HEO – (WHEEL LOADER) NC II

COMMON COMPETENCIES

MODULE 1
Preparing Construction
(Heavy Equipment)
Materials and Tools
Lo1. Identify Materials and Tools Applicable To a Specific Job
Definition of Terms

 Bill – a statement of payment due to goods and services

 Damage – a destruction, injury, or harm to a person or thing
 Job – a piece of work of a definite extent or character for a set of fee
 Material – a stuff upon which a thing is made
 Quantity – a number, amount in size
 Requisition – act of requiring something to be furnished; a written request for
something authorized but not made available automatically
 Tool – a simple implement, as a hammer, saw, and spade chisel etc. used in
work
 Work – something made or accomplished

TYPES AND USES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS

 DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS

MATERIALS:

 Lumber -sawn timber

 Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods

 Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water acts as binder of

aggregate.

 Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert

 Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood

 Gravel - coarse aggregate

TOOLS:

 Pull-push-rule - used for measuring long distances

 Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails

 Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain

 Ripsaw - used for cutting along the grain

 Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment

  Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock

 Hack saw - fine toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes

 Lever bar - tool used in checking vertical and horizontal position

OTHER TOOLS:

“Bench Vise” “Electric Drill” “Auger Bits”

“C-Clamp” “SledgeHammer” “Crow Bar” “Screwdriver”

 27 TYPES OF HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

1. Articulated Trucks
Articulated trucks are a type of heavy-duty dump truck that many praise for their
versatility and adaptability. Unlike rigid haulers, articulated trucks consist of both a cab
and a narrow trailer, or dump box. The two connect via a pivoting hinge. They are ideal
for applications on challenging worksites with little to no paved roads, steep slopes,
slippery or sandy surfaces, or low ceiling height.
You'll find these at many types of job sites, including:

 Mining
 Recycling and scrapping
 Material and aggregate hauling
 Utility construction
Always match an articulated truck rental or investment to the size and type of load it will
be hauling.

2. Asphalt Pavers
Asphalt pavers are usually accompanied by dump trucks carrying asphalt, which moves
the material into the paver. Once it's full, the asphalt paver uses dispersion augers to
disperse the asphalt across a leveled surface. Then, it rolls it flat with a hydraulic
cylinder, creating a solid, stable place to drive or walk.
You can use these pavers to lay asphalt on places such as:

 Public and private roads

 Driveways
 Parking lots
 Bridge decks
 Recreation courts
 Industrial sites
 Building construction
Asphalt pavers are available in a variety of paving widths and speeds.

3. Backhoe Loaders
A backhoe loader is a single piece of equipment that can function as either a backhoe, a
tractor, or a loader. The durable backhoe is located on the back of the machine, while
the loading mechanism is in the front. The central operating machine is the tractor.
Because it's capable of handling so many different jobs, you can use a backhoe
loader for things like:
 Farming
 Excavation
 Construction
 Hauling
 Digging
4. Boom Lifts
Boom lifts are a type of aerial lift mechanism. You might have also heard of it referred to
as a basket crane or cherry picker. These attachments allow workers to reach elevated
work areas but are not limited to only industrial or construction projects.

They are versatile and used across a variety of industries, including:

 Forestry
 Construction
 Painting
 Farming or harvesting
 Window cleaning
 Fire fighting
There are several different types of boom lifts, including telescoping and articulating.
Boom lifts are suitable for one or more workers at a time, depending on the size of the
bucket or platform.

5. Cold Planers
Cold planers are a type of heavy equipment for construction that utilize rotating drums
and carbide cutters to mill pavement or asphalt. You can use a cold planer for either
minimal or in-depth removal. Because pavement and asphalt milling creates a lot of
 dust, most cold planers utilize a water system to maintain a clean and safe work
environment.
There are many reasons why one might use a cold planer to mill a roadway, such as:

 Recycling asphalt for new roads or other projects.

 Creating rumble strips for use along highways.
 Repairing existing damage.
 Smoothing land before paving to minimize any future potholes or cracks.
Like most heavy-duty equipment, cold planers are available in various sizes to suit
several types of projects. Smaller machines are easily navigable and suitable for minor
milling projects, while large machines are more challenging to navigate but can tackle
large-scale projects with ease.

6. Compactors
Plate compactors use a heavy, vertically vibrating plate to crush and compact a surface
into a level, flat area. The force behind the plate and the quick and repetitive
movements work to break down and compact debris. In addition to industrial
applications, you can also use a plate compactor to flatten an expanse of soil, sand, or
gravel.
Depending on your application, choose between a single, reversible, or heavy-duty
plate compactor:

 Single plate: Single plate compactors are suitable for small-scale asphalt or building
projects, like home renovations or laying sidewalks and driveways.
 Reversible plate: For projects that require more versatility, reversible plates operate in
multiple directions.
 Heavy-duty plate: Heavy-duty plate compactors are the best option for large-scale
industrial, construction, or roadway projects.
7. Compact Track and Multi Terrain Loaders
You can use both a compact track loader and a multi-terrain loader to transport heavy
worksite materials. The two machines look and function similarly, but they are not the
same. Compact track loaders are intended for more rugged, heavy-duty use than a
multi-terrain loader. However, that's not to say a multi-terrain loader isn't powerful or
effective — it's just better suited for terrains that require more care, like sod or turf, while
the compact track loader can handle more challenging surfaces like rocks, mud, and
sand.
While each offers an unparalleled level of versatility and traction, you must consider job
site conditions when choosing a piece of loader equipment.
 8. Dozers

Bulldozers, also known as track-type tractors and crawlers, are critical pieces of
machinery for several types of projects, including:
 Farming
 Land clearing
 Road construction
 Demolition
 Home renovation
Dozers use a heavy-duty track to
move with blades that can push
rocks, building materials, debris, sand, snow, or dirt. There are a few different types of
dozer blades, including the flat, edgeless straight blade, curved universal blade, and
semi-universal combination blade.

9. Draglines
Draglines are a type of large-scale excavator used for reaching extensive depths at
surface mining sites, above ground excavation sites, and more. Draglines function using
a tall boom arm equipped with wire-based drag and hoist ropes. These ropes work
together to move an attached bucket to and from its point of application. Once in place,
the dragline operator controls the bucket so it can collect and move debris by dragging it
across the surface.
Because they are so tall and heavy, many draglines are assembled on the worksite
rather than transported, though there are smaller models available.

