Thermodynamics 1 (TDY1)

Lesson 4
 Answers:
a. See next page
b. 38,5%
c. 1,8 g/s
Recap exercise (7 minutes) d. 33,1 %
e. 2,09 gr/s
We want to assess the overall efficiency of an engine. To this extend, the shaft power of the engine is
measured. This turns out to be 30 kW.

In addition, the thermal power that leaves the engine as flue gas is measured. This turns out to be 48
kW.

At first (sub a, b and c) it is assumed that other losses are negligible.

a) Draw the block scheme of this energy system and indicate that types of energy flow in and out.

b) Calculate the thermal efficiency of this engine.

c) Calculate the mass flow of diesel fuel in [gr/s], assuming an LCV(lower calorific value) of 43400
[kJ/kg].

d) Unfortunately, it turns out that the combustion efficiency is rather poor with a value of 86%. This
causes a larger required mass flow of diesel fuel in [gr/s]. Calculate the overall efficiency of this
engine.
 Answer a, b and c

30 kW
Mechanical power (rotating shaft)
Engine

Ƞ = 30/78 = 38,5 %
78 kW
Chemical power
(fuel flow)
Mass flow: 1,8 gr/s

48 kW
Thermal power (flue gasses)
 Answer d and e

30 kW
Mechanical power (rotating shaft)
Engine efficiency
33,1 %
90,6 kW
Chemical power
(fuel flow)
d. Overall efficiency: 0,86*0,385 = 33,1 %
e. Mass flow: 2,09 gr/s

48 kW
Thermal power (flue gasses)
 At the end of the lesson:

• can you explain what partial pressure and

Learning partial volume is.

objectives
• you can calculate the partial pressure and
today partial volumes of a gas mixture.

• you can calculate total characteristics of the

system based on partial pressure and volume
(such as pressure, specific heat and density)
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
 Ideal Gas Law: 3 applications
𝑝𝑉 =𝑚𝑅𝑇
Used in three situations:
1 2 3
𝐽
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 287
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾

𝑝=3 𝑏𝑎𝑟
1
2
𝐶𝑂 2 +¿ 𝐶 𝐻4 ¿
𝑉 =0.5 𝑚 3
𝑇 =85 ℃ From state 1 to state 2
For gas mixtures

4 parameters known 𝑝𝑉 =𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑝 𝑖 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉 𝑖 =𝑚𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝑇

1 parameter unknown 𝑝𝑉
=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑉 =𝑚 𝑅 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑇
𝑚𝑅𝑇  
𝑝𝑉 =𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑝1 𝑉 1 𝑝2 𝑉 2
𝑝𝑉 3 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 0.5 =
𝑚= ¿
𝑅𝑇 287 ⋅(27 3 +85) 𝑚 1 𝑅 𝑇 1   𝑚2 𝑅 𝑇 2  

𝑚=1,46 𝑘𝑔
Excersize
A closed system is at rest and contains pure hydrogen gas (H2).
RH2 = 4125 [J/kgK].
The system has a volume of 50 liters, a pressure of 2.5 bar and
a temperature of 30 ºC.

Question: What is the mass H2 in this system?

Answer:
hydrogen (H2): m = 0,010 kg
(1) GASMIXTURES
Gasmixtures
Pure gases only occur in technical situations, for example:

Hydrogen
• Helium
• Nitrogen

In nature and in technology mostly gas mixtures

• Air (for breathing, compressed air and pneumatics)

• Fuels (LPG: propane, n-butane and i-butane; biogas)
• Fire extinguishing equipment: argonite, inergen)
• Welding: Shielding gases
• Transport (inert gas)
• Diving deeper then 30 m (trimix: oxygen, nitrogen helium)

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 Gas mixtures: partial volume
Imagine:
Biogas Formula Vol % All molecules of the same
type “sit” together in one
Methane 60% part of the volume.
Result: partial volume
Carbon dioxide 38%

Water vapour 2%

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝

𝑉1 𝐶 𝐻4 𝑉 1+𝑉 2 +𝑉 3=𝑉

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝
𝐻2 𝑂
𝑉 2𝐶 𝑂 2
𝑉3

gas mixture Partial volumes

13

Gas mixtures: partial pressure
Imagine: all molecules of one
type are given their own space
with the size of the original
volume V.


