List and discribe the concrete equipment

Concrete making equipment are tools and machines that are used to produce, mix, transport, and
place concrete. Some examples of concrete making equipment are:

 Concrete batching plant: This equipment mixes various materials to form concrete. These
materials include sand, aggregate, slag, cement, fly ash, and water among
others. Concrete batching plants come in various types: dry mix concrete plant, wet mix
concrete plant, mobile concrete plant, stationery concrete plant1.
 Concrete pump: This equipment transports liquid concrete from the production to the
casting area. It works by having one piston draw the concrete from the source and another
push it into the discharge pipe. There are two types of concrete pump: line and boom1.
 Concrete mixer: This equipment mixes cement, aggregates and water to create concrete.
It may have the same function as a batching plant but a concrete mixer is usually a single
machine. Batching plants belong to a whole production line1.
 Concrete vibrator: This equipment shakes the newly poured concrete to remove air
bubbles and level the surface of the concrete. It can be powered by electricity, petrol, or
air1.
 Concrete paver: This equipment lays asphalt concrete on roads, parking lots, bridges, and
other such places. It can be manual or powered by electricity or petrol1.
 Concrete tank: This equipment stores liquid cement or ready-mix concrete for later use. It
can be cylindrical or rectangular in shape1.
 Concrete crusher: This equipment reduces the size of existing concrete structures or
unwanted materials from the site. It can be manual or powered by electricity or petrol1.
 Concrete conveyor: This equipment moves large quantities of ready-mix concrete from
one place to another. It can be belt or chain type1.

2 Compaction equipment are tools and machines that are used to improve or increase the density
of soil by applying weight, vibration, or impact. They are employed to make the soil more stable
and increase the bearing capacity of the soil layer on the construction site. There are different
types of compaction equipment used on construction sites such as:

Types of Soil Compaction Equipment

The compaction equipment for soil can be categorized in two type based on their
mass.

 light soil compaction equipment

 heavy soil compaction equipment

Light Soil Compaction Equipment

These types of equipment are used particularly for compacting small areas, which require less
compaction effort (force). Following equipment fall under the category of Light compaction
equipment.

 Rammers
 vibratory tampers
 vibratory plate compactors

Rammers

Rammer are machine powered and hand steered small machines used for compacting small areas
by providing an impact to the soil. Rammers are lighter in weight so that they can be handled by
single person.

The base size of the rammers is usually smaller of area ranging from 15 x 15 cm2 to 20 x 20 cm2.
Usually, their weights are in the range of 30 kgs to 10 tons.

In case of rock compaction, these rammers can weigh up to two or three tons and can fall freely
from the heights of 1 or 2 m to crush the rock underneath them.

Rammers are particularly suitable for compacting cohesive soils like clays located in small areas
like trenches and building foundations.
Vibratory Tampers

The base plate installed on vibratory tampers is spring activated by an alternative

mechanism driven by a motor.

Vibratory tampers are also ideal to be used in smaller areas in confined zones. They
can even be used to compact all types of soils using the vibrations.

They are usually manually guided like rammers and weigh between 50 and 100 kgs.

Vibratory Plate Compactors

Vibratory plate compactors are particularly used on course soils like sand
containing four to eight percent fine particles like clay.

In contrast to rammers, which compact soil by producing an impact, vibratory plate

compactors compact the soil by producing vibrations.

Weight of these machines can range between 100 kgs and 2 tons. The plate areas
are also bigger in contrast to rammers, with areas ranging from 0.16 to 1.6 square
meters.

 Smooth-wheeled rollers: These are machines that have smooth tires on two or four
wheels. They are used for compacting crushed rock, sand, gravel, and other granular
materials. They can be powered by electricity or petrol1
 Multi-tyre, pneumatic-tire rollers: These are machines that have smooth tires on two
axles in an offset arrangement. They can be self-propelled or towed by a tractor. They
can be powered by electricity or petrol. They can compact various types of soils such as
sand, gravel, clay, and loam2
 Heavy pneumatic-tire rollers: These are machines that have large pneumatic tires on
two axles in an offset arrangement. They can be self-propelled or towed by a tractor.
They can be powered by electricity or petrol. They can compact very hard and dense soils
such as concrete and asphalt2
 Sheep-foot rollers: These are machines that have steel blades attached to a rotating drum
with teeth resembling sheep’s feet. They are used for compacting cohesive soils such as
clays and silts. They create small zones of intense shearing, which drives air out of the
soil and increases its density34
 Tamping-foot rollers: These are machines that have steel blades attached to a rotating
drum with teeth resembling tamping feet. They are used for compacting granular soils
 such as sand and gravel. They apply pressure to the soil surface and compress it from
below34
 Grid rollers: These are machines that have steel grids attached to a rotating drum with
teeth resembling grid plates. They are used for compacting coarse-grained soils such as
gravel and crushed stone. They create a honeycomb-like pattern on the soil surface,
which increases its strength and stability

3 hulling equipment

1. Cranes: Cranes are used to lift and move heavy materials and equipment on construction sites.
They come in various sizes and configurations, including tower cranes, mobile cranes, and
crawler cranes.

2. Forklifts: Forklifts are used to lift and transport heavy materials and equipment within
construction sites. They are available in different capacities and can be operated in indoor and
outdoor environments.

3. Dump trucks: Dump trucks are used to transport loose materials such as sand, gravel, and dirt
on construction sites. They come in various sizes and configurations, including standard dump
trucks, articulated dump trucks, and off-road dump trucks.

4. Excavators: Excavators are used for digging and earthmoving tasks on construction sites. They
are equipped with a bucket, arm, and boom for digging and loading materials.

