MODULE 3

Student Task
LANZE GABREILL D. FLORES, BSCE 4B

CONSTRUCTION
METHODS AND PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
FLORES, LANZE GABREILL D. BSCE – 4B
LEARNING PACKET 3, STUDENT TASK – CMPM

I. Enumerate at least 10 construction equipment. Provide descriptions,

usage, operation & maintenance information.

1) GRADERS
- Also known as motor graders, which are construction equipment particularly for
road construction. Its primary function is to level the soil surface. It has a
horizontal blade between the front and rear wheels that is lowered into the
ground while working. The operating cabin is located on top of the rear axle
arrangement. Motor Graders are also used to remove snow and dirt from roads,
flatten the surface of soil before laying asphalt, and remove unnecessary soil
layers from the ground.

Graders
2) CONCRETE MIXER
- A concrete mixer (cement mixer) is a type of truck that is used to mix concrete
and transport it to construction sites. The trucks are frequently loaded with dry
materials and water, with mixing taking place during delivery. Alternatively, the
trucks can be loaded with material that has already been mixed at a plant.
Concrete mixers can keep the mixture in a liquid state by turning the container
until it is delivered. It should be noted that portable concrete mixers can also be
used to make concrete on a construction site.

Concrete Mixer

3) LOADERS
- Loaders are used on construction sites to load material onto dumpers, trucks,
and other vehicles. Excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, and other
materials may be used. A loader has a large bucket at the front and a shorter
moving arm. Loaders can be tracked or wheeled. Wheeled loaders are commonly
used on construction sites, whereas tracked or crawled loaders are used in
locations where wheeled vehicles cannot reach.
 Loaders

4) TRENCHERS
- Trenchers, also known as trenching machines, are used to dig trenches in soil.
These trenches are commonly used for pipeline laying, cable laying, drainage,
and other purposes. Trenching machines are classified as chain trenchers or
wheeled trenchers. Chain trenchers have a fixed long arm that is wrapped in
digging chain. Wheeled trenchers have a metal wheel with a digging tooth
wrapped around it. Wheeled trenchers are better suited for excavating hard soil
layers. Trenchers are available in both tracked and wheeled vehicle configurations.

Trenchers
5) DUMP TRUCKS
- Dump trucks, also known as tipper trucks or damper trucks, are large commercial
vehicles used to transport dumps (landfill materials such as sand, gravel, or
demolition debris) from one location to another. These trucks have an open-box
bed that is fixed at the back and fitted with hydraulic rams to lift the front,
allowing the dump in the bed to be dumped behind the vehicle at the delivery
location.

Dump Trucks

6) EXCAVATORS
- Excavators are vital and widely used pieces of construction equipment. Their
primary function is to excavate, but they are also used for a variety of other tasks
such as heavy lifting, demolition, river dredging, tree cutting, and so on.
Excavators are equipped with a long arm and a cabinet. A digging bucket is
provided at the end of the long arm, and a cabinet is provided for the machine
operator. This entire cabin arrangement is rotatable up to 360 degrees, making
operation easier. Excavators come in both wheeled and tracked configurations.
 Excavators

7) CONCRETE PUMP
- This is a machine used to pump liquid concrete on construction sites. There are
two types of concrete pumps: boom concrete pumps and line pumps (trailer-
mounted) concrete pumps. A boom concrete pump pumps and places concrete
at predetermined locations by using a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm
(boom). These pumps are commonly used on large construction sites due to their
ability to pump large volumes of concrete and the labor-saving features of the
placing boom. Line pumps, which are typically mounted on trucks, require hoses
to be connected together and lead to the location where concrete is to be placed.

Concrete Pump
8) ASPHALT PAVER
- One of the most common heavy construction equipment is the asphalt paver. It
is used to lay asphalt on the surface of a road or other similar structures. After
the asphalt has been prepared, it is loaded into a dump truck and added to the
paver's hopper. The asphalt is then transferred from the hopper to the auger,
which places a mound of asphalt in front of a screed. The screed then spreads
and compacts the asphalt across the road.

