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    13 views10 pages

    Research

    Uploaded by

    quesmelley

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10
    Writing the Draft ~ Once the ootine i complete, decisions can the made onthe placement of graphics, tables, and chur. Each should be matched 10a particular section i the otline leis help to make this des sions before you fist draft. While graphics might be added later o tables changed into chat, tis helpfal to make ast approximation ofthe grap ‘esbefore beginning to write esearch Proposal Guide In preparing or in writing a research proposal the researcher has to understand the components ofa research propotal, In thesis or dissertation ‘ering the format and contents are discussed in details Fonnat of ThesisDissertation 1. Front Matter “Tite Page Approval Sect Acknowledgment Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables Figures 1. Body or Tet (Chapter 1- THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Intrtction Background)Localeof the Study Treoretical/Concoptual Framework ofthe Study ‘Statement ofthe Problem Assumption Hypothesis Significance ofthe Study Scope an! Limitation of the Sty Definition of Terms (Chapter 2- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature Chapter Chapter Foreign Literature Local Literature Related Studios Forign Studies Local Studies Synthesis 3 METHODS AND PROCEDURE Research Method Sampling Design Instrumentation Data Gathering Procedure ‘Statistical Treatment of Data 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Presentation of the data in textual tnbulae and/or graphic forms Analysis of data (descriptive or qualitative) andor (tatstical or quantitative ) according to the quirements ofthe hypothesis Interpretation of data, I describes patterns of relationship between and among variables being investigate It explains the findings in the ight fl elevan theories and concepts fom the theoretical framework Impliction/Discusson bout thefndings should be made a separate part ofthe text. CChapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND i RECOMMENDATIONS, Summary of Findings Conclusions Recommendations TL Back Matter BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Contents of the Researeh Thesis Prepossl 2 Front Mater “te Page-tndicatesthe majo variable ofthe uy andthe contest, “thestadyRabo indicates the subject ofthe ropor onthe namo the researcher Te tie ret die abl that sabre tne thon dy awh anes eval at re ‘subject of investigation, thenby giving an instant asp of what ‘the study is all about, eee ae The tile ofa research can easily be formulated if one has the idea of how to describe variables according to ther functional relations. The moderator and the dependent variables the subject and the ple ofthe study compris the main tile of research, Subong, nd Beli, 206, Ackvotcedgment-Some researchers indicate their acknovledgments ofthe people who assisted them inthe candut of the stad, both substantively and administatvely. This is also an opportunity 10 express gratitude tothe respondents/groups covered by the study andthe sponsoring company agency sho financed the reseaech Table of Contents ~ This portion provides a brit view fr the reader ofthe major topics covered by the research, This contains the major beadings,sub-headings and page number. The onder ofthe specie ‘opies ofthe report is arrange in sequential order. Normally, the ‘contents page will highlight each opieal area, he subdivision within tach area and the coeresponding page numbers. Its also common toinclude tables and figures and the pages where they may be found. 1 Body or Text veiw, Te ttre staph rewachor hess propinalare explained ‘Chapter. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction It discusses the general contest under which a research problem i tobe studied, or instance, before saying why a program being evaluated, indicate what the program is all sbout and why there is ned to conduct an evaluation ofthis program, Sometimes the inteoduction may also cover a characterization of an organization Implementing the program, which enables the reader to situate what tompanylageney implements it and ohat specific components ofthe ‘rogram wil be highlighted in the evaluation, its objectives, process, find methodology. In inttoduction statement can be made on why itisimportant to fous onthe program or projet being evaluated or assessed in 2 particular research. ‘The student explains the background ofthe study and cites situations or statements of authorities to explain why the study i= ‘Being conlcted. Te researcher points out thatthe study i about 2 peu problem different rom other problems, He/she hast explain Belly the nature and signiscance of the problem and how the esarcher con contribute fo its solution. The interplay of identified ‘arabes that may cause a process is also disuse inthis porto. The introduction may also cover characterization of the organization implementing the program, which enables the reader= to situate what particular company or agency implements it ans ‘bat specie components ofthe program willbe highlight in the {valuation The objectives, process and methodology ofthe program ‘Should be given emphasis ints scton. ‘Background ofthe Study ‘This portion states the setting of the identied research problem. The presentation should be directed into what the problem EiivestigatingIebriefly expressed the need to undertake the study shout the sid problem. 1 gives a narrative exposition on the nature and background ofthe problem aren in general and the rationale ofthe sty Ina thesis or dissertation, a program and its ganizations context may require 4 separate section for discussion under the Usckground andlor locale ofthe study EE “Theoretical Conceptual Framework framework justifies the rationale forthe investigation. It ves the eason to search fornew data and for analyzing interpreting land synthesizing these data The framework also cts the theory theories on which the study is premised or anchored or theorized in ‘order to establish the relationship among variables in he say sample: This study i premised or anchored onthe theory of (sumame ofthe author, year) about the Some disciplines require the presentation of «research Paradigm in order to explain how the tories and variables cited in the problems are going to be operational inthe study. Statement ofthe Problem “The rsaatch problem thatthe student is investigating must relate to ihe interest, background and expectance tis expected to yield findings tut will provide useful information inthe area of hse investigation, In the choie of research topics) originality and relevance to ‘contemporary problems and issues must be considered, The problem may be about the relationship among variables Which the study alms fo establish and find out the exent of such relationship. (One way of analyzing the problem isto statea major problem and its sub-problems. The main problem isthe ental focus ofthe Study Answer tothe given sub problems is a complete esearch unit and thesoutiostoallthesub-problems, taker together give the "answers tothe main problem. The sade states the imsmediate goals hejshe expects to achieve inthe research and the type of information this aims to gather, which may be state inthe lor of questions, The general statement ofthe problem usually a reiteration ofthe le of fhe std These problems should be monotonesly presented using a single expression of the question ike the fllowing. 1. What objectives may be formulated 19... ? 2. What standards shouldbe considered inorder to... 2 13. Whats the tats ofthe... lar questions should include questions "The inclusion ofthis fhe use ofthe word ‘These series of sil ike “How do the following standards Kind of questions could break the monotony o ‘What’ ype i“ Tt states the relationship between variables and this an ab st! tal ae ay sy to seat nah acer st Ee artes! ed ere ws to be Moreover, a hypothesis is an inference which hi proven lisa tenativeformslaton or explanation about the expect cnn ofthe study presented in the nul form. 1t expresses the 2istenc, atrabutes oF significant relationship between variables included in the esearch there a significant ‘An example of a specific question i Is there a significant lferene in the assessment of the espondent groups regarding the flerformance of the banks vital Ruetions 2s commercial banking ference inthe assessment Yul Hypothesis: “There sno significant ci Nal Hypotess: “Te : wera Of the teapondent groupe regarding the performance of Tul fretons as commercial banking institutions” 1 itference inthe assess ‘Alternative Hypothesis: “There is significant it - seer the respondent groups rezatding the performance of the ‘Danks vital fantionsascommercial banking institutions Assumption Trisastaterent related othe problem which s presumed 9 be tre ne an of oberation o exper. used to provide vernon tote study and docs not require confirmation oF ‘Eaton nthe thei or daseraton nor static compuraton Significance ofthe Study Tnthissection. the researcher expresesthe vale orim portance ofthoresarc study. lis where te significant contibutonsof results ofthe study are enumerated, Such contributions may be viewed from {the point ofthe target beneficiaries like he service providers, soe liens or customers, practice ofa protesion, school administrators the planners, decision-makers, implementers, the community, ‘educational inltutions, owners/propritors of the companies. he furure researchers andthe researcher himsel—hersel ‘The use of the following phrases could help express the significance of the study. The results of this study could provide {ome insights and information tothe