10. Drills
Rotary blasthole drills are a type of heavy equipment used for drilling holes at mine
sites. Autonomous drills are a growing trend among equipment handlers because they
have built-in features that can help you complete projects quickly and safely.
For example, automated drills today might feature:

 Depth tracking
 Built-in cameras
 Automatic leveling, retracting, and drilling
 HVAC systems to cool while limiting dust exposure
Non-automated drills offer just as much power, but these features can enhance the
comfort and safety of your works as well as the overall productivity of the equipment.
 11. Drum Rollers
Drum rollers — also known as compact
rollers and road rollers — are machines
used at worksites to smooth and level
building terrain or roadways. They are
immensely strong and can flatten
surfaces quickly and effectively.

There are two types of rolling drums available:

 Smooth rollers: If the drum is smooth, it's known as a smooth roller. As the name
suggests, smooth rollers create smooth surfaces out of gravel, sand, or dirt using a
combination of powerful vibrations and pressure. You can find these machines in
either single or double-drum variations.
 Padfoot rollers: Padfoot rollers use the same technology as smooth rollers, in addition
to a strong manipulative force that you can use to make soil more compact and solid.

12. Electric Rope Shovels

Electric rope shovels are another piece of heavy equipment used almost explicitly at
mining sites due to their ability to withstand rugged work conditions and easily relocate
large quantities of overburden and ore. Because they are powered by electricity, there
are far fewer moving parts to wear down over time. This means you won't have to spend
as much money or time maintaining or replacing critical areas of your equipment.
Modern-day electric rope shovels are energy-efficient and easy to operate.

13. Excavators
If you approach any construction site, chances are, you'll find an excavator. These
machines are robust and adaptable, making them a common fixture at large and small-
scale projects. The excavator cabin — which you can rotate completely while in
operation — is connected to a long arm and bucket, which you can use for excavating,
demolishing, hauling, brush removal, and even forestry applications with certain
attachments.
Excavators range in size, each suited for different applications:

 Mini excavators: Mini excavators can navigate small, hard-to-reach areas on

construction sites, and are ideal for home-based or small-scale projects.
 Medium excavators: Medium excavators can handle larger jobs than mini excavators,
but without taking up as much space as a large excavator. Large scale renovations,
 home improvement projects, and medium to large-scale construction sites can benefit
from this configuration.
 Large excavators: Large excavators are large and very powerful. They are best suited
for high-volume, large-scale operations.

14. Forklifts
You can use forklifts to move items short distances
around a worksite or warehouse safely. There are
several different types of forklifts to it any workplace
scenario, including:
 Counterweight: Counterweight forklifts use a built-in
counterweight system to remain stable while directly
transporting products without using arms.
 Side loaders: Side loaders are ideal for warehouses
with limited workspace and bulky materials, as the
design of the machine allows the operator to load
materials directly from their storage rack easily.
 Pallet jack: Pallet jacks are designed to specifically
move pallets around a warehouse, and their small size
makes them easy to operate.
 Warehouse: You can use a warehouse forklift to
quickly move supplies, products, and shipments around a warehouse.
When choosing a forklift, always consider the weight and volume of the items you plan
to use it with.

15. Hydraulic Mining Shovels

Hydraulic mining shovels use powerful hydraulic components for consistent, powerful
digging and material moving at even the most challenging mine sites. Similar to electric
rope shovels, hydraulic mining shovels are long-lasting and easy to use. Modern
updates also make them safer and more ergonomic.

16. Motor Graders

Motor graders, or road graders, have long, narrow blades, also known as moldboards.
This moldboard is rotatable, with a cutting edge on the bottom to help cut and move
terrain for things like:
 Roadway installation or maintenance
 Fine grading
 Building projects
 Drainage ditches
 Snow removal
 Spreading materials
Compared to bulldozers, motor graders are usually better suited for heavy roadwork
projects that demand versatility. You must understand how to operate a motor grader
before using one, as different actors impact performance. For example, the more lean
you put on the wheels, the deeper a cut will typically be.

17. Off-Highway Trucks

Off-highway trucks are a type of dump truck that offers heavy-duty hauling power for
any type of harsh work environment. For this reason, they are a popular choice in
mines, quarries, and large-scale construction sites that require efficient transport of bulk
materials. Compared to traditional dump trucks, off-highway haulers can transport larger
volumes of stone, soil, and other materials. Depending on what your project calls for,
you could invest in an off-highway truck with multiple dump buckets to be even more
efficient.

18. Scissor Lifts

An aerial scissor lift is a type of mobile, elevated work platform that acts as a stronger
and safer alternative to a standard ladder. Because scissor lifts are comprised of steel
and a series of crossed beams and struts, they provide a stable work area for one or
more workers.
They are excellent for the following applications:

 Material handling
 Warehouse or stockroom storage
 Construction projects
 Commercial building maintenance
If you have hard-to-reach areas in your work area, a scissor lift is just what you need.

19. Skid Steer Loaders

A skid steer is a type of machine
that you can use for anything from
small-scale home projects to
large-scale land management
jobs. They are an asset to any
worksite, thanks to the ability to
connect different attachments to
complete nearly any type of
project.
For example, with the right attachments, you can use a skid steer loader for:
 Forestry
 Land clearing
 Landscaping and farming
 Road work
 Excavation
 Demolition
 Site cleaning
Skid steers are available in three different sizes: small, medium, and large.

20. Telehandlers
Telehandlers are similar to forklifts but are better suited for outdoor applications or bulk
material moving inside a warehouse. You can connect different boom attachments,
such as buckets or lift platforms, making them a versatile piece of machinery to have on
the worksite. There are several types of telehandlers to choose from, including different
variations of lift height, load capacity, and frame size.

21. Towable Light Towers

Have you ever had to race against the sun to complete an outdoor project? Towable
light towers are the solution to this common occurrence. Light towers consist of a set of
powerful lights attached to the top of a vertical beam, which is connected to some type
of power generator or solar panel. The tower is easily portable, so you can take it with
you from site to site and never worry about working in the dark. This keeps employees
safer and increases the amount of available working time you have for a project.