Asphalt Paver

9) DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR
- One of the most common heavy construction equipment is the asphalt paver. It
is used to lay asphalt on the surface of a road or other similar structures. After
the asphalt has been prepared, it is loaded into a dump truck and added to the
paver's hopper. The asphalt is then transferred from the hopper to the auger,
which places a mound of asphalt in front of a screed. The screed then spreads
and compacts the asphalt across the road.
 Dragline Excavator

10) PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT

- In the case of pile foundation construction, another piece of heavy equipment
used on the job site is pile driving equipment. This equipment lifts the pile, holds
it in place, and drives it into the ground to the required depth. There are various
types of pile driving equipment available, such as piling rigs, piling hammers,
hammer guides, and so on. In any case, the pile is driven into the ground by
hammering the pile top, either hydraulically or by dropping.

Pile Driving Equipment

II. Enumerate at least 10 construction methods. Briefly describe the process.

1. PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM

- When building professionals use a precast flat panel system, they create the
structure's floor and walls off-site. The project manager or engineer who
designed the building frequently provides specific measurements for floor and
wall panels to a third-party factory. The panels are then transported and
assembled by professionals using heavy machinery. This construction method is
appropriate for buildings with a repeated design, such as strip mall stores or
office buildings.

Precast flat panel system

2. FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION

- Flat slab construction is one of the most efficient and common building support
methods used by professionals. To reinforce floors from below, this method
employs heavy-duty columns attached to the middle of a concrete slab. Flat slab
construction improves energy efficiency and allows professionals to complete
projects more quickly. Flab slabs are frequently used by professionals in the
construction of parking garages and industrial buildings.
 Flat slab construction

3. PRECAST CLADDING PANELS

- Precast cladding panels are a versatile building method used by professionals for
both aesthetic and load-bearing purposes. These cladding panels are
manufactured and transported to the construction site, where they are attached
to the outside of the building's frame by construction professionals. Precast
cladding panels are a low-cost way to replicate any building's design.

Precast Cladding Panels

4. CONCRETE WALLS AND FLOORS
- On the construction site, professionals pour and cure concrete walls and floors,
also known as cement floors. Professionals frequently use special tools to give
the concrete walls and floors a smooth texture and finish. Concrete walls and
floors have numerous advantages, including low production costs and little
maintenance for the building owner. This method is used by professionals for a
variety of projects, including basements and ground floors in homes and
industrial buildings.

Concrete walls and floors

5. TWIN WALL TECHNOLOGY

- A twin wall system is made up of two parallel walls. Concrete is used to fill the
gap between these walls, which is reinforced by construction professionals. Twin
wall systems provide structural integrity as well as waterproofing. This is a
popular and cost-effective building method for homes or any structure with
precast floors.
 Twin wall technology

6. TIMBER FRAMING
- Timber framing methods are used by construction professionals who use high-
quality, heavy-duty lumber. Professionals use this method to join long timber
beams together to form a building frame. Timber framing is a traditional building
method that has evolved into a modern design trend for American homes.

Timber Framing
7. HEAVY STEEL FRAMING
- Heavy steel framing, like timber framing, attaches steel beams to form the frame
of a building. These steel beams are manufactured in factories and then shipped
to the construction site. This construction method is recommended by
professionals for buildings that require extensive structural support, such as
skyscrapers.

Heavy Steel Framing

8. FORMWORK
- Formwork is used by professionals when constructing foundations and structural
frames out of concrete. Formwork is the mold that construction workers make
before pouring concrete. Depending on the needs of the building, these molds
can be temporary or permanent. Formwork comes in many varieties, including
timber, engineered, reusable plastic, flexible, and permanent insulated.
 Formwork

9. RAFT FOUNDATIONS
- A floating raft system is a foundation method that supports a structure by shifting
its weight to the ground below it. Raft foundations are material slabs that run
continuously. This construction method is frequently used by professionals to
avoid sinking foundations. It is widely used for structures constructed in areas
with soft soil or frequent rainfall.

Raft foundations
10. THIN JOINT MASONRY
- When using thin joint masonry techniques, experts apply mortar as usual
between the masonry components before scraping some of the mortar off to use
elsewhere. Professionals also employ this economical method for aesthetic
reasons. Professionals use this technique when working under a tight deadline
for a masonry project because the mortar sets up more quickly than usual
without compromising a building's structural integrity.

Thin joint masonry