FOREIGN RELATED LITERATURE

Procrastination is well-known to be common in academic situations. People's

careers, studies, and personal lives can be affected, it is a condition that can be seen in any
aspect of life (Beswick et al., 1988). Procrastination is defined as a tendency to postpone a
task while being mindful of negative consequences. It is considered a self-defeating
behavior, also identified as lazy individuals who waste time and perform poorly.

Some researchers refer to academic procrastination as delays in the academic

context. Students procrastinated on writing papers, studying for exams, and reading
assignments. According to a study performed by (Klassen et al. 2008), Procrastinators took
longer to start important activities. Furthermore, they became less confident in their
abilities to manage their own performance resulting in poor academic grades because they
tend to perform less to accomplish their goals. They spend a lot more time on meaningless
activities while their main task is postponed.

Procrastination is commonly known as a negative trait, but not all researchers focus
on the negative consequences. They stated that passive procrastinators delay tasks without
planning to do so. While on the other hand, active procrastinators delay tasks on purpose
because they perform best under pressure. Procrastinators did not necessarily lack control
in their requirements. Based on the findings, they are more confident in their ability to
complete academic activities. They had control of their tasks and time, as well as self-
efficacy. However, based on their research, they concluded that studies have shown that
instead of performing well under pressure, lazy students complete less tasks and provide
less accurate results. This may be because procrastinators are poor at estimating the
amount of time required to finish an assignment, and their laziness contributes to spending
less time on assignments.