22. Track Loaders

Track loaders are heavy-duty machines
intended for large-scale use. They are
designed with large, moving tracks rather
than wheels. This enables the machine to
move effortlessly across rugged terrain,
including hard-to-reach areas. You can
use a track loader to move or push debris
or materials, as well as in excavation and
land clearing.

23. Underground Mining Loaders

Underground mining loaders are very durable, low profile machines designed to make
mining easier and faster. Mining loaders are similar to standard underground mining
trucks, but with an attached bucket. They are crucial for any large-scale mining
 operation, as they allow you to haul and move materials safely. When choosing an
underground mining loader, consider the size of your work area and the types of
materials you work with.

24. Utility Vehicles

Utility vehicles — or UTVs —
are compact, motorized
transportation and hauling
solutions. They function
similarly to a small truck and
look similar to a sport vehicle
— but don't underestimate
these machines. They are incredibly useful tools for a variety of purposes, such as:
 Hauling materials across construction sites.
 Safe, enclosed transportation in hazardous work areas.
 Farming and landscaping projects.
 Easy hauling and transportation across narrow work areas.
Because UTVs are an integral part of many jobs and projects, you should focus on
finding a machine that is both durable and comfortable to use. Today, UTVs have
features like comfortable seating, quiet operation, adjustable steering columns, and
spacious cabs.

25. Wheel Excavators

Wheel excavators are similar to standard excavating machines, but instead of utilizing a
track system, they have wheels. Because of this difference, wheel excavators offer less
traction on challenging terrain but are still powerful, stable machines. One of the most
significant advantages wheel excavators have over tracked excavators is the ability to
drive it around the worksite.

26. Wheel Loaders

Wheel loaders have a front-loading bucket you can use to move dirt and other
materials. Compared to track loaders, these loaders are equipped with durable wheels,
which makes it easy to navigate and drive across the worksite.
Different wheel loader attachments help this machine adapt to all of your project's
needs, including:
 Stump grinders
 Snowblowers
 Asphalt cutters
 Cold planers
 Trenchers
 27. Wheel Tractor-Scrapers
Wheel tractor-scrapers are a type of
heavy equipment used in construction
projects to scrape, move, and collect
dirt, allowing you to grade and level the
land.
Here's how it works:

1. A sharp, angled scraper cuts into the dirt, loosening it.

2. A hopper uses a conveyor belt system to collect and store this loose dirt.
3. Once the hopper is full, you can then dump or transport the dirt wherever needed.
There are several types of wheel tractor-scrapers, including elevating, open bowl, push-
pull, and tandem scrapers.

ACTIVITY 1
MULTIPLE CHOICES

Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following tools is described as a fine toothed saw used to cut metals and
pipes?

a) Hack Saw
b) Rip Saw
c) Cross-cut Saw
d) None of the Above
2. It is a powdered substance which when mixed with water acts as binder of aggregate.

a) Sand
b) Gravel
c) Lumber
d) Cement
3. Which of the following materials are used in Construction/Carpentry?

a) Water
b) Nails
c) Lumber
d) All of the Above
4. It is used for cutting lumber of board.

a) Chisel
b) Drill bit
c) Tri-square
d) Saw
5. A material used in construction that is defined as a fine gritty, substance found in the
shore and desert.

a) Soil
b) Gravel
c) Cement
d) Sand
6. A piece of heavy equipment used almost explicitly at mining sites due to their ability
to withstand rugged work conditions and easily relocate large quantities of overburden
and ore.

a) Electric Rope Shovels

b) Excavators
c) Wheel loader
d) Fork lifts
7. Use powerful hydraulic components for consistent, powerful digging and material
moving at even the most challenging mine sites.

a) Motor Graders
b) Hydraulic Mining Shovels
c) Scissor Lifts
d) Skid Steer Loaders
8. This is similar to forklifts but are better suited for outdoor applications or bulk material
moving inside a warehouse.

a) Track loaders
b) Utility vehicles
c) Towable Light Towers
d) Telehandlers
9. A type of heavy equipment used in construction projects to scrape, move, and collect
dirt, allowing you to grade and level the land.
a) Wheel Tractor Scrapers
b) Wheel excavators
c) Wheel loaders
d) Forklifts
10. A type of heavy-duty dump truck that many praise for their versatility and
adaptability.

a) Asphalt pavers
b) Articulated trucks
c) Backhoe loaders
d) Cold planers
LO2. Request Appropriate Materials and Tools

REQUISITION PROCEDURE:

The information that follows will teach you how to accomplish the form in order to
acquire materials
Procedure:

1. State the name of the project and date when you requested for materials.
2. Fill in the classification of the project and its purpose.
3. Write the number of required materials.
4. List the unit of materials to be requisitioned.
5. Enumerate the materials with their description.
6. List the cost per unit and the total cost.
7. Write your name as requisitioner.
8. Secure the approval of authorities concerned.
 REQUESTED MATERIAL AND TOOLS ACCORDING TO PREPARED LIST

Bill of Materials:

A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in a project together with their description,

sizes and amount or price. All information needed should be in the bill of materials.

Parts of a Bill of Materials

1. Quantity tells the amount of materials to be purchased.

2. Unit gives the measure of materials to be purchased.

3. Description states the detailed name of materials.

4. Unit cost gives the price of each material.

5. Amount is the cost of all materials.

ACTIVITY 2

MATCHING TYPE

Write the letter of choice on the given space before the number.

_____1. Tells the amount of materials to be purchased A.Description

_____2. It is the cost of all materials B. Amount

_____ 3. Gives the price of each material C.Cost

_____ 4. It states the detailed name of materials. D.Unit

_____ 5. Gives the the measure of materials to be purchased. E. Quantity

LO3. Receive and Inspect Materials

ACQUIRE AND INSPECT MATERIALS/TOOLS

It is important to inspect and check materials and tools for defects and damage
before receiving them so that you can ask for replacements for those that you found
defective.

