Phonetics - production and perception of the 2.

Place of Articulation refers to the points at

speech sounds which the air stream can be modified to produce
1.Speech sounds – are phones (also called different sounds.
segments) Examples: [p’], [t’], [k’] 3. Manner of Articulation refers to the process
Classes of Sounds by which (or how) a particular speech sound is
1. Consonants produced.
2. Vowels
3. Glides Voice - the vibration contributed to speech by
Sounds of English allowing flaps in the larynx known as vocal cords
Consonants: first, the stops: to rapidly open and shut as air passes through
 b as in bat, sob, cubby them.
 d as in date, hid, ado Presence or absence of voice is then a distinctive
 g as in gas, lag, ragged feature that separates voiced sounds like the /d/
 p as in pet, tap, repeat of dime from unvoiced sounds like the /t/ of time.
 t as in tap, pet, attack Voiceless – e.g.: /p/, /t/, /k/
 k as in king, pick, picking Voiced - e.g.: /b/, /d/, /g/
More consonants: fricatives Aspirated - /p h/, /t h /, /k h /
 f as in fail, life
 v as in veil, live Places of Articulation
 Ɵ as in thin, wrath Each point at which the air stream can be
 ð as in this, bathe modified to produce a different sound is called a
 s as in soft, miss place of articulation. These include:
 z as in zoo, as  Lips (Labials)
 š (American) or ʃ (IPA) as in shame, mash  Teeth (Dentals)
 ž (American) or ǯ (IPA)as in triage, garage,  Alveolar ridge (Alveolars)
azure,  Hard Plate (Palatals)
 h as in help, vehicular  Velum (Velars)
 Uvula (Uvulars)
Affricates  Pharynx (Pharyngeals)
 č (American) or tʃ (IPA) as in cheap, hatch  Glottis (Glotals)
 ǰ (American) or ʤ (IPA) as in jump, hedge
Nasal Consonants Manner of Articulation
 m as in map, him  The process by which speech sounds are
 n as in knot, tin produced through the manipulation of
 ñ as in canyon various muscles in the lips, tongue, velum
 ŋ as in sing, gingham, dinghy & glottis. These include the categories
voiced and voiceless, and are then divided
Liquids into the following groups:
l as in large, gull * Stops * Fricatives
r as in red, jar * Affricates * Nasals
* Liquids * Glides
Glides and Semi-Consonants
j (IPA) as in boy, yellow The Stops
w as in wall, cow Stops occur when the air stream is completely
stopped for a brief moment before exiting the
Numbers of consonants vocal tract.
6 stops Voiceless stops include
2 affricates [p] sound in pour & slap
9 fricatives [t] sound in time & adept
4 nasals [k] sound in cold & poke
2 liquids Voiced stops include the
2 glides [b] sound in bow & crab
[d] sound in dock & blood
3 Classification of Consonants [g] sound in game & bag
1. Voicing refers to vibration or lack of vibration Fricatives occur when the air stream is audibly
of the vocal cords. interfered with but not stopped completely.
Voiced fricatives include
[v] sound in very & shove
[th] sound in thy & bathe
[z] sound in zoo &buzz
[j] sound in measure & Taj Mahal
Voiceless fricatives include
[f] sound in fool & laugh
[th] sound in thigh & bath
[sh] sound in shock & wish
[s] sound in soup & miss
[h] sound in hope & ahoy.
The Affricates
Affricates occur when the sound properties of a
stop and a fricative are combined in the same
speech sound. Often referred to as non-
continuent with slow release.
The voiceless affricate is the
[ch] sound in lunch & ditch
The voiced affricate is the [dʒ] sound in germ,
journal & wedge
The Nasals
Nasals occur when the air stream passes through
the nasal cavity instead of the mouth.
Voiced Nasals include
[m] in mind and sum
[n] in now and sign
[ng] sound in sing, longer & bank
* There are no voiceless nasals
The Liquids
Liquids occur when the air stream flows
continuously through the mouth with less
obstruction than that of a fricative
The voiced lateral liquid is the
[l] sound in low & call
The voiced retroflex liquid is the
[r] sound in rough & chore
The Glides
Glides occur when the air stream passes
unobstructed, producing an articulation that is
vowel-like, but moves quickly to another
articulation making it a consonant. Often
referred to as a semi-vowel.
The glides in English include
[w] sound in why and away
[y] sound in yes and yoyo
Classification of vowels
Vowels are classified based on 4 corresponding
categories of sound production…
Lip Position refers to a comparative measure of
1. pitch (tone and intonation)
how rounded or spread-out the lips are during
2. loudness
articulation.
3. length
Lip Position is classified in three divisions:
1. Rounded refers to a sound produced
with rounding of the lips.
2. Neutral refers to a relative position
that is between rounded and spread.
Spread refers to lip positioning that is
distended, as in a smile.
Tongue Height refers to tongue
position with regard to the vertical
axis during articulation.
Tongue height is classified in three
divisions:
1. High refers to a relative location in
the top third of the mouth .
2. Mid refers to a relative location in
the middle third of the mouth.
3. Low refers to a relative location in
the lower third of the mouth.
Tongue Advancement refers to
tongue position with regard to the
horizontal axis during articulation.
3 divisions
1. Front refers to a relative location
in the front third of the mouth.
2. Central refers to a relative location
in the middle third of the mouth.
3. Back refers to a relative location in
the back third of the mouth.
Tongue Tenseness refers to a
comparative measure of how flexed
the muscles in the tongue are during
articulation.
Tongue tenseness is classified in two
divisions:
1. Tense refers to articulations that
are made with greater effort or
stiffness of the tongue.
2. Lax refers to articulations made
with lesser effort of the muscles in the
tongue
Diphthongs - Combination of two
vocalic sounds
English: [aj] I, eye [aj], [aw] cow [kaw]
Suprasegmentals
(Prosodic Properties) Definition: A
feature of speech which extends
beyond an individual segment.
The prosodic properties are: