Tutorial-11-MEP311-Sheet-7-Stability Solid Fuel Combustion-Quenching - P-6-8

Combustion (MEP311)
Combustion (MEP311)
Tutorial (11)
Sheet (7): Problems 6, 7, 8
Flame Stability, Flame Extinction & Solid Fuel Combustion
Ashraf Mostafa Hamed
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Power Engineering – Ain Shams University
ashraf.mostafa@eng.asu.edu.eg
Tutorial (11): Sheet (7) Combustion (MEP311)
Outlines
1. Problem (6) – Sheet (7) on Flame Stabilization using Bluff Body
2. Problem (7) – Sheet (7) on Solid Fuel Combustion
3. Problem (8) – Sheet (7) on Quenching Diameter (Quenching Distance)
2
Problem (6) in Sheet (7): Flame Stability using Bluff Body
A combustible mixture of iso-octane (C8H18) and air of equivalence ratio 0.8, burns in an aircraft after-
burner. The flame developed is a turbulent one, which is stabilized on a bluff body. The combustion was
complete and its products exist outside the aircraft. The following data was given: approach velocity of the
unburned mixture upstream the bluff body = 30 m/s, the laminar flame speed found experimentally in the
laboratory for this mixture = 0.4 m/s, turbulent viscosity of the flow was 144 times that of the laminar
dynamic viscosity, Prandtl number Pr = 0.7, pressure = 1 bar and the inlet temperature = 100 °C. The
laminar dynamic viscosity of the mixture at mid-point of flame thickness, μ½ = 5 × 10-5 [kg/m.s] and
molecular weight of unburned mixture Mu = 28.9 kg/kmol. Find the following:
a. Laminar flame thickness of this mixture.
b. Turbulent flame speed.
c. The angle of the flame cone behind the bluff body.
d. The concentration of the oxygen and the fuel in the unburned mixture as well as at the burned state at
exit from the burner.
e. The minimum length of the burner part extending from the flame holder to the burner exit if the
diameter of the burner is 16 cm.
3
Problem (6) in Sheet (7)
a. Laminar flame thickness of this mixture:
Thickness of Laminar Premixed Flame Burning Rate (Diffusive Fuel Mass Flux):
2 Γ1 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2 Γ1 𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

2 2
𝛿𝛿 = 𝐺𝐺 =
𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢

2 2
𝛿𝛿 × 𝐺𝐺 = ×
𝛿𝛿 × 𝐺𝐺 = 2 Γ1
2
𝜞𝜞𝟏𝟏 : Transport coefficient at mid-point of flame thickness at 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
μ1
25 × 10−5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Γ1 = = = 7.142 × 10−5
2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 0.7 𝑚𝑚 � 𝑠𝑠
4
a. Laminar flame thickness of this mixture:
Density of Unburned Mixture:
𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢 105
𝜌𝜌𝑢𝑢 = = = = 0.934 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 8314 8314
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 28.9 373
Burning Rate (Diffusive Fuel Mass Flux):
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐺𝐺 = 𝜌𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.934 × 0.4 𝐺𝐺 = 0.373
𝑚𝑚2 � 𝑠𝑠
Substitute in:
𝛿𝛿 × 𝐺𝐺 = 2 Γ1
2
𝛿𝛿 × 0.373 = 2 × 7.142 × 10−5
𝛿𝛿 = 3.82 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3823𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

5
b. Turbulent flame speed:
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 Γ𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝜇𝜇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 4.8 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

∝ ∝ = 144 = 144
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 Γ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝜇𝜇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 0.4
c. The angle of the flame cone behind the bluff body:
For stable flame:

V turbulent flame = Vmixture sinϴ
4.8 = 30 sinϴ ϴ = 9.207 degree
ϴ: half cone angle of the bluff body
Angle of the flame cone = 2 ϴ = 18.414 deg
6
d. concentration of the oxygen and the fuel in the unburned mixture as well as at the burned state at exit from the burner.
Stoichiometric Combustion of Propane with Air:
1𝐶𝐶8 𝐻𝐻18 + 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁2 Stoichiometric Ratio:
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 12.5 𝐴𝐴 = 8 𝐵𝐵 = 9 For stoichiometric Combustion
Actual Combustion of Fuel with Air (φ = 0.8) Lean: 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑂𝑂2
𝑆𝑆 =
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 12.5 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = = 15.625
𝜑𝜑 0.8
1𝐶𝐶8 𝐻𝐻18 + 15.625 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 8𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑍𝑍𝑂𝑂2 + 58.75𝑁𝑁2 +9 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 12.5
Unburned mass fractions of fuel and oxidant: 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 32