1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity and
specification (number of pieces, length, width, etc.)
2. Check the physical condition of tools, (check tools against the specification,
quantity, and quality,) see to it that parts are complete, cutting edges or tooth free
from damages,
3. Check the accessories of each material and tool. See to it that nothing is missing.
4. If any of the materials or tools is found missing or defective, report it immediately
to the supply officer or teacher.
5. Get a replacement for the materials and tools found defective.
6. Sign the requisition form as you receive materials and tools.
7. Store the received materials and tools in a safe area or store room nearest your
workplace. (Store materials, in proper order, bulky and heavier materials at the
bottom lighter and smaller items on top of the pile).
8. Always handle the materials and tools carefully. (Avoid dropping the tools on the
floor; do not expose tools and materials on sunlight or rains).
ACTIVITY 3

TRUE OR FALSE

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

______ 1. It is okay if some accessories are missing when checking each material or

tool.

______ 2. When storing materials in proper order, bulky and heavier materials are at

the bottom, lighter and smaller items are on top of the pile.

______ 3. Do not expose tools and materials on sunlight or rains.

______ 4. It is not mandated to get a replacement for the materials and tools found

defective.

______ 5. Store the received materials and tools in a remote area or store room that is

far from your workplace.

HEO – (WHEEL LOADER) NC II
COMMON COMPETENCIES

MODULE 2
Performing Mensurations and
Calculations
LO1. Carry out Measurements and Calculations

Definition of Terms

 Area – extent of part of a surface enclosed within a boundary.

 Calculation – the act or process of or result of calculating.
 Circumference – distance around the circle.
 Classification – group or category within an organized system.
 Decimal – number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10,
especially a decimal fraction.
 Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.
 Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers.
 Geometric Shapes – characterized by straight line, regular curves and angles.
 Graduation – scale of a measuring tool .
 Mensuration – act or art of measuring.
 Perimeter – bounding line or curve of a plain area.
 Standard – serves as a measure of reference.
 Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain furniture job.
 Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine.
 Volume – space inside a solid figure

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and the Metric System.
The English system originated in England also known as the U.S. customary system of
measurement while the Metric System was developed in France and also known as the
S. I. (International Standard).

I. (UNIT OF MEASURES) - LINEAR MEASUREMENT

METRIC
ENGLISH
meter
Yard ( yd )
decimeter 1/10 meter
meter Foot ( ft ) / („ )
centimeter 1/ 100 meter
decimeter 1/10
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

A. Reading the inch

The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each graduation
represents a measurement in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into 16,
8, 4 and 2, equal parts.

Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch.

B. Reading the centimeter and millimeter

III. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

In converting fractions to decimals,
divide the numerator by its denominator whether it
is proper, improper or mixed fraction.
IV. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE

Sample Solutions in Conversion

V. TAKING DIMENSIONS
Ways of taking dimension

1. Measure end to end of

stock with a tool

2. Measure edge to edge with

a tool

3. Measure outside diameter

of a cylindrical object using a
caliper

4. Measure inside diameter

with a caliper

5. Lay-out width
CALCULATING BOARDFOOT OF LUMBER

Although the International System (SI) or Metric System had already superseded
the English System of measure, the board foot as a unit of measure for determining the
volume of lumber is still being used by the furniture & cabinet maker and construction
industry. This is because lumbers are sold in terms of board foot.

A board foot is actually one square foot of lumber of one inch thick

The formula used in computing board foot is:

Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L 12
Where:

 T = Thickness in inches
 W= Width in inches
 L = Length in feet

Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension.
Example: Compute the board foot of lumber whose dimension is 2” x 4 “x 12”

Steps 1. Identify the given data

Given.
  T = 2”
 W = 4”
 L = 12‟


Step 2. Determine what is being asked

Find the Bd. Ft. = ?

Step 3. State the formula

Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12

Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.

Solution:
Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12
= 2” x 4” x 12 “ 12
= 96/12
= 8 Bd. Ft

ACTIVITY 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE

Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. In the System of Measurements, where did “The English System” originated? What
country?

a) Brazil
b) France
c) England
d) Mexico
2. English System is also known as:

a) U.S Customary System

b) U.S. Customers Standard
c) International System
d) National Standard
3. It is the measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.

a) Circumference
b) Graduation
c) Volume
d) Dimension
4. A bounding line or curve of a plain area.

a) Perimeter
b) Area
c) Volume
d) Standard
5.The extent of part of a surface enclosed within a boundary.

a) Stock
b) Area
c) Circumference
d) Dimension
6. Other name of “Metric System”

a) International Measurement
b) International Standard
c) International System of Standard
d) International System
7. When converting from English System to Metric System, 1 Inch is equivalent to how
many centimeters?

a) 2.65 cm
b) 2.11 cm
c) 2.45 cm
d) 2.54 cm
8. English System to English System. 1 foot = ____ inches

a) 11 in
b) 15 in
c) 16 in
d) 12 in
9. Metric System to English System. 1 meter = ____ feet

a) 3.45 ft
b) 3.28 ft
c) 3.83 ft
d) 3.26 ft
10. The inch is divided into segments called ________.

a) Graduations
b) Dimension
c) Geometric shapes
d) Standard
LO2. Select Measuring Instruments
TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

1. Pull-push rule – used for measuring long pieces of

stock.

Pull push rule

2. Zig Zag Rule – a folded measuring tool.

Zig zag rule

3. Ruler – used for measuring short pieces of stock.

Ruler

4. Caliper – used for measuring diameter.

Caliper

5. Try Square – used for checking flatness and

squareness.

Try square

6. Meter Stick – a measuring device which is one (1)

meter in length.

Meter Stick
 7. Divider – used for dividing distances

Divider

8. Compass – used for scribing arcs and circles.

Compass

9. Protractor – used for laying out angles.

Protractor

HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS

A. DO’S

1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the storage room.

2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers,
dividers and compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or case of a pull-push
rule to avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.

B. DON’T’S

1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with bare hands to avoid
injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid the coil spring from
damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER

Hence; the linear measurements obtained are:

1. End 1 to end 2 or A B = Length (L )

2. Edge 1 to Edge 2 or C D = Width (W )
3. Surface 1 to surface 2 or E F = Thickness /
Height ( T / H )
ACTIVITY 2

MATCHING TYPE

Match the correct answer from column A to column B.