5. Bulldozers: Bulldozers are heavy-duty machines used for pushing and moving large quantities
of earth and materials on construction sites. They are equipped with a wide metal blade at the
front for pushing materials.

6. Wheel loaders: Wheel loaders are used for loading and transporting materials such as gravel,
sand, and debris on construction sites. They are equipped with a front-mounted bucket that can
be raised and lowered for loading and unloading tasks.

7. Flatbed trailers: Flatbed trailers are used to transport heavy equipment, machinery, and
materials from one location to another on construction sites. They provide a flat and open
platform for easy loading and unloading of materials.

8. Scissor lifts: Scissor lifts are used for lifting workers and materials to elevated heights on
construction sites. They are equipped with a platform that can be raised and lowered using a
scissor mechanism.
9. Telehandlers: Telehandlers are versatile machines that can be used for lifting, moving, and
placing materials and equipment on construction sites. They are equipped with a telescopic boom
that can extend and retract for reaching high or distant areas.

10. Conveyor belts: Conveyor belts are used for transporting materials such as concrete,
aggregate, and gravel within construction sites. They provide a continuous and efficient way of
moving materials from one location to another.

4 Pumping and dewatering equipment

Pumping and dewatering equipment are used in construction to remove unwanted water from the site
or to lower the groundwater level. There are different types of pumping and dewatering equipment
depending on the source, volume, and quality of the water, as well as the soil conditions and the depth
of the excavation. Some of the common types of pumping and dewatering equipment are:

1. Submersible pumps: These pumps are designed to be fully submerged in water and are used to
remove excess water from construction sites, excavations, and trenches. They are versatile and
can handle a wide range of water pumping applications.

2. Dewatering pumps: Dewatering pumps are specifically designed to remove water from lower-
lying areas such as basements, pits, and trenches. They are commonly used in construction to
keep these areas dry and safe for workers.

3. Sump pumps: Sump pumps are used to remove water that has accumulated in a sump pit,
typically found in basements or crawl spaces. They are essential for preventing flooding and
water damage in these areas.

4. Water trucks: Water trucks are equipped with large tanks and are used to transport and
distribute water to construction sites. They are often used for dust control, compaction, and
concrete mixing purposes.

5. Water tanks: Water tanks are stationary containers used to store and supply water for
construction purposes. They can be connected to pumping systems to provide a reliable source of
water on-site.

Overall, pumping and dewatering equipment play a crucial role in maintaining a safe and
productive construction environment by controlling water levels, preventing flooding, and
providing necessary water for various construction activities.
5 drilling and blastimg equipment

1. Drill rigs: Drill rigs are used to create holes in the ground for various purposes, including
foundation drilling, soil testing, and rock blasting. They come in different sizes and
configurations, depending on the specific drilling requirements of the construction project.

2. Rock drills: Rock drills are specialized drilling equipment designed for drilling into hard rock
surfaces. They are commonly used in mining and construction projects that involve rock
excavation and blasting.

3. Blasting machines: Blasting machines are used to detonate explosives in a controlled manner
for rock blasting and excavation purposes. They are essential for breaking up large rock
formations and creating space for construction activities.

4. Explosives: Explosives are used in conjunction with blasting machines to break up rock
formations and create space for construction activities. They are carefully handled and detonated
by trained professionals to ensure safety and precision in the blasting process.

5. Blasting mats: Blasting mats are used to contain and redirect the force of an explosion during
rock blasting. They help minimize the impact of flying debris and protect nearby structures and
workers from potential hazards.

Drilling and blasting equipment are essential for various construction activities, including
excavation, foundation drilling, and rock blasting. They require careful handling and operation to
ensure safety and efficiency on construction sites.
  Gravity and low-pressure devices can include geotextile tubes, geobags, or geoets13.
Gravity and low-pressure devices have the advantages of being flexible,

6Formwork and scaffold

Formwork and scaffolding are both temporary structures used in construction, but they have different
purposes and functions. Formwork is a type of sheeting system that is used to hold and shape wet
concrete until it sets and gains strength. Scaffolding is a type of framework that is used to provide access
and support for workers and materials around the building or structure.

Some of the main differences between formwork and scaffolding are:

- Formwork can be made from various materials, such as wood, plywood, steel, reinforced concrete, or
plain concrete. Scaffolding can also be made from various materials, such as timber, steel, or aluminium¹.

- Formwork is used as a mould to construct concrete columns, beams, slabs, walls, and other elements.
Scaffolding is used to perform various tasks, such as painting, plastering, whitewashing, repairing, or
demolishing¹.

- Formwork should be strong enough to withstand the pressure and weight of the wet concrete, and it
should be removed carefully after the concrete has hardened. Scaffolding should be stable and secure
enough to support the workers and the materials placed on it, and it should have guard rails and toe
boards to prevent falls and accidents¹².

- Formwork can be classified into two types: removable and permanent. Removable formwork is taken
off after the concrete has cured, while permanent formwork is left in place as part of the structure¹.
Scaffolding can be classified into six types: single, double, cantilever, steel, ladder, and suspended. Single
scaffolding consists of a single framework of standards, ledgers, braces, and putlogs. Double scaffolding
consists of two rows of standards, with transoms and bridle supporting the putlogs. Cantilever
scaffolding consists of standards that are supported by cantilevers or needles projecting from the wall
openings. Steel scaffolding consists of steel tubes and couplers that are connected by bolts and nuts.
Ladder scaffolding consists of brackets that support the platform on ladders. Suspended scaffolding
consists of working platforms that are suspended by ropes or wires from an overhead structure².