𝑆𝑆 = = 3.509
1 × 114 1 × 114
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑢𝑢 = = 5.046 %
1 × 114 + 15.625 32 + 3.76 × 28
15.625 × 32
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑢𝑢 = = 22.133 %
1 × 114 + 15.625 32 + 3.76 × 28
7
d. concentration of the oxygen and the fuel in the unburned mixture as well as at the burned state at exit from the burner.
For Lean Mixture: 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑏𝑏 = 0
From SCRS Mass Balance Equation:

𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑢𝑢 − 𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑢𝑢 = 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑏𝑏 − 𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑏𝑏
0.22133 − 3.509 × 0.05046 = 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑏𝑏 − 3.509 × 0
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑏𝑏 = 0.04427 = 4.427%
8
d. The minimum length of the burner part extending from the flame holder to the burner exit if the diameter of the
burner is 16 cm
𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
2
tan 𝜃𝜃 =
𝐿𝐿 Dburner=16 cm
0.08𝑚𝑚
tan 9.207 =
𝐿𝐿
The minimum length of the burner part

extending from the flame holder
L=?
𝐿𝐿 = 0.4936𝑚𝑚 = 49.36 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
9
Sheet (7): Problem (7) on Solid Fuel Combustion
A bituminous coal fuel (having a proximate analysis volatile content of 13%) is supplied to a furnace using
a primary air stream at a flow rate 5 times the coal mass feeding rate.
1. Determine the equivalence ratio for the flammable mixture ignited around the char particle (assuming
that volatile gases contain only hydrogen).
2. Determine the amount of air required to oxidize the char given that the fuel ultimate analysis is:
Element C H O
% Mass 79 13 8
3. If the fuel is replaced with one having a higher volatile

content of 21%, is the flame stability going to be enhanced
or deteriorated?
10
1. Determine the equivalence ratio for the flammable mixture ignited around the char particle (assuming that volatile
gases contain only hydrogen).
First Step (Combustion of H2): Given:

Stoichiometric combustion of volatile H2 with air:
Element C H O
1 1
1𝐻𝐻2 + 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁𝑁2 → 1𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + × 3.76𝑁𝑁2 % Mass 79 13 8
2 2
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Stoichiometric ratio: 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0.5 32 + 3.76 × 28 =5
= = 34.32 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2
Actual ratio: 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.13
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 5 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= = = 38.46
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0.13
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Equivalence ratio: 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 34.32

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜑𝜑 = = = 0.89
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 38.46
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
11
Second Step: To oxidize the Char C (rest of fuel):
Assume burning of 100 kg-mass Fuel : Given:
Stoichiometric combustion of C with air: Element C H O
79 79 79 79 % Mass 79 13 8
𝐶𝐶 + 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁𝑁2 → 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2
12 12 12 12
Stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio:
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 79⁄12 32 + 3.76 × 28
= = 9.04
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 100
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Required Additional air to oxidize char (rest of fuel):

𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= − +
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
12
Required Additional air to oxidize char (rest of fuel): Given:
𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 Element C H O
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= − + % Mass 79 13 8
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= − × +
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

= − − × +
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Substitute:
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 0.08
= 9.04 − 38.46 − 34.32 × 0.13 +
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0.23
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
= 9.04 − 0.538 + 0.3432 = 8.153
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
13
3. If the fuel is replaced with one having a higher volatile content of
21%, is the flame stability going to be enhanced or deteriorated? Given:
Element C H O
If the fuel is replaced with one having higher % Mass 79 13 8
volatile yield, the flame stability will be enhanced
since the more intensive heat develops around the

char particle to stabilize the flame and assist
pyrolysis and char oxidation.
14
Tutorial (11): Flame Extinction and Non-Premixed Flames Combustion (MEP311)
Problem (8) – Sheet (7) on Quenching Diameter (Distance)