A B

1. A folded measuring tool. A. PROTRACTOR

2. Used for measuring diameter. B. COMPASS

3. Used for measuring long pieces of stock. C. DIVIDER

4. Used for measuring short pieces of stock. D. METER STICK

5. A measuring device which is one (1) meter in length. E. TRY SQUARE

6. Used for checking flatness and squareness. F. CALIPER

7. Used for laying out angles. G. RULER

8. Used for dividing distances H. ZIGZAG RULE

9. Used for scribing arcs and circles. I. PULL-PUSH RULE

 HEO – (WHEEL LOADER) NC II
COMMON COMPETENCIES

MODULE 3
Maintaining Tools and Equipment
LO1. Check Conditions of Tools and Equipment

Definition of Terms

 Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing carpentry

 Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture
 Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials
 Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment
 Lubricants – oils or grease which is use to help the machine to run smoothly
 Mensuration – the act or art of measuring
 Perimeter – the bounding line or curve of a plain area
 Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity
 Scaler – marked for use in measurement
 Segregate – set aside things from the others
 Standard – serves as a measure of reference
 Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job
 Store – to put tools and materials in their proper places
 Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine

CLASSIFICATION OF HANDTOOLS
A. Measuring Tools
1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape
that slides into a material case
and it is used to measure
irregular and regular shapes.
2. Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule
and it is used to take/make
simple measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure
a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring,
measuring and testing tool used
to check adjacent surfaces for
squareness.
5. Caliper - used to transfer
measurements from the rule to
the work.
 B. Marking Lining Tools
1. Pencil - used to layout or mark
cutting lines.
2. Marking Gauge - wood or
metal tool consisting of a beam,
head and a point used to mark
a line parallel to the grain of the
wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish
a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal
legs used to lay-out an arc
circle or step off division on a
line.
5. Compass - used to scribe arcs
and circle in a metal wood.

C. Testing Tools
1. Try Square - tool used in
squaring, measuring and
testing the squareness of a
wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square
used to mark out the work for
squaring and checking of
angles and is used in the
construction of roof framing and
large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for
testing vertical and horizontal
surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test
the vertical and horizontal
surfaces.
D. Edge Cutting Tools
1. Chisel - tool used to trim and
shape wood.
2. Plane - used to obtain a
smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like
tool from irregularly shaped
objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular
piece of steel with two cutting
edges used for working flat and
curved shapes.

E. Tooth-Cutting Tools
1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw
used to cut the wood across the
grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut
the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a
metal back and plywood and
joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut
irregular shape either in large or
small board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip,
cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw
used for cutting irregular shape
in small board.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw
with a straight chisel type
handle used to cut very fine
joints.
F. Boring Tools

1. Auger bit - tool used to make

hole in woods.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill
holes of various sizes in woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring
holes either in metals, woods or
plastics.

G. Holding Tools
1. C-Clamp - used for holding
together pieces of lumber while
working.
2. Bench Vise - used to hold any
materials or tools in place. 3.
Bar Clamp - used to hold large
boards or frames together
while assembling or gluing.

H. Miscellaneous Tools
1. Oil Stone - used for
sharpening edge cutting tools
such as chisel.
2. Files - used to smoothen
metal and wood surfaces.
3. Paint Brush - used to apply
paint or varnish on wood
surfaces
4. Nail Set - used to drive the
head of nails lower than
surface of wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the
upper half of each tooth to one
side or the other to form a set.
 I. Portable Powertools
1. Sander - portable power tool
used for sanding furniture
pieces.
2. Router - used for shaping
surfaces and edges of furniture
parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used
primarily for cutting curved or
irregular shapes of wood
surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw
used for many types of cutting,
particularly on large panel
stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill
which is used to drill holes in
various materials to perform a
multitude of tasks.

J. PPE (Personal Protective

Equipment)
1. Goggles - used to protect the
eyes against flying debris and
harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect
the ears against high frequency
noise.
3. Face Mask - used to prevent
the inhalation of sprayed paint
fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the
hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the
worker against flying debris.
K. Driving Tools
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive
and pull out nails on wooden
surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or
rubber used to drive other tools
like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the
head of a finishing nail below
the surface of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive
and loose screws.
ACTIVITY 1
MULTIPLE CHOICES

Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the number,

_____1. It is used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.

a) Chalk line
b) Marking guage
c) Pencil
d) Compass
_____2. A tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.

a) Plumb bob
b) Steel square
c) Try square
d) Spirit Level
_____3. It is used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work.

a) Caliper
b) Ruler
c) Try Square
d) Meter Stick
_____4. A rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for working flat and
curved shapes.

a) Chisel
b) Spoke Shave
c) Cabinet Scraper
d) Plane
_____5. A small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used to cut very fine joints.

a) Coping Saw
b) Compass Saw
c) Back Saw
d) Dovetail Saw
_____6. It is a tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or plastics.

a) Drill bit
b) Expensive bit
c) Auger bit
d) Bench Vise
_____7. Used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.

a) Oil set
b) Brush set
c) Saw Set
d) Nail set
_____8. Power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes of wood
surfaces.

a) Sander
b) Circular saw
c) Electric drill
d) Jigsaw
_____9. A PPE used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint fumes.

a) Goggles
b) Ear protector
c) Face mask
d) Apron
_____10. It is made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like chisel.

a) Claw Hammer
b) Mallet
c) Screw driver
d) Nail Set
LO2. Perform Basic Preventive Maintenance
LUBRICATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Read and analyze the use of preventive Maintenance Schedule form.

2. Determine the types of tools and machine needed to be lubricated.
3. Fill out a requisition slip form in releasing the lubricants needed.
4. Secure a borrower’s slip from your teacher.
5. Fill out the slip form correctly intended for the needed tools.
6. Perform the task according to the prescribed schedule and the assigned
machine.
7. Perform lubricating procedure.
8. Determine the parts of the machine needed to be lubricated.
9. Apply thin coat of oil on the parts for a long period of time.
10. Open the bearing cover and apply grease.
11. Apply grease on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.
ACTIVITY 2
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Apply _________ on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.

