Introduction to Civil

Engineering
CEE 4101
Date: 20 March, 2017
Type of Equipment use in construction
There are several equipment that is been used in the Construction Industry. These are
used for both large and small scale purposes. Various types of Equipment are been
used for Building & structural Construction, Road construction, underwater and other
marine construction work Power projects etc.There are various operations that are
involved in construction projects , whether it’s a large scale or a small scale; Excavation
and digging of large quantities of earth, Placement of construction materials (eg:-
Bricks, concrete) Compacting and leveling, Grading, Hauling etc…

Construction equipment can be categorized in to 4 main sections based on purpose and

use, They are:
1. Earth Moving equipment
2. Construction vehicle
3. Material Handling Equipment
4. Construction Equipment

NOTE:- There can be several types of classification base on techniques, purpose, types, brands etc…
1. Earth Moving Equipment 2. Construction Vehicle
1.1 Excavators 2.1 Tippers
1.2 Graders 2.2 Dumbers
1.3 Loaders 2.3 Trailers
1.4 Skid loader 2.4 Tankers
1.5 Crawler loaders 3. Material Handling Equipment
1.6 Backhoe 3.1 Crane
1.7 Bulldozers 3.2 Conveyors
1.8 Trenchers 3.3 Hoists
1.9 Scrapers 3.4 Forklifts
1.10 Wheeled loading shovels
4. Construction Equipment
4.1 Concrete Mixture
4.2 Compactors
4.3 Pavers
4.4 Road Rollers
1.
Excavators

An excavator is a construction vehicle used to excavate or move large objects. An Excavator is basically made up of 2 parts:
a driving base associated a powerful boom arm with an attachment designed for excavating. The operator sits within a
small cab connected to the base and controls the arm.
The excavator uses a Hydraulic system to generate a Hydraulic force to control the mechanical arm of the machine. It also
uses a chain wheel system for it’s movement. There are several types of excavators which are classified on use, brand and
purpose.

Usage of Excavator in ConstructionThe excavator probably is the most commonly used machine in the Construction
Industry.There are many uses of an Excavator.
1. Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
2. Demolition
3. Material handling
4. General grading/landscaping
5. Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
6. Forestry work
7. Lifting and placing of pipes
8. Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
9. River dredging.
2.Loader
Similar name: Front end loader,
bucket loader, scoop loader or
shovel
A loader is a heavy
equipment machine frequently used in construction industry, mainly used to Load
material (such as demolition waste, feed, gravel raw minerals, used material,
rock, and plywood) into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truckload).Loaders have a very higher
productivity and a lower maintenance cost unlike most of the other large scale construction machines.The Loader has a
large bucket with a shorter moving arm. Large quantities of material such as soil, construction material, etc can be moved
from this.The loader consist of four large wheels for its movement.Loaders are best suited for earth moving, road
construction, agricultural purposes, and also in large and small scale constructions which include marine structures.
Loaders too are available in various types based on it’s use and brand.

Loading materials into trucksUsage of Loaders in construction

Laying pipe
Clearing rubble
Moving of Construction waste and other materials
Small excavations
3. BULLDOZER
Bulldozers are heavy equipment capable of moving heavy loads, clearing rubble, and are very helpful in civil
engineering works.
The word “bulldozer" is normally inferred to indicate heavy equipment, like a loader or an excavator, but
specifically it signifies a tractor fitted with a blade. A bulldozer is a tracked tractor that has an integral metal
blade used to drive a significant amount of soil, sand, debris, etc., generated during construction. Generally,
bulldozers are huge and robust tracked equipment. The bulldozer weight is distributed by the wide tracks
over vast area. Thus, the pressure applied is decreased, and the bulldozer is prevented from plunging in
sandy ground. Bulldozers have a torque divider that is designed to transform the engine power into
enhanced dragging capability. The bulldozers can tow heavy tanks with ease. Due to these characteristics,
bulldozers are employed to remove debris, obstacles, clear roads, bushes, and trees. Bulldozers can also be
used to dig trenches, farming works, and even military operations.
4. Crane
A crane is a type of machine commonly used in construction, generally equipped with an elevator, ropes or
chains and sheaves that can be used both to move and to lift and lower materials horizontally. It is mainly
used for heavy lifting and transport to other locations.
One or more simple machines are used to provide a mechanical benefit and thus to move loads on the
normal ability of a person.
Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of goods for the
movement of materials and manufacturing industries for mounting agricultural machinery, in the
construction industry.
5. Concrete Mixture
A Concrete (Cement Mixer) is a machine that combines cement evenly to form aggregates such as sand
or gravel and water to concrete. A typical concrete mixer using a rotating drum for mixing the
components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are regularly used for concrete, can be
produced at the site, so that workers have enough time to use the concrete before it hardens time.

