CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT

• PRINCIPLE OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Influenced by Heredity (Nature) and Environment (Nurture).
2. Sequence is Predictable.
3. Depends on Maturation (Age) and Learning (Process of Acquisition)
4. Simple to Complex / General to Specific.

• PRINCIPLE S OF GROWTH
1. Physical Change/ Quantitative/ Measurable
2. Growth is Rapid
P – Prenatal
N – Neonatal
I – Infancy
A – Adolescence
3. Childhood – Slowdown
4. Adulthood – Minimal Growth

• STAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH DEVELOPMENT (PIBELPAEaMaO)

1. Prenatal – 0 – Birth
a. G – germinal – period of zygote/ cell division
b. E – embryonic – most critical period 2-8 weeks.
c. F – fetal – 8 week to birth.

2. Infancy Stage – Birth to 2 Weeks

- Shortest of all developmental.
- Extreme helplessness.

3. Babyhood – 2 week to 2 years old

- Decrease of dependency/ cooing, babbling

4. Early Childhood – 2 to 6 years old

- Troublesome age/ Preschool

5. Middle and late Childhood - 6 to 12 years old

- Growth is slowly but relatively / 3Rs are mastered.

6. Puberty Stage – 12 to 14 years old

- Unique and distinctive/ rapid physical changes.

7. Adolescence – 14 to 18 y.o
- High tend emotionally/ storm and stress.
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8. Early Adulthood – 18 to 29 y.o

- New patterns of life and new roles.

9. Middle Adulthood – 30 to 60 y.o

- Adjustments to initial physical and mental.

10. Old Age/ Late Adulthood - 60 and above

- Decreasing strength and health retirement.

• THEORIES
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
- SIGMUND FREUD (AUSTRIAN)

• PERSONALITY COMPONENTS
1. ID – pleasure/ instinct/ want.
2. EGO – reality/ action/ decision maker.
3. SUPEREGO – moral and conscience (right and wrong)

• TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL
1. UNCONSCIOUS – thoughts, wishes, feelings.
2. CONSCIOUS – aware.
3. SUBCONSCIOUS – still hidden somewhat unless, we search for it/ telephone
number.

2. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
- SIGMUND FREUD
- Erogenous Zone – pleasure area
✓ O A Pha La Ge
1. Oral (Birth to 18 months) – mouth/ sucking
Perceptive – smoking, drink
Aggressive – gossipier

2. Anal (18 months – 3 years) – Anus/ eliminating feces.

Retentive – cleanliness
Expulsive – disorganized

3. Phallic Stage (3 to y.o) – genitals

Oedipus Complex – son to mother
Electra Complex - daughter to father
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4. Latency Stage (6 to 12 y.o) – none/ dormant

Academic skills/ girls to girls/ boys to boys.

▪ DEFENSE MECHANISM
1. REPRESSION – pinipigilan/ pushes (kusang kinakalimutan, traumatic,
protect)
2. DENIAL – refuses to acknowledge.
3. REGRESSION – returns to an earlier.
4. PROJECTION – externalized by placing onto other (pinapsa sa iba ang
gawain).
5. DISPLACEMENT – shifted away from true cause (iba ang sinasaktan).
6. SUBLIMATION – transformed into positive, socially acceptable
forms.
7. UNDOING – do it always to forget.

5. Genital Stage (12 y.o up)

-Biologic capacity/ sexual urges awaked.

3. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
- ERIK H. ERIKSON
Syntonic (Positive)
Dystonic (Negative)
Malignancy (too little of positive)
Maladaption (too much of positive)

• I T Pre S A Y M O TAIIIIGI HWPCFLCW

1. INFANCY (0 – 18 months) – Trust vs. Mistrust HOPE
2. TODDLERHOOD (2 – 3 y.o) – Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Will/ Power/
Determination
3. PRESCHOOL (3 – 6 y.o) – Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose/
Courage
4. SCHOOL AGE (6 – 12 y.o) – Industry vs. Inferiority Competency
5. ADOLESCENCE (12 – 18 y.o) – Identity vs. Role Confusion Fidelity
6. YOUNG/ EARLY ADULTHOOD (18 -25 y.o) – Intimacy vs. Isolation Love
7. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (25 – 65 y.o) – Generativity vs. Stagnation Care
8. OLD AGE (65 up) – Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom

8. Compensation – guilty gift

9. Splitting – mabait kung mabait
10. Conversion – stress – disability
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11. Suppression – pilit kinakalimutan

4. MORAL DEVELOPMENT
- LAWRENCE KOHLBERG (American)

• Level 1 Pre – Conventional

1. Punishment-Obedience – fear/ act to avoid punishment.
2. Instrumental Relativist – mutual benefit

• Level 2 Conventional
3. Good Boy – Nice Girl – Social approval/ authority is respected.
4. Law and Order Orientation – law

• Level 3 Post Conventional

5. Social Contract – Social Justice/ benefits society
6. Universal Ethical Principle – ideal stage

5. BIOECOLOGICAL and SYSTEM

- URIE BRONFENBRENNER
Mi M E Ma C
1. MICROSYSTEM – innermost/ home/ immediate/ school.
2. MESOSYSTEM – tita/ cousin/ link.
3. EXOSYSTEM – neighbor/ workplace.
4. MACROSYSTEM – larger system/ culture.
5. CHRONOSYSTEM – events affecting the lifespan.

6. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

- JEAN PIAGET (Swiss)

1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth – 2 yrs.)

- Prominence of the senses/ muscle movement
- Object permanence

2. PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE (2 -7 y.o)

1. S – symbolic function – represent object.
2. E – egocentrism – only see his point of view.
3. C – centration – focus on one thing/ exclude other aspect.
4. L – lack of conservation – renicing unchanged despite looking different.
5. I – irreversibility – inability to reverse.
6. A – animism – human like.
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7. R – realism – dreams are real.

3. CONCRETE OPERATIONA STAGE (7 – 11 yrs.)

1. DECENTERING – perceive different features.
2. REVERSIBILITY – follow certain operations.
3. CONSERVATION – properties objects/ do not change.
4. SERIATION – arrange things/ series/ order.

4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE – 11 years above

1. H – Hypothetical Reasoning – come up/ judgement
2. A – Analogical - analyze
3. D – Deductive Method – general to specific

• BASIC COGNITIVE CONCEPTS

1. SCHEMA – prior knowledge
2. ASSIMILATION – fitting new experience.
3. ACCOMODATION – creating/ modifying.
4. EQUILIBRATION – proper balance.

7. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
- ABRAHAM MASLOW
PSBES
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL – food, shelter, reproduction.
2. SAFETY – property, employment.
3. LOVE and BELONGINESS – relationship.
4. ESTEEM – respect, status, recognition.
5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION – best version of oneself.

8. EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ)

- DANIEL GOLEMAN
SESES
1. SELF-AWARENESS – recognize your feeling (corner stone of emotional
intelligence).
2. EMOTIONAL CONTROL – manage your emotion.
3. SELF-MOTIVATION – stay hopeful.
4. EMPATHY – sensitivity the others
5. SOCIAL SKILLS – grace in dealing with others.
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• CATEGORIES OF EXCEPTIONALITIES
1. AUTISM – social skills, repetitive behavior, speech.
2. ASPERGER’S SYNDROME – same with autism but no general, delay in
language/ cognitive.
3. MENTAL RETARDATION – slow learning/ 70 and below IQ.
4. CELEBRAL PALSY – affects muscle tone, movement.
5. ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER – hyperactivity.
6. DOWN SYNDROME – impairment of cognitive ability extra 21st chromosome.
7. DYSLEXIA – reading and spelling.
8. APHASIA – comprehend language/ brain injuries.
9. DYSCALCULIA – basic math/ disability.
10. ACALCULIA – injury/ math.
11. DYSNOMIA – anomic aphasia/ retrieving words.
12. GIFTEDNESS – above average.
13. DYSGRAPHIA – written.
14. TOURETTE SYNDROME – simple tics complex tics.
15. DYSPRAXIA – movement and co ordinance.

• PEOPLE FIRST LANGUAGE

- Child with… / he has/ had polio.