PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGY

MRS. TAURICHA ASTIYANDHA SP.D MP.D

DESCRIBING
CONSONANT 1 & 2
GROUP 2nd:
• AYU AZIZAH (2520190012)
• NINA NURAMALIA (2520190021)
• SITI ANISAH (2520190015)

FACULITY OF TEACHING AND EDUCATION SCIENCE

ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF AS- SYAFI’IYAH
JAKARTA
 Describing
consonants 1
 Places of articulation
: an active articulator (typically some
part of the tongue), and a passive
location (typically some part of the roof
of the mouth). Along with the manner of
articulation and the phonation, this
gives the consonant its distinctive
sound.
Articulation is the way of saying things
more clearly. If someone said “your
articulation isn’t good enough. Articulate
your words more clearly” means that u
need to say the words more precise so it
can be more understood and you’re not
eating your words, like you have
something on your mouth while talking
01
Bilabial

“Bilabial sounds are sounds produced by both lips. ‘Bi-’ means ‘two’ and
‘labial’ is an adjective based on the Latin word for ‘lips’. In English, the
sounds [p b m] are bilabial. If you say [apa aba ama] and look in the mirror,
you will see that they look identical. If you say the sounds silently to yourself
and concentrate on your lips, you will feel that the two lips touch one another
for a short period, and the action is basically the same for all three sounds.
 02 LABIODENTALS

Labiodental sounds are made with the upper teeth (‘dental’)

against the lower lip (‘labio’). In English the labiodental sounds [f
v] occur. Logically speaking, labiodental sounds could involve the
lower teeth and the upper lip, but this is difficult for most people
to do: it involves protruding the jaw, and most people have upper
teeth that sit in front of the lower teeth.

Labiodental sounds can be made with the teeth against either the
inside surface of the lip (endolabial) or the outside edge of the lip
(exolabial).
 03
INTERDENTAL
Dental sounds involve an articulation made against the back of the upper 12 teeth.
[θ d] in English (as in the initial sounds of ‘think’ and ‘then’) are often dental; they
can also be interdental, that is, produced with the tongue between (‘inter’ in Latin)
the teeth, especially in North America

Dental forms of [l] and [n] are used in words like ‘health’
and ‘tenth’, where they are followed by a dental; and
dental forms of [t] and [d] are regularly used in many
varieties of English (e.g. some forms of Irish or New
York English, and in Nigeria) as forms of [θ d].

AVEOLAR
04
Alveolar sounds are those
sounds made by the
articulation of the tip of the
tongue towards the alveolar
ridge, the ridge of cartilage
behind the teeth. Examples of
such sounds in English are the
following: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n],
[l].
PALATALs
05 velars
Palatal sounds are those
sounds made by the
articulation of the body of
06
the tongue towards the
hard palate. An example of
such a sound in English is
Velar sounds are those sounds
[j].
made by the articulation of the
body of the tongue towards the
velum. Examples of such sounds
in English are the following: [k],
[g].
 uVULAR GLOTTALs

Uvular sounds are those sounds Glottal sounds are those

made by the articulation of the sounds made at the glottis.
back of the tongue towards the 07 08 Examples of glottal sounds in
uvula. Uvular sounds do not English are the following: [h].
exist in English, but the French
“r” is pronounced by the uvular
sounds and.

09 PHARYNGEAL

Pharyngeal sounds are those sounds made

by the articulation of the tongue root
towards the back of the pharynx. Pharyngeal
sounds do not exist in Standard American
English, but are found in languages such as
Arabic and Hebrew
 Describing
consonants 2
 MANNER OF
ARTICULATION how speech
organs
involved in
Articulation is the way of saying things
more clearly. If someone said “your making a
articulation isn’t good enough. Articulate sound make
your words more clearly” means that u
need to say the words more precise so contact.
it can be more understood and you’re
not eating your words, like you have
something on your mouth while talking
 Examples include English /p t k/ STOP
(voiceless) and /b d ɡ/ (voiced). If the
: Stop, often called a plosive, is
consonant is voiced, the voicing is the
an oral occlusive, where there is
only sound made during occlusion; if it is
occlusion (blocking) of the oral
voiceless, a stop is completely silent.
vocal tract, and no nasal air flow,
What we hear as a /p/ or /k/ is the effect
so the air flow stops completely.
that the onset of the occlusion has on
the preceding vowel, as well as the
release burst and its effect on the
following vowel. The shape and position
of the tongue (the place of articulation)
determine the resonant cavity that gives
different stops their characteristic
sounds. All languages have stops.
 Voiced
sounds are those
produced when the
vocal cords are
together and vibrate
as air passes through

Voiceless
Continuant sounds are those
the airstream flows produced with the
continuously out of vocal cords apart so
the mouth the air flows freely
through the glottis
 FRICATIVE
Fricative, sometimes called spirant,
where there is continuous frication
(turbulent and noisy airflow) at the
place of articulation.
Examples include English /f, s/
(voiceless), /v, z/ (voiced), etc.
AFFRICATE
Affricate, which begins like a
stop, but this releases into a
fricative rather than having a
separate release of its own.
The English letters "ch" [t͡ʃ] and
"j" [d͡ʒ] represent affricates.
 NASAL
a nasal occlusive, where there is occlusion of the oral
tract, but air passes through the nose. The shape and
position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that
gives different nasals their characteristic sounds.
Examples include English /m/, /n/.
My
Night
Sing
 Aspirated
Is the strong burst of breath that Example:
accompanies either the release or, in pool [phul]
the case of preaspiration, the closure of tale [thel]
some obstruents
kale [khel]

Oral
are those produced
with the velum unaspirated
raised to prevent air
from escaping out
the nose spool [spul] The realization of a phoneme
stale [stel] accompanied by a gust of air
scale [skel]
 Plosives
Are made by completely blocking the flow or air as it
leaves the body, normally followed by releasing the air.
English pronunciation contains 6 plosives
phonemes: /p/ purse /b/: bell, /t/: talk, /d/:done, /k/:
cone, /g/: gone

FLAP
Flap, also called tap, is when there is a momentary
closure of the oral cavity. In this tongue briefly touches
the alveolar ridge, thus producing the flap.
A simple example would be the sound off ‘tt’ when we
pronounce “utter” and ‘dd’ when we say “udder”. Thus,
they can be voiced or voiceless
 
 Liquid Glides
Produced by causing some
obstruction of the airstream Produced with very little
in the mouth, but not obstruction of the airstream and
enough to cause any real are always followed by a vowel
friction Example:
Example: Which
Lye (lateral) You
Rye (central)
Thank You