following: Examples ion Managers The findings of the study may serve as benchmark forthe improvement ofthe barking policies nd programs that wil cence better services to ther dents, “Stakes - They can identity the problems and azeas where their ‘assistance and supports are mostly needed to improve the present financial system of the banks (Clies/CustomersBorrowers ~They willbe directly benetived by the results of this research because their Banking needs can be fully ‘Stisfied through the improved banking programs and services that (wi be intros in his study. Future Researchers ~They wil also get insights on the fings ofthe ‘udy partculsy for those who will be working on the Banking transactions and operations. This will aso serve as thee fore florence in knowing more about te sole of banking industry ts ‘rier and macroeconomic environments ‘The Researcher Th findings ofthe study could also provide mean mgul information to the researcher considering that hese 8 pre enily having histher studies, Scope and Limitations ofthe Study ‘The scope identifies the boundaries or coverage ofthe study in terms of subjects facilities, objectives area, ime, duration, au the {ssues to which the research i focused. “The use of the following phrawes could help to express the scope of this portion This study wil fous on = "Testy cinsisis of aa The study covers the ana also involves the . The lmitations could be expressed using the following phrases: "Te reveals this study 09” = "This sti ited to = “Thestudy doesnot cover the this stuck doesnot sek to include Pond Definition of Terms This section ofthe research elude important or Key terms that shoul be substantially and clearly defined according to how thoy ame used in the study in order to facilitate understanding ofthe prcbls and variables used. Ambiguous mesring of terms should Be avorded as they could be interpreted diferent Definition of terms can be categorized into two forms nesning of terms as used 4. Operational Definition - It expres {ra particular Seid of study e ly token from the secondary 2. Conaptuad Defiion - 10 assay taken from the Sharces of data like hooks, ycmals penodicals, and other read- migmaterisls This denim caer © urversal meaning eat on tte renders. ply be understoo The terms tobe defined shouid be arranged in alphabetical onder diate the surname ofthe author(s) and the yeats) of suiicaton i the mearings of the rms were taken from pub Fred materials ike books, oamals, periodicals et. “The following ae Banking terms hat willbe used inthis study: sas -"Thesearecocporations which users organized forthe purpose er eecuamutating savings of depositors and investing them together clits dir capa in bond ori loan secured by bonds and other Forms of securities .Pag0so, 1995, ns this stu, the ter only confined with the (ade in thie cesench paper consisting of (ust ning unc tal Fanctons function, credit, investment, bike insurance, biokerage, savings and cash management. - (Chapter2~ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature The review of literature i an important component in the prepasation of the proposal anl as an aspect or part ofthe research report. It helps shape the proposal it the previous or early fesearchers ar academic papers which cn help in the letication ‘of research problem. Prior researchers can provide important leads to help a researcher determine higher topic of inquiry The work of other researchers may point to some gaps in data, which may serve asthe starting point in the framing of «research proposal. “The review of relate ltertre may also hep shape one's theortcal framework Arguments or stations of ear tude can provide guides oF hints on posable explanations tha may be made in determining paterns of tatnsipe, a Frei itrature A writen material, information oF aisle found in the books, magazines, periodicals, journals and other secondary sources of data, which are published or unpublished a long a these ae related tothe existing problem and are printed outside of the ‘country or printed abroad of writen by foreign aulhorsrters Loc erature Any writen materia. informati Je publi information orarticle published tr unpublished reports that meet the reduied expression qualifies be led erat ad ae welt he preset problem od and which are writen by local authors and reporters and pte the county. if aS eee Related Studies These ate investigations tha investigations dat are usualy unpubished smterils ike manuscripts, theses aid distin wih aes once previouly to which the preset sal ay sony relevance. ® gee Fowign Studies «Those ave studies conduct in other countries and ‘writen or prepared by foreign resarchers {Local Stuis - These are studies of investigations conducted in the ‘country which are simular or relevant to the present say. Related Literature and studies serve a5 guide to the present restorer inthe