In an experiment, a combustible mixture burns in a laminar regime under the following
conditions: pressure = 1 bar and temperature Tu = 300 K. The flame speed was measured
and found to be 0.5 m/s. The dynamic viscosity of the mixture at mid-point of flame
thickness, μ½ = 5 × 10-5 [kg/m.s], Prandtl number Pr = 0.7 and molecular weight of
unburned mixture Mu = 28.9 kg/kmol. Fuel heating value H = 4 × 107 J/kg and specific heat
under constant pressure Cp = 1100 J/kg-K. Estimate the flame thickness. Then calculate the
quenching diameter required for the flame arrestor (trap) to prevent the flash back. The
correction factor of the temperature profile is b = 1.5.
μ1
2 Γ1 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2 Γ1 𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2
𝛿𝛿 = 2
2
Γ1 =
𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺 = 2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 Transport (Exchange) Coefficient at
Thickness of Laminar Premixed Flame Burning Rate (Diffusive Fuel Mass Flux) mid-point of flame thickness at 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 15
Solution of Problem (8)
1. Estimate the flame thickness
Density of Unburned Mixture:
𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢 105
𝜌𝜌𝑢𝑢 = = = = 1.16 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 8314 8314
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 28.9 300
Speed of Laminar Premixed Flame:
𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑆𝑆 = 0.5 = 𝐺𝐺 = 0.581
𝜌𝜌𝑢𝑢 1.16 𝑚𝑚2 � 𝑠𝑠
𝜞𝜞𝟏𝟏 : Transport coefficient at mid-point of flame thickness at 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
μ1
5 × 10−5
2 −5
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Γ1 = = = 7.14 × 10
2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 0.7 𝑚𝑚 � 𝑠𝑠

2 2 𝛿𝛿 × 𝐺𝐺 = 2 Γ1
𝛿𝛿 × 𝐺𝐺 = × 2
16
Solution of Problem (8)
1. Estimate the flame thickness
Substitute:
𝛿𝛿 × 𝐺𝐺 = 2 Γ1 𝛿𝛿 × 0.581 = 2 × 7.14 × 10−5
2
Thickness of Laminar Premixed Flame
𝛿𝛿 = 2.46 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.246 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2. Quenching Diameter of the Flame arrestor (trap):
𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞ℎ = 𝛿𝛿 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 = 1.5
Substitute:
𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞ℎ = 2.46 × 10−4 1.5
𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞ℎ = 3.01 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚
Note: 𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞ℎ > 𝛿𝛿

17

Tutorial-11-MEP311-Sheet-7-Stability Solid Fuel Combustion-Quenching - P-6-8

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Tutorial-11-MEP311-Sheet-7-Stability Solid Fuel Combustion-Quenching - P-6-8

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Combustion (MEP311)

2 Γ1 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2 Γ1 𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

2 Γ1 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2 Γ1 𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝜞𝜞𝟏𝟏 : Transport coefficient at mid-point of flame thickness at 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏

𝛿𝛿 × 0.373 = 2 × 7.142 × 10−5

𝛿𝛿 = 3.82 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3823𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 Γ𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝜇𝜇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 4.8 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

c. The angle of the flame cone behind the bluff body:

For stable flame:

4.8 = 30 sinϴ ϴ = 9.207 degree

ϴ: half cone angle of the bluff body

Angle of the flame cone = 2 ϴ = 18.414 deg

𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 12.5 𝐴𝐴 = 8 𝐵𝐵 = 9 For stoichiometric Combustion

Unburned mass fractions of fuel and oxidant: 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 32

For Lean Mixture: 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑏𝑏 = 0

From SCRS Mass Balance Equation:

0.22133 − 3.509 × 0.05046 = 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑏𝑏 − 3.509 × 0

𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑏𝑏 = 0.04427 = 4.427%

The minimum length of the burner part

3. If the fuel is replaced with one having a higher volatile

First Step (Combustion of H2): Given:

Equivalence ratio: 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 34.32

Required Additional air to oxidize char (rest of fuel):

𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻2 𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

since the more intensive heat develops around the

Problem (8) – Sheet (7) on Quenching Diameter (Distance)

𝜞𝜞𝟏𝟏 : Transport coefficient at mid-point of flame thickness at 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏

2 Γ1 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 2 Γ1 𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅�𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

2. Quenching Diameter of the Flame arrestor (trap):

𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞ℎ = 3.01 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚

Note: 𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞ℎ > 𝛿𝛿

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