Introduction: Construction Technology

CE 4355 Construction Technology

Mr. Sajith Udayanga
Department of Construction Technology
Faculty of Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka
20/03/2021
 Today’s Content
• Course Outline
• Introduction in General: Construction Technology

• Learning Outcomes
• Outline Syllabus
• Assessment Criteria

• Introduction to Construction Equipment

• Interactive session (Q & A)

Course Outline
Construction Technology

“Construction technology refers to the collection of innovative tools,

machinery, modifications, software, etc. used during
the construction phase of a project that enables advancement in
field construction methods, including semi-automated and
automated construction equipment.”
Learning Outcomes

• LO 1: identify and select appropriate construction equipment used for a

range of construction operations
• LO 2: interpret construction drawings, and set out Civil Engineering
Works
• LO 3: demonstrate fundamental knowledge of construction processes
used in Civil Engineering projects
• LO 4: plan and organize construction sites considering productivity, good
housekeeping, material handling, security, health & safety, and quality
assurance
Outline Syllabus
• Introduction to Construction Equipment [LO 1]
• Excavation and earthmoving operations [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Ground Engineering [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Rock Blasting and Aggregate Production [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Concrete production and concreting [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Formwork and temporary works [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Access scaffolding [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Site planning and management [LO 4]
• Quality assurance, health and safety in construction [LO 4]
• Pipe Laying & drainage work [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Road construction [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Tunnel construction [LO 1], [LO 3]
• Bridge construction [LO 1], [LO 3]

Continuous Assessment : 40%, End-semester Examination : 60%

 History of construction mechanization

Objectives of construction
Mechanization
• It facilitates implementing large scale
projects
• It can improve the Accuracy Required
• It can assist in achieving Time Targets
• It reduces the Manual work
• Mechanization increases the
accessibility
• It helps to carry out difficult tasks
 History

• Construction has been a part of the human history.

• Modern construction industry begins with industrialization
In 19th century Steam Engine is invented
In 1925 Diesel Engine was developed
• After second world war, [1940] there were a boom in
Construction industry to reconstruct the damages
 History

Development Of Construction Equipment

- 1885 Steam Engine / Locomotive tractor

- 1891 Steam Locomotive road roller
- 1915 Bulldozer
- 1918 Truck Crane,
- 1925 Diesel Engine
- 1931 Diesel Engine-Bulldozer
- 1932 Pneumatic Tired equipment
- 1937 Hydraulic Excavator
 ADVANTAGES of construction mechanization

1 Can perform Large scale operations in short period

2 Can maintain High quality of construction
3 Construction Cost can be reduced by using CE
4 Can decrease manpower requirement
5 Mechanization Relieve manual work and increase
safety at work
DISADVANTAGES of construction mechanization

1. Large capital for purchasing / maintaining

2. Increase management Work involved
3. Problem with training and maintain operation
4. Effort required to keep mechanization updated
5. Effort required to learn most efficient operation
6. Environmental Damages
Trends of Construction Equipment

- Large & Small Size Equipment

- Improvement of trafficability
- Improvement of operation & comfort of cabin
- Improvement of safety
- Automation
- Improvement against noise, vibration and air pollution
- Improvement of Maintenance & durability
Why construction equipment management is
important?
• CE fleet represents the largest long-term capital investment by
a construction contractor.
• Therefore economic viability of construction companies
depend on CE management decisions
• Cost of CE is a large portion of major projects, It may be up to
40%
• For earthmoving projects it may be up to 90%
• Cost of maintenance of CE also may be up to 10%
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

1 Earthmoving Equipment
2 Foundation & Soil compaction Equipment
3 Equipment used in Concreting/Mortaring
4 Transporting Equipment
5 Lifting Equipment
6. Specialized Civil Construction Machinery
7 Installation & Finishing Equipment
8 General Machines used in Construction
9 Equipment used for Grouting etc.
 Earthmoving Equipment