2. Apply thin coat of ______ on the parts for a long period of time.

3. Fill out a _____________ form in releasing the lubricants needed.

4. Determine the parts of the __________ needed to be lubricated.

5. Read and analyze the use of __________________________ form.

GREASE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

OIL MACHINE
REQUISITION SLIP
LO3. Store Tools and Equipment

5 PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE TIPS FOR MACHINE TOOLS

A machine tool is a valuable piece of equipment for any small or large business.
Cared for properly, your machine can last for years, but if your machine tool is
neglected, it can add up to a number of costly machine tool repairs. If you want to
extend the life of your equipment, here are the major maintenance components you
should be aware of.

1. Keep Them Dry

In terms of preventative care, it’s crucial that you keep your machine tools dry. By
storing them out of the elements where they can be exposed to rust and other
environmental pollutants, you can keep your equipment in better working order for a
longer period of time.

2. Keep Them Lubricated

While it’s crucial to keep the body of the machine dry, it’s equally important to keep
moving parts lubricated properly. If you use your machine tool on a daily basis, be sure
to check lubrication levels of joints, moving parts, and internal components. Without
proper lubrication, friction on these moving parts can cause your machine tool to break
down.

3. Keep Them Sharpened

If your machine tool has components designed for cutting, slicing, or sharpening, it’s
crucial that you check your equipment regularly for sharpness. Not only can wear and
tear on these sharpening elements force your machine to work harder, causing
unnecessary wear and tear, but it can also put production at risk by producing
substandard products. This is especially true if the materials you’re producing are
designed with precision in mind, where accuracy is of the utmost importance.

4. Keep Them Clean

If your machine tool isn’t clean, then problems can start to crop up in both the short and
long term. Machines clogged with potentially flammable or hazardous materials can
pose a threat to both your workers and your machinery in the short term. Over time,
grime can keep your machinery from running at optimal levels, leading to a shorten
lifespan or more costly repairs.

5. Don’t Forget Accessories

While maintaining the machine itself is vitally important for the health of your equipment,
it’s important to apply these same standards of care to accessories as well. Machine
accessories should be handled and stored with the same care, and you should always
take care to ensure that you’re buying the correct accessories for your machine and its
needs. Mismatched accessories can cost you time and money, especially if
incompatible materials lead to broken machines down the road.
ACTIVITY 3
MULTIPLE CHOICES

Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. In terms of preventative care, it’s crucial that you keep your machine tools ____.

a) Dry
b) Wet
c) Dirty
d) Broken
2. If you use your machine tool on a daily basis, be sure to check ____________ of
joints, moving parts, and internal components.

a) Lubrication levels
b) Color
c) Weight
d) Area
3. If your machine tool has components designed for cutting, slicing, or sharpening, it’s
crucial that you check your equipment regularly for ______________.

a) Sharpness
b) Colour
c) Size
d) Shape
4. Machines clogged with potentially _______________ can pose a threat to both your
workers and your machinery in the short term.

a) flammable or hazardous materials

b) safe materials
c) colourful materials
d) light materials
5. Mismatched accessories can cost you __________, especially if incompatible
materials lead to broken machines down the road.

a) time and money

b) light work
c) easy management
d) free time
HEO – (WHEEL LOADER) NC II
COMMON COMPETENCIES

MODULE 4
Observing Procedures,
Specifications and Manuals of
Instructions
LO1. Identify, Access, and Interpret Specification/Manuals

The sections of a user manual often include:

Front Page - includes a cover page, table of content and a preface.

Cover and Title Page - If the user guide is copyrighted, a copyright notice is
included.

The Name of the Company – the copyright notice on the cover

Disclaimer – A standard disclaimer inside the front cover that outlines the
Terms and Conditions for using this guide.

Preface- Used this section to reference other related documents. Refer to the
correct release number that are refer to. If necessary, a section on “How
to use this Guide” as an introduction.

Contents- Table of content are included. If the guide is less than ten pages
in which case you should probably refer to it a Getting Standard Guide
or Reference Guide. If this user guide is more than twenty pages an
index at the end of the documents in included.

Body of the Guide – This is the heart of the guide, In the main body
separates the procedures from reference materials. This will help the user navigate their
way through the guide much faster.

Procedures – Procedures help the user perform specific tasks. They are also
known as instructions or tasks. Diagrams are used to illustrate more
complicated procedures.

Reference Materials – User turn to reference materials when they need the
detailed information on a specific topic.

Back Matter – A glossary of Terms and an index towards the end of the
documents.

Glossary – The glossary cover all acronyms and industry terms used in the
documents. It helps the user understand the materials.

• A short glossary appear at the front before the table of contents

• A larger glossary appear at the back matter

Index – Any guide larger than 20 pages benefits from an index. An index help users
locate specific items very fast without having to search through the entire documents
manually. Large documents without an index are possible to use efficiently.

Types of Manuals in Construction Sector

A. Policy Manuals

• Documents the rule governing an organization.

• Can be set out the board, organization, department, work group, or other
levels.
• Can be short and general, or long and detailed.
• It’s usually the highest manual in the document hierarchy, since other manuals, such
as department procedures manuals, typically must comply with those policies.
• Policies and procedures are often found in the same manual.
• Usually organized by business function or department.

B. Procedure manuals

• Documents how things are done such as processing invoice, and often serve to
implement policies.
• Step by step procedures and flow diagrams and frequently used.
• The reader is usually assumed to be familiar to the topic, but not has
performed the procedure often enough to have to memorized it.
• Usually organized by work task, with procedures grouped according to
business function or by department.

C. Standards manuals

• Set standard for product, services, or other work activities.

• Common in engineering, manufacturing and construction where they are used to
specify materials or manufacturing standards.
• But standards are also found in procedure manuals to set out how frequently, how
fast, or how accurate things will be done.

D. Guidebooks

• Give reader more latitude than policy and procedure manuals.

• Contain guidelines for dealing with different situation.
• Usually non-mandatory suggestion rather than strict rules or clearly defined
procedures.
• Sometimes they simply establish the bound within which employees may act at their
own discretion.
• Usually organized by work task, business, function or department.

E. User manuals
• Contain instruction for installing and using software or hardware and should be
organized around user tasks.
• They don’t describe the software in the detailed way that a reference manual might
they describe how the software is used usually with lots of step by step procedures.
• The user manuals is the primary manuals for all users but particularly for
novices.