Biogas Formula Vol %

Methane 60%

Carbon dioxide 38%

Water vapour 2%

𝑝 1+𝑝 2 +𝑝 3= 𝑝 gas mixture

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

𝐶 𝐻4 𝐶 𝑂2 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝3

p1 is p2 is p3 is 14

partial pressure partial pressure partial pressure

 Gas mixtures

𝑝𝑉
𝑇
=𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 [ ] [ ]
𝑝𝑉
𝑇 1
=
𝑝𝑉
𝑇 2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑝
𝑝 𝑖 ⋅ 𝑉 =𝑝 ⋅ 𝑉 𝑖
𝑖=1 , 2 , 3 , …( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐h 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝑝𝑖 𝑝 𝑝𝑖 𝑉 𝑖
= =
𝑉𝑖 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 gas mixture

𝑉 𝑉 𝑝

𝑉1 𝐶 𝐻4
𝐶 𝐻4 𝐶 𝑂2
𝑝 𝐶𝐻 4 𝑝 𝐶𝑂2
𝐻2 𝑂
𝑉 2𝐶 𝑂 2
𝑉3
etc…
Partial pressure due to Partial pressure due Partial volumes
to
 𝑝𝑖 𝑉 𝑖
=
𝑝 𝑉

Excersize
In a closed system there is a mixture of:
Answer:
a. 0,6 bar
H2 (30- volume%) and
b. 1,4 bar
CO2 (70- volume%)

The pressure in the system is 2 bar.

a. What is the partial pressure of H2?

b. What is the partial pressure of CO2 ?
 At the end of the lesson:

• can you explain what partial pressure and

Learning partial volume is.

objectives
• you can calculate the partial pressure and
today partial volumes of a gas mixture.

• you can calculate total characteristics of the

system based on partial pressure and volume
(such as pressure, specific heat and density)
 A (total) pressure p exerted by a gas mixture in a
Gas mixtures system with volume V equals the sum of the partial
pressures of the gasses in the mix.

𝑝=∑ 𝑝 𝑖 Gas law per partial gas

𝑉 =∑𝑉 𝑖 𝑝 𝑖 ∙ 𝑉 =𝑝 ∙ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝑚𝑖 ∙ 𝑅𝑖 ∙ 𝑇
𝑚=∑ 𝑚𝑖 Gas law for gas mixture
𝑝 ∙ 𝑉 =𝑚 ∙ 𝑅𝑚 ∙ 𝑇
𝑚𝑖
𝑅𝑚 =∑ ∙ 𝑅𝑖
𝑚
So, is the weighted average of all

18
Gas mixture

density:
and

It follows, the density of the mixture:

specific heat:
so that

𝑐 𝑚
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Excersize gas mixture

A gas sample consists of:

• 30 vol-% CO2
• 15 vol-% H2
• 55 vol-% N2

Further more, the following is known:

• p = 1 bar, T = 10 C, V = 100 m3
• RCO2 =189, RH2 = 4123, RN2 = 297 J/(kg.K)

a. Determine the mass fractions .

b. Determine specific gas constant of the mixture
c. Determine the density of the gas mixture

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Excersize gas mixture (answer4 a)
A gas sample consists of 30 vol-% CO2, 15 vol-% H2 and 55 vol-% N2.
• p = 1 bar, T = 10 C, V = 100 m3
• RCO2 =189, RH2 = 4123, RN2 = 297 J/(kg.K)

a. Calculate the mass fractions mi /m

V = 100 m3 so VCO2 = 30 m3, VH2 = 15 m3, VN2 = 55 m3.

For each partial volume,
So

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 Excersize gas mixture (answer b)

A gas sample consists of 30 vol-% CO2, 15 vol-% H2 and 55 vol-% N2.

• p = 1 bar, T = 10 C, V = 100 m3
• RCO2 =189, RH2 = 4123, RN2 = 297 J/(kg.K)

b. Calculate the specific gas constant Rm

[𝑚 𝐶𝑂 / 𝑚= 0,457 , 𝑚 𝐻 / 𝑚= 0,0105 , 𝑚 𝑁 / 𝑚=0,533]

2 2 2

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 Excersize gas mixture (answer c)

A gas sample consists of 30 vol-% CO2, 15 vol-% H2 and 55 vol-% N2.

• p = 1 bar, T = 10 C, V = 100 m3
• RCO2 =189, RH2 = 4123, RN2 = 297 J/(kg.K)

c. Calculate the density m

Check this with

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 At the end of the lesson:

• can you explain what partial pressure and

Learning partial volume is.

objectives
• you can calculate the partial pressure and
today partial volumes of a gas mixture.

• you can calculate total characteristics of the

system based on partial pressure and volume
(such as pressure, specific heat and density)
Make: excersize 1.28
Homework
• Chapter 1: Study 1.6
• make exc. 28, 29, 30

• Make summary of important formulas

• Ask questions!

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