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a1 = a am × an = am + n (a m) n = a mn
m
a n = a × a × a × ... × a am ÷ an = a n for a ≠ 0 (ab) n = a nb n
n times a
a n an
a0 = 1 = am - n ( )
b
= n
b
for b ≠ 0
Negative Indices
1 a -1 b
a-1 =
a
for a ≠ 0 ( )
b
=
a
for a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
a - n = 1n for a ≠ 0
a
a -n b n
( )
b
= ( ) a
1 bn
= an for a ≠ 0 = for a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
a-n an
Fractional Indices
1 1
- 1
a2 = a for a ≥ 0 a 2
= for a � 0
a
1 1
n - 1
a n = a for a ≥ 0, n � 2 a n = n for a � 0, n � 2
a
m m
a 2
= am for a ≥ 0 a
- 2
=
1
for a � 0
am
m m
n -n 1
a n
= a m for a ≥ 0, n � 2 a = n for a � 0, n � 2
am
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Algebra Operations
Arithmetic rules
a+b=b+a (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) a(b + c) = ab + ac
a×b=b×a (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) a(b - c) = ab - ac
Expanding
a(b + c) = ab + ac (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
a(b - c) = ab - ac (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a(b + c) + d (e + f ) = ab + ac + de + df (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2
Factorising
ab - ac = a(b - c) = (a + b) (c + d)
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2
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Measurement Perimeter and Area 1 (of 2)
Square Rectangle
s l
Perimeter = 4s Perimeter = 2l + 2w
Area = s 2 Area = lw
s w
where s = side length where l = length
w = width
a
h b
c
b
1
Area = bh Area = s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)
2
Parallelogram Trapezium
a
h h
b b
1
Area = bh Area = h(a + b )
2
where b = base where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides
h = perpendicular height from base h = perpendicular height between the parallel sides
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Measurement Perimeter and Area 2 (of 2)
Rhombus Kite
1 1
Area = xy x Area = xy
2 2
x
where x and y are the where x and y are the
lengths of the diagonals lengths of the diagonals
y
Circle Annulus
Circumference = πd r
or
d R
Circumference = 2 πr
Area = πr 2 r
where r = radius
Area = π (R 2 - r 2)
d = diameter
r
c
a
θ
θ
Arc length =
360°
× 2πr b
c =a +b
2 2 2
θ
× πr
2
Area =
360°
where c is the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
where r = radius and a, b are the shorter sides.
θ = angle at the centre (in degrees)
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Measurement Surface Area and Volume
w
l
Prism Pyramid
1
Volume = Ah Volume = Ah
3
A
h A
Surface area = 2πr 2 + 2πrh Surface area = πr 2 + πrs Surface area = 4πr 2
1 4
Volume = πr 2h Volume = πr 2h Volume = πr 3
3 3
s
h h r
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Measurement Unit Conversions (Metric)
1 km2 = 100 ha
1 ML = 1000 kL 1 m3 = 1 kL
1 ML = 1000 m3
1 year = 365 days (in a non-leap year)* 1 gigabyte = 2 30 bytes = 1024 megabytes
1 year = 366 days (in a leap year) 1 terabyte = 2 40 bytes = 1024 gigabytes
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Surds & Logarithms
Surds Logarithms
For a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0: Definitions
2 For b � 0, b ≠ 1 and x � 0:
( a) = a
If log b x = y then x = b y
a2 = a
log b (bx) = x (since x log b b = x × 1)
blog b x = x
ab = a × b
log x
log a x = log b a
b
For a ≥ 0, n > 2:
1 Log laws
a=a 2
For b � 0, b ≠ 1, x � 0 and y � 0:
1
n log b b = 1 (since b1 = b)
a= an
m
log b 1 = 0 (since b0 = 1)
am = a 2
log b (x a) = a log b x
m
n
am = a n
log b (xy) = log b x + log b y
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The Cartesian Plane
The midpoint, M, of an interval with endpoints The distance, d units, between two points
( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) has coordinates: ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) is given by:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
M= ( 2
,
2 ) d= (x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2
The gradient, m, of a straight line joining two The equation of a straight line with gradient m
points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by: and y-intercept c is given by:
rise y2 - y1
m = run or m = x -x y = mx + c
2 1
The equation of a line with gradient m and passing through ( x1 , y1 ) is given by:
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
The equation of a straight line joining two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by:
y - y1 y2 - y1
x - x1 = x2 - x1
If two lines with gradients m1 and m2 If two lines with gradients m1 and m2
are parallel then: are perpendicular then:
m1 = m2 m1 × m2 = -1 or m2 = - m1
1
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Trigonometry 1
Right-angled triangles
opposite
In a right-angled triangle: sin θ =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
adjacent
cos θ = opposite
hypotenuse
opposite θ
tan θ =
adjacent adjacent
Exact ratios
1 1
sin 30° = sin 45° =
2 2
3 1
cos 30° = cos 45° =
2 2
30°
1
tan 30° = tan 45° = 1
3
2
3
3 45°
sin 60° =
2
1 2
1
60°
cos 60° =
2
1 45°
tan 60° = 3 1
line of sight
angle of depression
angle of elevation
line of sight
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Trigonometry 2
All triangles
For any triangle with vertices A, B and C and opposite sides a, b and c respectively:
A
b
C
c
1
a b c Area = absinC
= = c = a + b - 2ab cosC
2 2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C
For complementary angles θ and (90° - θ): For supplementary angles θ and (180° - θ):
Relationships
sin θ 1 1 1
tan θ = cosec θ = sec θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
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