formulation of the conceptual framework and in the preparation of the research design, methodology, sampling techtigues, instrumentation and statstial analysis, I also provide information that may support and stenglhen the Sndings ofthe study. Synthesis 1k presents the relationship of the present study to the ‘vestigations being reviewed, It also summarizes and emphasizes ity relevance tothe curent study. The use of the following phases and expressions can hep in the presentation ofthis portion: 2) The related studies included in this study have significant relationship with the present study i the sense that 5 2) “The study of -(ite the complete tie ofthe study) «especialy relevantto thistudy because the venseis similar to. (cate the ‘ariabls used inthe present study). (Chapter - METHODS AND PROCEDURE Research Methods Ieconatittes the blueprint forthe collection, measurement sd analysis of data, It aide the researcher inthe allocation of his limited resources by posing critical choles. she blueprint to include ‘experiments interviews, observations, analysis ofrecord simulation forsone combination ofthese? Are the methods of data collection and the research situation tobe highly structured? Should the analysis be primarily quanitaive or qualitative? Research method contains a brief description of the research method to be used incading the justification on why the best method for he study. Any of a combination of thefllowing ‘esearch methods could be utilized depending onits appropriateness tothe study tobeconducted The thre (3) types of research methods ‘which are commonly used areas follows: 1) Descriptive Method - It involves the description, recording. analysis and interpretation of what its Iti used in many fields of investigation de tots applicability to salve different Kinds of problems Rivers, 196 Dt gm Descriptive method -is concerned with what, where, when or how much: Its also concemed on how a research will be conducted, ‘The simplest descriptive study conceme a univriae {question or hypothesisin which we ask about or sat someting about the size form, distribution, or existence of a variable the account analysis at Bank's choice, we might be intersted in ‘developing a profile of savers. We may want to locate them it relation to thee ofce, school or other business establishments. 2) Experimental Method This is appropriate when one wishes to discover, whether certain variables produce effects in oer vari ables I also provides the most powerful sipport posible for hhypotesis. Cooper and Schindler, 2003. Ths method descrines and analyzes variables under controlled conditions for purposes ‘Faring into conclusion, 3) Historical Method. I isthe systematic collection of evaluated data related to past occurences inorder to describe causes fects or tends that may help to explain present events and a= ticipate the future. Gay, 198, Ii important forthe reece? to determine the particular set ofvalables or factors that souls be Included in the historical account, This should be clear a the ‘outset asthe esearch problem is formated! and the veriabes the study aren out Bautista 1998, ‘Sampling Design The basic idea of sampling ts by sclsting some of the ements ina population where e may draw conshasions about he ‘entire population. A population element i the subject mn which the measurement is being taken. While an element may be a person, it ‘an just as easily be something elee. For example, each occ worker ‘questioned about a Nexble work schedule e' population element ‘and each business acount analyzed i an element of af account population. In measurement terms, thesample must be valid Validity ofthe sample depends on accuracy and precision, An accurate sample is one in which the underestimates and the overestimates are balanced among the members ofthe population Precision f= good titrion ofa good sample design. No simple wil fully represent es ‘population inal respects. The numerial descriptions that describe Samples may be expected to aiff from thew that describe the populations because of random Muctuationsnerent inthe sampling sampling design, Hh lowing steps mus be lla 1. Deine the target population: 2, Selec the data collection meth 5 Klentiythe sampling frame(s) needed; 44. Select the appropriate sampling method 5. Determine necessary sample sizes and overall contact ates; 6. Create an operating plan fr selecting sampling urits;and 17, Execute the sampling operational plan ‘One of the probability sampling designs that canbe use is simple random sampling, Its a probability procedure that ensures, that every sampling unit aking wp the defined target population has a known, equal, non-zero chance of being selected. Fai, et.al, 2008, For example, let ws say that profesor decided to draw a sample of 10 students (2-10) trom among al students in a method ‘of research class that consist of 