Module 1-Theory of Relativity Remember

 Be careful not to think that a mass acquires more particles

Relativistic Momentum or more molecules as its speed becomes very large. It
 Momentum is a physical quantity that an object can have doesn’t.
that depends on the motion or movement of that object.  Today, most physicists prefer not to use relativistic mass,
P=mv so an object has only one mass (its rest mass), and it is
 Relativistic Momentum only the momentum that increases with speed.
p= momentum  Whenever we talk about the mass of an object, we will
m= mass always mean its rest mass (a fixed value).
v= velocity  Einstein initially used the concept of relativistic mass, but
v2 = speed later regretted it and insisted that only rest mass should
c= speed of light be used.

Relativistic Mass Relativistic Energy - the total energy of an object when taking
Theory of Relativity into account its motion relative to an observer. It is composed
 Albert Einstein – the most influential scientist and of 2 components:
physicist who proposed this theory. a. Rest energy
 1905 – it is when Einstein first published his Special b. (relativistic) Kinetic energy
Theory of Relativity.
 It is an explanation of how speed affects mass, time, and  Classically the total amount of energy in a system
space. remains constant. Relativistically, energy is still
Mass and Relativity conserved, provided its definition is altered to include
 Mass – is the measure of the amount of matter in the the possibility of mass changing to energy.
body.
 Relativity – the state or fact of being relative. Rest-Mass Energy
 m0 is the rest mass of the
Relativistic Mass particle/object
 It is a mass that is associated with the body in motion.  c is the speed of light
 It is reliant on the velocity of the observer.
 The expression is produced by assuming that mass is not Relativistic Kinetic Energy
absolute, instead, the mass of an object varies with
velocity.
Rest Mass
 According to the Theory of Special Relativity, the rest
mass is called the invariant mass that remains invariant
for all the observers in various frame of reference.
 It is the mass of an object as measured by a person at rest
relative to the object.

Relativistic Mass Vs. Rest Mass

Relativistic Mass Rest Mass
Mass increases with respect Mass stays the same.
to velocity.

Formula of Relativistic Mass

The relativistic mass formula is
articulated as,
m0=denotes the rest mass of the object
v= denotes the velocity of the moving
body
c= denotes the velocity of light

  m0 is the rest mass of the particle/object
 c is the speed of light
General Relativity
General Theory of Relativity
 Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity is one of the
towering achievements of 20th-century physics.
 Published in 1916, it explains that what we perceive as
the force of gravity and the subsequent motion of the
planets in fact arises from the curvature of space and time.
 General Relativity - is a physics theory invented by
Albert Einstein.
General Relativity is Gravity
 General Relativity is just a fancy 20th-century name for
gravity.
 The force that pulls stuff to the ground and keeps the
planets in orbit around the sun.
General Relativity is Curved Space
 General relativity is the idea that gravity happens because
space is curved.
 Like how when you walk along the surface of a ball, you
end up curving downwards.
General Relativity is Curved Spacetime
 General relativity is the idea that space and time aren't
separate. Time is a physical dimension, and together they
form a single geometry called Spacetime, and gravity is
caused by curvature in spacetime.
Spacetime is a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold---(spacetime is
locally flat)
 Spacetime can't be curved any which way.
 Just like how a ball looks flat when you are close enough,
curved spacetime is locally flat (rather than crumpled, or
something).
Space make sense, but what does it mean for spacetime
to be flat? -It’s rules of special relativity. finite speed of light,
time dilation and length contraction, and relative addition of
velocities.
 Gravity in the cosmos is not a force as much as it is the
extent to which the space-time continuum is curved.
General Relativity is curved spacetime plus geodesics.
 General relativity is the combination of the idea that
space-time is curved and stuff in space-time obeys laws of
motion: an object in motion along straight path in curved
space-time.
Matter and Spacetime obey the Einstein Field Equations
 General Relativity is the idea that all the stuff in space-
time- matter, radiation, pressure, energy, momentum,
particles together with the space-time obeys a set of
equations called Einstein Field Equations.
What is General relativity?
 General Relativity is the idea that the universe can be
described by a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold representing
spacetime and an energy-momentum tensor representing
all matter and energy, which together obey the Einstein
Field Equations.
 For our 3+1-dimensional universe, the predictions
generated by this idea have been experimentally verified
by many precise observations.
In general relativity an object's straight line inertial
path is to fall towards the center of the earth, and since the
surface of the earth accelerates us away from that straight line
path, we feel that acceleration as a weight or force that we all
gravity.
1.4. FOUR-DIMENSIONAL. SPACE-TIME
 Time and space, according to Einstein's theories of
relativity, are woven together, forming a four-dimensional
fabric called "space-time."
 Is the idea that any object or event is specified by four
quantities— space takes up three dimensions and time is a
fourth dimension. Space and time are intimately
connected.
Space–time interval - an invariant quantity in four-
dimensional space–time.
Gravity is a warping of Spacetime
 In general theory of relativity, gravity is not a force,
but a result of the geometry of space-time, which
bends around massive objects like stars and planets.
This means that objects in a gravitational field follow curved
paths, rather than straight paths. This curvature of spacetime is
caused by the presence of mass or energy, and this is what
causes gravity.
As a result, an object moving through such a region of
space in general follows a curved path rather than a straight
one and may even be trapped there.
SPACETIME CURVATURE
According to Albert Einstein’s general theory of
relativity, gravity is no longer a force that acts on massive
bodies, as viewed by Isaac Newton’s universal gravitation.
Instead, general relativity links gravity to the geometry of
spacetime itself, and particularly to its curvature. Spacetime is
not ‘flat’ but is curved by the presence of massive bodies.

SPACETIME tells MATTER how to MOVE.:

MATTER tells SPACETIME how to CURVE.