1 Tractors – Bulldozer/Crawler Tractor

2 Excavator – Front shovel excavator,

Backhoe excavator, Clamshell

3 Scrapers – Bucket scraper

4 Loaders – Front wheel loader

5 Graders – Motor Grader

6. Loader Backhoe
Equipment Selection-Excavation
– Bull Dozers
• Bulldozers shave the
ground, cut through
mountains, and level
uneven land.
• They are usually the
first ones to work at
the site when new
construction begins.
• They are the most
powerful construction
machines when it
comes to pushing
while stationary.
 Bull Dozers

This small bulldozer is used to level the ground before building houses and roads.
 Bull Dozers

It is used for big construction. It can also be used for leveling rice fields.
 Bull Dozers

This bulldozer pushes and gathers big rocks that are dug up from the mountains.
The sharp ripper at its bottom can dig up the ground
 Bull Dozers

This is the world's largest bulldozer. Because of its jumbo size, it has to be taken in parts when
it is carried. Seven huge trucks were used to carry it here.
 Bull Dozers

This bulldozer has longer and wider crawlers. Since it has more parts touching the ground, it is
less likely to sink. It works great on wet rice fields and on the soft soil.
 Bull Dozers

This is the type of bulldozer which can work well on rather steep place including forests and
mountains. Its crawler is longer than that of regular ones making its body more stable.
 Bull Dozers

This bulldozer is especially good at leveling the ground. It does not damage the ground, because
its crawler is made of rubber. With the roller at its rear-end, it can make the ground even more
level.
Hydraulic Excavator
 Hydraulic Excavator

Some hydraulic excavator can be remotely controlled without having an operator inside. It
becomes especially useful at dangerous sites such as places with possible falling rocks and places
with high temperature etc.
 Hydraulic Excavator

This hydraulic excavator is useful for getting sand from river beds. It has a special crawler
that helps it from sinking on the muddy surface.
 Hydraulic Excavator

It is used to dig big rocks from the mountains. These rocks are then made into small stones and
gravel used for building roads. Its whole body is made very strong so that it won't break down
when hitting huge rocks accidentally.
 Hydraulic Excavator

This is one of the world's largest hydraulic excavators! Its bucket is as big as a small bedroom,
and it is used to dig coal, diamonds, gold and so forth in mines. This machine is often used with a
very big dump truck.
 Hydraulic Excavator

It is a hydraulic excavator with tires. It can run almost as fast as regular cars, so it does not have
to be carried in a truck construction sites. Its boom and arm can be folded so that the operator
can drive safety.
 Hydraulic Excavator

It can work for various jobs, such as foundation before building a house, road construction, and
putting water pipes underground. With its strong power, it can demolish old buildings after
exchanging its tip with something else.
 Hydraulic Excavator

It can turn very sharply both forward and backward. It can work on road construction without
causing trouble to other cars. It is in such a pretty purple color.
 Hydraulic Excavator

A very small excavator. It is the size of a motorcycle. It is used to dig and level the ground at
very narrow sites.
Foundation & Soil compaction Equipment

1 Vibrating rollers
2 Static rollers
3 Sheep foot rollers
4 Plate compactors
5 Tamping Machines
Equipment used in Concreting/Mortaring

1 Concrete mixers
2 Concrete pump car
3 Batching plant
4 Finishing equipment
Transporting Equipment

1 Dump trucks
2 Equipment transporter
3 Crawler carrier
4 Belt conveyer
5 Agitator truck
Lifting Equipment
1 Sky lift
2 Crawler crane
3 Forklift
4 Truck with crane
5 Tower crane
Specialized Civil Construction Machinery

1 Asphalt Paving Machine

2 Bitumen Distributor
3 Tunnel Boring Machine
4 Pipe Laying Machinery
5 Offshore land reclamation equipment
Tunnel Boring Machine
TBM
Installation & Finishing Equipment

1 Painting Equipment
2 Mobile Scaffolds
3 Flooring Equipment
General Machinery

1 Equipment used in energy generation

2 Cleaning Equipment
3 Welding & Other Equipment
Other Construction Machinery

1 Grouting Equipment
2 Static Scaffolds
Interactive session (Q & A)