30 students (N=30). Te professor ould write each studen’s name on a separate, identical sheet of paper and place all the names in a box. Each student would have an Sul, known probability of selection from a sample ofa given size ‘hot could be expressed By the folowing formula Size of Sample babilty of Selection = - ‘Sue of Population Pogoso, eta, proposed the formula for computing the size ofthe sample a: N rene? Where: n= the sie ofthe sample N= the sizeof the population inof eror (shoul not be higher than 5) which ‘Example: Ifthe population of the employees of Company Xs 10.000 and the margin of tobe adopted is 9%, the size of yout sample il be computed a follows 10,00 110.00 (03}2 10,000 110,000 a009}2 19000 19 10,000 0 - Lom 1 the total population of 10000 employes of Company X wil be Aided inte thee @) departments. ase ‘Deparment | Teal Number [10% | SenpieSue Market 6000 on , Personne. 3000 0, 300 Producto 1.000 D0. 10 Tool Toa Z Too ‘Then: The sample proportion shall be computed by using this formula 1000 10900 - oo Hence: Every department is represented inthe sample Ie sncenrewcinne Instrumentation Techniques Techniques of data collection can be clasifid in two types. ‘There are the priaary techies and secondary techniques characterize by the researcher's rect ntraction with the persans who ean provide information onthe topic through: a) interviews; b) questionnaires; and, o) focus group Aiseussion. Information could alo be derived through direct obser- ‘ation sehere the person or eniies being studied do not necessarily Interact withthe researcher all mes, Batista, 1998, 2) Interciws- These techniques of data collection encompass ast of questions raised through person *o personortelephoneinteraction between interviewers and sespondeni, The inerviewers record the responses derived from the respondent. There are two types of interviews: these are the standardized and the stratared interviews, Standardized interview is characterized by a se of {questions formulated ina standardized way, 38 n questionnaires, Ie utilizes an instrument called interview schedule or guide Stuetured interview om the other hand , involves asking set of {question derive bythe interviewer from ist of key topics a a ful his else trier pre an ated ops ‘ordirections as they arse. Ql ‘Questionaire - Its an instrament that embodies a set of ques tions asked in a standardized manner to each respondent. The questions are raised in the same words and in the same order t0 each respondent The questionnaires should be filled by the ‘esponients an opportunity to respond st their convenience 6} Focus Group Discussion - This technique soften undertaken by an snterviewer wih a small amber of people whe share a commen interest The interviewer meet with the group of patilpants for Some hours to respond to open-ended questions. Participants are able folisten to each ome hes o say, which gives each one an ‘opportunity to reflect on the opinions ofthe other participants Secondary Techniques - These include the methods of gathering information obtained by other entities individuals or other agencies “Those techniques depend onthe teseachee’s abit to obtain om ‘other institutions oF individuals information they keep. There are ‘many’ sources of secondary data, These can be obtained from : 3) statistical records such as censuso¢ vital stats eolected regularly ') personal records of persons, offices and other agencies and ¢) documentary records such as annual reports, memoranda, office ‘Seelars and other agency o insitutional report 2} Statistic! Rerods~ These ae often clleted regularly by insti tions and have the advantage of enabling the conduct of trend studies. They cover information pertaining 0 institutions of _given population being served by this progeams or projets. 18) Personal Records - These serve a soureof raw data about the pro filer people. They are compiled regularly about each person and ‘an be agregated by a researcher serve a particular research Purpose. These records include personal data sheets collected by fn office personel such as those on salaries, income, absences, toaning programs attended, educational profile ets, The infor: mation collected from certain groups of people can be used for ‘oth qualitative and quantitative research problems ©) Documentary Records - These documents can be used 0 narrate and analyze the data colleced ‘rom agencies or individuals ‘within an institution, Incading development plans and anna reports. Other documents are regulary prepared By individuals including mines ofthe meetings, accomplishment report, spe ‘al cases, memoranda, crclars presidential ders company polices, plas and programs and others ata Gathering Procedures TAs pron dcuses. the sep by slp procares in the colecton of dats the kcguee te “ata lection are

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