Special trucks for transporting concrete produced and ready-mix concrete to the construction site. They
can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. With this
method, the material was mixed. The concrete truck transportation of liquid mixture maintained
material by movement or rotation of the drum to the delivery.

Manual Concrete mixture in construction Concrete mixture

6. Road Roller
Road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type
engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of
roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

Road Roller
 Engineering Materials: Cement
Cement: Cement is the main component of concrete. It's an economical, high-quality
construction material used in construction projects worldwide.

Cement is a fine mineral powder manufactured with very precise processes. Mixed with water,
this powder transforms into a paste that binds and hardens when submerged in water. Because
the composition and fineness of the powder may vary, cement has different properties
depending upon its combination.

There are various types of cement available in the market. Each cement type has specific
applications. These include residential construction, civil engineering structures, underground
work and the production of concrete for harsh environments or in highly corrosive conditions.

How should cement be stored?

• Cement bags should not be stored in an enclosed area where the walls, roof and floor is not
completely weatherproof.
• Cement bags must not be stored in wet surroundings and humid conditions.
• Stack cement bags on wooden planks or concrete floor and do not stack the against the wall.
• Cement bags should be piled close together.
• It is better to arrange the cement bags in a header and stretcher fashion.
• Cement bags that were stored first must be used first.
• Cement bags must not be piled up in the field at work site, instead they should be piled up on
a raised platform and covered with a sheet.
Types of Cement, their Composition and Uses
There are various types of cement used in construction works for various purposes.
Thus, it is important to understand properties of each types of cement and
their uses.

The following are the types of cement that are in practice:

1. Rapid Hardening Cement
2. Quick setting cement
3. Low Heat Cement
4. Sulphates resisting cement
5. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
6. High Alumina Cement
7. White Cement
8. Coloured cement
9. Pozzolanic Cement
10. Air Entraining Cement
11. Hydrographic cement
How should cement be stored?
Cement bags should not be stored in an enclosed area where the walls, roof and floor is
not completely weatherproof.
Cement bags must not be stored in wet surroundings and humid conditions.
Stack cement bags on wooden planks or concrete floor and do not stack the against the
wall.
Cement bags should be piled close together.
It is better to arrange the cement bags in a header and stretcher fashion.
Cement bags that were stored first must be used first.
Cement bags must not be piled up in the field at work site, instead they should be piled
up on a raised platform and covered with a sheet.
 Types of Cement, their Composition and Uses
Types of Cement Composition Purpose
Rapid Hardening Cement Increased Lime content Attains high strength in early days it is used in
concrete where form work are removed at an early
stage.
Quick setting cement Small percentage of aluminium sulphate as an accelerator Used in works is to be completed in very short period
and reducing percentage of Gypsum with fine grinding and concreting in static and running water
Low Heat Cement It is used in massive concrete construction like gravity
Manufactured by reducing tricalcium aluminate
dams
Sulphates resisting cement It is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium It is used in construction exposed to severe sulphate
aluminate below 6% which increases power against action by water and soil in places like canals linings,
sulphates culverts, retaining walls, siphons etc.,
Blast Furnace Slag Cement It is obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% It can used for works economic considerations is
slag and resembles more or less in properties of Portland predominant.
cement
High Alumina Cement It is used in works where concrete is subjected to high
It is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite and lime and temperatures, frost, and acidic action.
grinding with the clinker it is rapid hardening cement with
initial and final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours
respectively
White Cement It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide. It is more costly and is used for architectural purposes
such as precast curtain wall and facing panels, terrazzo
surface etc.,
Coloured cement It is produced by mixing mineral pigments with ordinary They are widely used for decorative works in floors
cement.
Pozzolanic Cement It is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage
Portland cement works and for laying concrete under water such as
bridges, piers, dams etc.,
Air Entraining Cement It is produced by adding indigenous air entraining agents This type of cement is specially suited to improve the
such as resins, glues, sodium salts of Sulphates etc during workability with smaller water cement ratio and to
the grinding of clinker. improve frost resistance of concrete.
Hydrographic cement It is prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals This cement has high workability and strength
 Concrete:
- a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregates and water. The properties of concrete
such as performance, strength, and durability varies with their types such as high strength,
prestressed, fresh, hard, Ready mix etc.

It is made by mixing: Cement, water, course fine aggregates and admixtures (if required). The
aim is to mix these materials in measured amounts to make concrete that is easy to: Transport,
place, compact, finish and which will set, and harden, to give a strong and durable product. The
amount of each material (ie cement, water and aggregates) affects the properties of hardened
concrete.
The properties of concrete such as performance, strength, and durability varies with their types
such as high strength, prestressed, fresh, hard, Ready mix etc.

Types of Concrete
Normal concrete
High-Strength Concrete
High Performance Concrete
Air Entrained Concrete
Light Weight Concrete
Self Compacting Concrete
Shotcrete
Pervious Concrete