F. Reference manuals

• Usually provide detailed information on hardware or software organized for quick

reference.
• May also include other type of information such as code lists or lists of
names and contact information.
• For software, they often systematically describe each field in each dialog
box, in each menu.
• They are not organized around user tasks but may be alphabetized by
keyword or sequenced according to the spatial arrangement of the software
interface.
• Readers are assumed to be familiar with the software but need quick
information on some aspect of the system. This is not the kind of manual to
give to novice.

G. Training manuals

• Designed to teach readers something new.

• They may be self- paced, or they may be designed for used with a training
course.
• They seldom try to teach everything but just to try to provide a basic
foundation-on which readers can build.
• Usually start with basic skills and progress to move advanced skills as
readers gain experience and confidence.

H. Operator manuals

• Provide detailed instruction for operating instruments or equipment and

may include installation and troubleshooting instruction.
• If it’s complex equipment separate installation and maintenance manuals
may be produced.
• The reader is often an engineer or a technician.
• Similar to software user manuals, operator manuals are usually organized
around work tasks.

I. Service manuals
• Used by service technician or engineers to perform route maintenance or to
troubleshoot and fix problems or breakdowns.

• Often describe the theory of how equipment works and operating

principles, and instruction on how to disassemble and reassemble
components.

• Often organized by system, such as “electrical system” or by components.

J. Field guides

• Designed for use away from a desk often outdoors.

• Commonly used to help identify plants or animals or to describe field tests.
• Field guide are often small enough to fit into pocket and are sometimes
printed on waterproof paper.
• Often organized alphabetically by keyword to quick reference or by work
tasks.

K. Combination manuals

Often two or more types of manuals are combined

• policy and procedure
• standards and guidelines
• operation and service
• user and reference

ACTIVITY 1
MULTIPLE CHOICES

Choose the correct answer. Write it on the space provided before the number.

_____1. It is usually the highest manual in the document hierarchy, since other
manuals, such as department procedures manuals, typically must comply with those
policies.

a) Procedure Manuals
b) Standard manuals
c) User Manuals
d) Reference Manuals
_____2. Common in engineering, manufacturing and construction where they are used
to specify materials or manufacturing standards.

a) Standard manuals
b) Guidebooks
c) Reference Manuals
d) Training Manuals
_____3. Documents how things are done such as processing invoice, and often serve
to implement policies.

a) User Manuals
b) Guidebook
c) Procedure manuals
d) Policy manuals
_____4. Contain instruction for installing and using software or hardware and should be
organized around user tasks.

a) User manuals
b) Reference Manuals
c) Guidebooks
d) Policy Manuals
_____5. Give reader more latitude than policy and procedure manuals. Contain
guidelines for dealing with different situation.

a) Training Manuals
b) Guidebooks
c) Training manuals
d) Operator manuals
_____6. Usually provide detailed information on hardware or software organized for
quick reference. May also include other type of information such as code lists or lists of
names and contact information.

a) Operator Manuals
b) Training Manuals
c) Reference manuals
d) Service manuals
_____7. Provide detailed instruction for operating instruments or equipment and may
include installation and troubleshooting instruction. If it’s complex equipment separate
installation and maintenance manuals may be produced.

a) Operator manuals
b) Training manuals
c) User manuals
d) Reference manuals
_____8. Designed to teach readers something new. They may be self- paced, or they
may be designed for used with a training course.

a) Operator Manuals
b) Training Manuals
c) Field Guides
d) Service manuals
_____9. Often two or more types of manuals are combined

a) Field guides
b) Service manuals
c) Combination manuals
d) User manuals
_____10. Used by service technician or engineers to perform route maintenance or to
troubleshoot and fix problems or breakdowns.

a) Service manuals
b) Field guides
c) User manuals
d) Reference manuals
LO2. Apply Information in Manual

Manual/ Specification Application

A used guide also commonly known as a manual, is a technical

communication documents intended to give assistance to people using system. It
is usually written by a technical writer, although user guide is written by
programmers’ product or project manager or other technical staff particularly in
smaller companies.

User guide are most commonly associated with electronics, electric goods,
computer hardware and software.

Most user guides contain both a written guide and associated images. The
language used is matched to the intended audience, with jargon to a minimum or
explained thoroughly.

SOME COMMON MANUAL DATA

There are common manuals data are as:

• Understand how the structure of wood and its mechanical and physical
properties relate to the quality and performance of wood products.
• Safely use basic hand tools, and portable power tools.
• Safely set-up and operate a wide range of production machinery and equipment
used in wood products manufacturing.
• Perform the skills of basic sharpening and maintenance of hand tools.
• Design, construct and use jigs and patterns for machining, and assembly
operations.
• Perform a variety of industrial wood finishing techniques.
• Describe the variety, grades and uses of materials commonly used in the trade,
including lumber, veneer, particleboard, fibre board, plastic laminates, adhesives,
abrasives and preservatives.
• Construct and finish a variety of furniture and cabinetry projects applying the
appropriate production techniques. Woodworking is rewarding work. The
following list sets out to build a piece of furniture.
• Read the plans
ACTIVITY 2

FILL IN THE BLANKS

hand tools, power tools machinery and equipment

sharpening industrial wood finishing techniques

plans

1. Safely use basic ________, and portable _________.

2. Safely set-up and operate a wide range of production ____________used in wood

products manufacturing.

3. Perform the skills of basic ________ and maintenance of hand tools.

4. Read the_____.

5. Perform a variety of _____________________.

LO3. Store Manual

Manual Handling

These are the most effective and user-friendly method for organizing your
instructional manuals

• Filing Cabinet Method

• Binder Method
• Additional Tip and Advice

A. FILING CABINET METHOD

1. Gather all your instruction manuals from wherever they may be and place them in file
at your workstation along with your supplies.

2. Decide how you want to divide up your instruction manuals, you can sort them by
room, alphabetically or by type. Choose whatever method work best for you.

3. Label your file folders with the stick-on plastic label tabs according to the categories
you’ve chosen.

4. Divide the manuals into the appropriate folders according to the category. If an item
comes with an instruction manual plus other information rubber band the related items
together before filling them into the appropriate folder.

