and coordination
challenges. This analysis also revealed opportunities for growth, including exporting
to new markets, developing new products and investing in technology. By
undertaking this assessment, farmers can enhance their awareness of their
operations, promote efficiency and collaboration, and ultimately attain better yields
and higher-quality produce.

The support subsystem for eggplant production in the Philippines can greatly
benefit from conducting a comprehensive SWOT analysis. By doing so, several
advantages can be obtained which are crucial to consider. Firstly, it can significantly
increase the awareness level among farmers regarding the latest technologies and
best practices for eggplant production, thereby promoting greater efficiency and
profitability. This can result in better yields and higher quality produce. Secondly, it
can foster collaboration between farmers and researchers, leading to the
development of new and innovative eggplant varieties and production methods. This
can lead to the discovery of more efficient and sustainable ways to grow and harvest
eggplants. Lastly, it can enhance the competitiveness of the Philippine eggplant
industry in the global market, positioning it as a prominent player in the industry and
attracting more investors to the market.
 After analyzing the data, it is recommended that the eggplant industry in the
Philippines invest in modern processing and marketing technologies, improve
coordination between eggplant farmers and processors, and develop new and
innovative processed eggplant products. This will help to increase efficiency and
profitability, promote the health benefits of eggplant to consumers, and enhance the
competitiveness of the Philippine eggplant industry in the global market. Additionally,
policymakers and stakeholders need to develop strategies to address rising input
costs and the impact of climate change on the industry. Finally, exploring new export
markets, such as China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, could provide new
opportunities for growth and expansion.

Recommendation

The eggplant industry in the Philippines is currently facing some significant

challenges in its distribution and marketing subsystem. One of the major issues is
that there is limited access to modern processing and marketing technologies, which
hampers the industry's growth potential. This is compounded by the lack of
coordination between distributors and marketers, which leads to inefficiencies in the
supply chain. Another challenge is the high retail prices, which can put off consumers
and make it difficult for the industry to compete with other players in the market.

To overcome these issues, it is recommended that the eggplant industry

invest in modern processing and marketing technologies that can help to increase
efficiency and improve product quality. This can be achieved by collaborating with
technology providers and other stakeholders in the industry. Additionally, improving
coordination between distributors and marketers can help streamline the supply
chain and reduce costs. This can be achieved by developing better communication
channels and introducing more standardized processes.

Addressing the issue of high retail prices is also crucial to the success of the
eggplant industry in the Philippines. This can be achieved by exploring cost-saving
measures and optimizing pricing strategies. Policymakers and stakeholders should
also develop strategies to address rising input costs and the impact of climate
change on the industry.
 Finally, the eggplant industry should explore new export markets such as
China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. This can provide new opportunities for
growth and expansion and help to enhance the competitiveness of the Philippine
eggplant industry in the global market.

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Appendices

Appendix Table 1a. A Global Analysis of Eggplant Importation of the Philippines.

Appendix Table 2a. Farm Gate Price of Eggplant in Ilocos.

Appendix Table 2b. Retail Price of Eggplant in NCR.

Appendix Table 3a. Recent Trends of The Leading Eggplant Producers in The
World).

Appendix Table 3b. Top Consumers of Eggplant according to Food and Agriculture
Organization Corporate Statistical Database).