5. Place your hanging file folder into the filing cabinet or box and label
the cabinet drawer with the large label and marker as “Instruction
Manuals”.

B. BINDER METHOD

1. Gather all your instruction manuals from wherever they may be and place them in file
at your workstation along with your supplies.

2. Decide how you want to divide up your instruction manuals; you can sort them by
room, alphabetically or by type.

3. Divide your binder into section and label them according to the categories you have
decided upon.

4. Place protective plastic sleeves in between each divider.

5. Place the manual in the plastic sleeves. Place the information into the plastic along
with the particular instruction manual.

6. Mark the large label as “Instruction Manuals” and stick it to the front of the binder.

7. Store the binder in a safe and convenient location.

C. ADDITIONAL TIPS AND ADVICE

• If you are using the binder method, purchase a binder that is bigger than you need at
the time to allow for additions later on as you buy other items or find more
manuals.

• If you have a larger number of instruction manuals and are using the binding method,
you may want to use more than one binder so that it doesn’t get so full that it
can’t be used properly.

• Keep extra folder, labels, dividers or plastics sleeves together with your
instruction manuals so that you can easily add more manuals as they come into your
home.

• Periodically clean out your instruction manuals file or binder. If you no longer own a
particular item, then there is no need to keep the instruction manuals. This will help to
keep your binder or file from getting overstuffed.
ACTIVITY 3
ARRANGE IN ORDER

Write the number in the space provided.

A. FILING CABINET METHOD

_____ Place your hanging file folder into the filing cabinet or box and label
the cabinet drawer with the large label and marker as “Instruction
Manuals”.

_____ Label your file folders with the stick-on plastic label tabs according to the
categories you’ve chosen.

_____ Gather all your instruction manuals from wherever they may be and place them
in file at your workstation along with your supplies.

_____ Decide how you want to divide up your instruction manuals, you can sort them by
room, alphabetically or by type. Choose whatever method work best for you.

_____ Divide the manuals into the appropriate folders according to the category. If an
item comes with an instruction manual plus other information rubber band the related
items together before filling them into the appropriate folder.

B. BINDER METHOD

_____ Decide how you want to divide up your instruction manuals; you can sort them by
room, alphabetically or by type.

_____ Divide your binder into section and label them according to the categories you
have decided upon.
_____ Gather all your instruction manuals from wherever they may be and place them
in file at your workstation along with your supplies.

_____ Place the manual in the plastic sleeves. Place the information into the plastic
along with the particular instruction manual.

_____ Place protective plastic sleeves in between each divider.

_____ Store the binder in a safe and convenient location.

_____ Mark the large label as “Instruction Manuals” and stick it to the front of the binder.
 HEO – (WHEEL LOADER) NC II
COMMON COMPETENCIES

MODULE 5
Interpreting Technical Drawings and
Plans
LO1. Analyze Signs, Symbols and Data
Definition of Terms

 Axis – line about which a body turns or rotates

 Design – drawing showing the plan, elevations, sections, and other features.
 Detail drawing – separate drawing showing a small part of a machine or
structure
 Dimension – definite measure shown on a drawing in detail
 Isometric Drawing – drawing which resembles a respective drawing
 Orthographic Projection – arrangement in a drawing of the three principal
views of an object
 Perspective Drawing – the representation of an object on a plan surface,
pertaining to materials, styles and finish presented as to have the same
appearances as when seen from a particular viewpoint
 Projections – the cutting out of any part or any member of a structure
 Reduced – made smaller than the actual size as in the size of object
 Scaled Drawing – drawing plan made according to a scale, smaller than the
actual work
 Sketch – freehand drawing of an object
 Specification – written instruction to the worker containing all the information

Uses of Alphabet Lines:

 Construction line - Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are
made so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for
darkening in the permanent line
 Borderline - Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing
 Visible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the
eye.
 Invisible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the
eye.
 Centerline - A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and
arcs. Sometimes the symbol is shown
 Dimension line - Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension
lights start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken
near the center for the dimension.
 Long break line - Heavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.
 DRAWING SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

Alphabet of Lines
In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are used for a
definite purpose. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines.
ACTIVITY 1
MULTIPLE CHOICES

Choose the correct answer. Encircle the letter.

1. Drawing, showing the plan, elevations, sections, and other features.

a) Dimension
b) Design
c) Projections
d) Sketch
2. Arrangement in a drawing of the three principal views of an object.

a) Perspective drawing
b) Specification
c) Orthographic projections
d) Sketch
3. The cutting out of any part or any member of a structure

a) Scaled Drawing
b) Projections
c) Dimension
d) Axis
4. Freehand drawing of an object.

a) Detail drawing
b) Sketch
c) Isometric drawing
d) Design
5. The representation of an object on a plan surface, pertaining to materials, styles and
finish presented as to have the same appearances as when seen from a particular
viewpoint

a) Scaled drawing
b) Detail drawing
c) Orthographic projection
d) Perspective drawing

LO2. Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans

CENTER TABLE OF COMPONENTS

  Legs – 4 pcs. 45 mm x 45mm x500 mm wood (tanguile)
 Rails – (short) 2 pieces 25 mmx70 mm x 600 mm
 Rails – (long) 2 pieces 25 mm x 70mm x 800 mm
 Top – 1pcs 25mmx600 x 800mm plywood/ plyboard

Assemblies Joints

 Mortise and tendon joint – for the rails and legs (see details on the attached
working drawing)

Dimensions and specification (See dimensions and specifications on the attached

working drawing)

1. Legs must be tapered.

2. All joints must be filled with glue.
3. All wood used must be tanguile.
4. All dimensions must be in millimeters.

ACTIVITY 2
MULTIPLE CHOICES

Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

_____1. Heavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.

a) Construction line
b) Visible line
c) Long break line
d) Dimension line
_____2. Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made so light that
little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the permanent line

a) Construction line
b) Visible line
c) Long break line
d) Dimension line
_____3. A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and arcs.
Sometimes the symbol is shown

a) Construction line
b) Visible line
c) Centerline
d) Dimension line
_____4. Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights start about
1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near the center for the
dimension.

a) Construction line
b) Borderline
c) Centerline
d) Dimension line

_____5. Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing

a) Long break line

b) Borderline
c) Centerline
d) Dimension line