Tutorial-9-MEP311-Sheet-6-Spontaneous Ignition

Combustion (MEP311)
Combustion (MEP311)
Tutorial (9)
Sheet (6): Spontaneous (Self) Ignition
Ashraf Mostafa Hamed

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Power Engineering – Ain Shams University
ashraf.mostafa@eng.asu.edu.eg
Tutorial (9): Spontaneous (Self) Ignition Combustion (MEP311)
Problem (2) in Sheet (6)
A mixture of ethane (C2H6) – air flows in a duct with a velocity of 10 m/s. The system is
considered steady-state, open system. The mixture undergoes spontaneous reaction which
may lead to self- ignition. The following conditions and properties are reported: equivalence
ratio ϕ = 0.8, activation temperature 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅� = 18000 𝐾𝐾, initial pressure = 2 bar, fuel heating
value H = 4 × 107 J/kg, the pre-exponential factor k = 1.2 × 109 and specific heat under
constant pressure Cp = 1100 J/kg-K. calculate the distance from duct entrance at which flame
appears due to spontaneous ignition if:
a. Initial temperature To = 500 K
b. Initial temperature To = 540 K
Comment on the results.
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�

𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀
2
Solution of Problem (2) in Sheet (6)
Stoichiometric Combustion of C2H6 with Air: Velocity: U Flame
A+F Mixture Products
1𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻6 + 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁2
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 3.5 𝐴𝐴 = 2 𝐵𝐵 = 3
Actual Combustion of C2H6 with Air: 𝜑𝜑 = 0.8 L
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3.55
𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = = 4.375
𝜑𝜑 0.8
1𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻6 + 4.375 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 2𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 3 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76(4.375)𝑁𝑁2 + 0.875𝑂𝑂2
Initial mass fractions of fuel and oxidant:
1 × 30
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = = 0.0475
1 × 30 + 4.375 32 + 3.76 × 28
4.375 × 32
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = = 0.222
1 × 30 + 4.375 32 + 3.76 × 28 3
Velocity: U Flame
A+F Mixture Products
For a mixture of air and fuel:
𝑀𝑀 = � 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑥𝑥𝑂𝑂2 𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑁𝑁2 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁2
1 4.375 4.375 × 3.76

𝑀𝑀 = 30 + 32 + 28
1 + 4.375 + 4.375 × 3.76 1 + 4.375 + 4.375 × 3.76 1 + 4.375 + 4.375 × 3.76
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 28.89
4
Velocity: U Flame
1. For To = 500 K A+F Mixture Products
𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
L
4 × 107 × 2 × 105 × 500−0.5 8314 𝐴𝐴 = 1.1844 × 1018

𝐴𝐴 = × 1.2 × 109 × 0.0475 × 0.2222
1100 28.89
Spontaneous Ignition delay: 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 5002 18000
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0.0506 𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 18000 × 1.1844 × 1018 500
Substitute:
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 × 𝑈𝑈 = 0.0506 × 10 = 0.5055 𝑚𝑚
5
Velocity: U Flame
2. For To = 540 K A+F Mixture Products
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
L
4 × 107 × 2 × 105 × 540−0.5 8314 𝐴𝐴 = 1.1397 × 1018

𝐴𝐴 = × 𝑘𝑘 × × 0.0475 × 0.2222
1100 28.89
Spontaneous Ignition delay:
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 5402 18000
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 4.25 × 10−3 𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 18000 × 1.1397 × 1018 540
Substitute:
Comment:
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 × 𝑈𝑈 = 4.25 × 10−3 × 10 = 0.0425 𝑚𝑚
Increasing To  decreasing ignition delay, hence L
6
A closed isolated bomb contains a mixture of methane (CH4) and air. The mixture undergoes
spontaneous reaction which may lead to self-ignition. The following conditions and properties
are reported: bomb volume = 0.001 m3, equivalence ratio ϕ = 1, activation temperature 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅�
= 18000 𝐾𝐾, initial pressure = 1 bar, Heating value of methane H = 4 × 107 J/kg, pre-exponential
factor k = 3.6 × 108, specific heat at constant pressure Cp = 1100 J/kg-K, Specific heat at
constant volume Cv = 786 J/kg-K, Calculate the ignition delay period tig if:
a. Initial temperature To = 500 K
b. Initial temperature To = 570 K
Comment on the results.
2
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸 𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
7
Stoichiometric Combustion of Methane with Air:
1𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻4 + 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁2

Mixture of
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 𝐴𝐴 = 1 𝐵𝐵 = 2 CH4 and Air
Initial mass fractions of fuel and oxidant: 𝝋𝝋 = 𝟏𝟏
1 × 16
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = = 5.5 %
1 × 16 + 2 32 + 3.76 × 28
2 × 32 Closed isolated bomb
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = = 22 %
1 × 16 + 2 32 + 3.76 × 28
1 2 2 × 3.76
𝑀𝑀 = 16 + 32 + 28 = 27.62
1 + 2 + 2 × 3.76 1 + 2 + 2 × 3.76 1 + 2 + 2 × 3.76
8
1. For To = 500 K 𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑅� 8314
𝜌𝜌 = 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 301.013
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 27.62
Mixture of
𝑝𝑝 105 CH4 and Air
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.664 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 301.013 × 500
𝝋𝝋 = 𝟏𝟏
Substitute: 2
𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 Closed isolated
𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
bomb
2
4 × 107 × 0.664 × 5000.5 8314
𝐴𝐴 = × 3.6 × 108 × 0.055 × 0.22 = 2.9822 × 1017
786 27.62

𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 5002 18000
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 18000 × 2.9822 × 1017 500
9
1. For To = 570 K 𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑅� 8314
𝜌𝜌 = 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 301.013
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 27.62
Mixture of
𝑝𝑝 105 CH4 and Air
𝜌𝜌 = = = 0.5828 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 301.013 × 570
𝝋𝝋 = 𝟏𝟏
Substitute: 2
𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 Closed isolated
𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
bomb
2
4 × 107 × 0582 × 5700.5 8314
𝐴𝐴 = × 3.6 × 108 × 0.055 × 0.22 = 2.79 × 1017
786 27.62
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 5702 18000 −3 𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 3.347 × 10
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 18000 × 2.79 × 1017 570
Comment: Increasing To  decreasing ignition delay

10
Calculate the values of initial mass fractions of fuel mfuel,o and oxidant
moxidant,o which give the shortest ignition delay period tig in a spontaneous
ignition process for the case of no diluents at the initial condition for
constant pressure ignition.
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
For Open System (P = const): For Closed System (ρ = const):

2
𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅� 𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
11
For the case of no diluents at the initial condition for constant pressure ignition:
𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 + 0 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜

𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸
For: 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚  A = Max =0
𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜
For: 2
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 Or 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑍𝑍 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 Where Z is constant

12
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑍𝑍 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑍𝑍 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜
𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴
= 𝑍𝑍 1 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜
𝑍𝑍 1 − 2 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = 0.5

𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 0.5
13
A liquid fuel (C12H26) is injected into a combustion chamber at a rate of 0.002 kg/s, where a stoichiometric amount of
air is provided. The fuel spray produced fine droplets of 0.2 mm average diameter. After the fuel fully evaporates into
the air, the chemical reaction proceeds across a stoichiometric fuel/air mixture according to a fuel consumption rate of
2 −1.5
𝐸𝐸
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇 exp − (𝑆𝑆. 𝐼𝐼. 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈)
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇
Where k = 106, 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅� = 20000 𝐾𝐾, po = 4 bar and To = 700 K. If the fuel density is 749 kg/m3 and the exchange coefficient
Γ is 4.82 × 10-6 kg/m·s, determine the total time taken between fuel injection and compete combustion. Consider that
the fuel vapor mass fraction is 0.9 at the droplet surface and that the evaporation proceeds into a dry air. Heating value
of fuel H = 4 × 107 J/kg and specific heat at constant pressure Cp = 1100 J/kg-K.
𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜2
𝑡𝑡𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝑌𝑌𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,𝑜𝑜 − 𝑌𝑌𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,∞ 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
8 Γ ln 1 + 1 − 𝑌𝑌 𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,𝑜𝑜
14
Evaporation droplet time:
𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜2 𝑌𝑌𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,∞ = 0 Dry Air
𝑡𝑡𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = = 0.3374 𝑠𝑠
𝑌𝑌𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,𝑜𝑜 − 𝑌𝑌𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,∞
8 Γ ln 1 + 1 − 𝑌𝑌 𝑌𝑌𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,𝑜𝑜 = 0.9
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣,𝑜𝑜
Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuel with Air:

1𝐶𝐶12 𝐻𝐻26 + 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁2
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 18.5 𝐴𝐴 = 12 𝐵𝐵 = 13
Initial mass fractions of fuel and oxidant:

1 × 170
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = = 0.0627
1 × 170 + 18.5 32 + 3.76 × 28
18.5 × 32
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = = 0.2184
1 × 170 + 18.5 32 + 3.76 × 28
15
1 18.5 18.5 × 3.76

𝑀𝑀 = 170 + 32 + 28 = 30.425
1 + 18.5 + 18.5 × 3.76 1 + 18.5 + 18.5 × 3.76 1 + 18.5 + 18.5 × 3.76
Substitute: 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�

𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 2.05915 × 1015
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 7002 20000

𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 20000 × 2.05915 × 1015 700
Total delay: 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.3374 + 0.0305 = 0.3678 𝑠𝑠

Note: 𝒕𝒕𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 > 𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 Physically controlled phenomena:
16
Consider a combustible mixture having the following properties: 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅�

= 20000 𝐾𝐾 and Initial Temperature To = 400 K. If tig is the ignition delay
period, calculate the value of another temperature at which the ignition
delay period is reduced by a factor of (1/e2) for constant pressure ignition.
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
17
Spontaneous Ignition delay: For Open System (P = const): For Closed System (ρ = const):
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅� 𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜0.5 𝑅𝑅�
2
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
2
𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−1.5 𝑅𝑅� 𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�
𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 = −0.5 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.5 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀
Derivative:
2𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸 1 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 + − 2 exp 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 + − exp 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
Divide by tig:: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 1 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸 +

1
for const Pressure
=2 ± − 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 � 𝑜𝑜2
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 1 𝐸𝐸
= 2± −
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
-
1
for const volume 18
2
For Open System (P = const):
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 1 𝐸𝐸
= 2+ −
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
Substitute:
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 1 20000
= 2+ − = −0.11875
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 400 2 400
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 +∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
� =� −0.11875 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,1 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
Integrate:
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,2 1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = −0.11875 ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2 = −0.11875 ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,1 𝑒𝑒
−2 = −0.11875 ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 = 16.84 𝐾𝐾
𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜,2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜,1 + ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 = 400 + 16.84 = 416.84 𝐾𝐾

19
A combustible gas mixture undergoes spontaneous ignition process. Initial temperature To = 600 K, initial
pressure = 1 bar, activation temperature 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅� = 20000 𝐾𝐾, Heating value of methane H = 4 × 107 J/kg,
specific heat at constant pressure Cp = 1100 J/kg-K, specific heat at constant volume Cv = 1000 J/kg-K,
Molecular weight of the combustible mixture M = 30 kg/ kmol, initial fuel mass fraction, mfuel,o = 0.2,
Initial oxidant mass fraction, moxidant,o = 0.8 and pre-exponential factor k = 8 × 106
a. Estimate the values of ignition delay times tig for both cases of constant pressure and constant
volume ignition.
b. Draw a curve that shows the relation between (1/To) and ln (tig) using the previous data.
c. Repeat (b) but for different values of 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅� to take the values of 104, 1.2 × 104, 1.5 × 104 and 2 × 104.
For Open System (P = const): For Closed System (ρ = const):

2
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀 20
a. Estimate the values of ignition delay times tig for both cases of constant pressure and constant volume ignition.
For Open System (P = const):

𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 5.266 × 1016
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp = 0.1024 𝑠𝑠
For Closed System (ρ = const):
2
𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜0.5 𝑅𝑅� 𝑅𝑅� 8314
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 5.7927 × 1016 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = =
𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 𝑝𝑝
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp = 0.09308 𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 0.6014 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇
21
b. Draw a curve that shows the relation between (1/To) and ln (tig) using the previous data
𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅� Variation of 1/To with ln(tig) for both constant pressure
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = exp 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 and volume Spontaneous ignition for E/R=20000K
35
for constant Pressure ignition (E/R=20000): 30
25 Const P (E/R=20000)
To [K] 1/To tig ln (tig) 20
300 0.003333 7.6681E+12 29.66809 15
400 0.0025 787632.5689 13.57679
Ln (tig)
10
500 0.002 55.87259892 4.023074
600 0.001667 0.102391715 -2.27895 5
700 0.001429 0.001191487 -6.73255 0
800 0.00125 4.37544E-05 -10.0369 -5
900 0.001111 3.44313E-06 -12.5791 -10
1000 0.001 4.60648E-07 -14.5906 -15
-20
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Repeat for constant Volume ignition (E/R=20000) 1/To
22
c. Repeat (b) but for different values of 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅� to take the values of 104, 1.2 × 104, 1.5 × 104 and 2 × 104
for constant Pressure ignition (E/R=10000)
To [K]
300
1/To
0.003333
tig
0.051195858
ln (tig)
-2.9721
Variation of 1/To with ln(tig) for constant Pressure
400 0.0025 2.18772E-05 -10.7301 Spontaneous ignition at values of different E/R
500 0.002 2.30324E-07 -15.2838 40
600 0.001667 1.18319E-08 -18.2525
700 0.001429 1.48906E-09 -20.3251
800 0.00125 3.26115E-10 -21.8438 30 E/R=20000
900 0.001111 1.02917E-10 -22.9971
1000 0.001 4.18268E-11 -23.8975 E/R=10000
20
for constant Pressure ignition (E/R=12000) E/R=12000
To [K] 1/To tig ln (tig)
300 0.003333 33.52355935 3.512248 10 E/R=15000
Ln (tig)
400 0.0025 0.00270572 -5.91239
500 0.002 1.04794E-05 -11.4661
600 0.001667 2.76389E-07 -15.1015 0
700 0.001429 2.16059E-08 -17.6503
800 0.00125 3.31074E-09 -19.5261
900 0.001111 7.91419E-10 -20.9572 -10
1000 0.001 2.5755E-10 -22.0798
for constant Pressure ignition (E/R=15000)

To [K] 1/To tig ln (tig)
-20
300 0.003333 590724.4267 13.2891
400 0.0025 3.913644549 1.364469
500 0.002 0.003382149 -5.68924
-30
600 0.001667 3.28158E-05 -10.3246 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
700 0.001429 1.25581E-06 -13.5877 1/To
800 0.00125 1.12621E-07 -15.9992
900
1000
0.001111
0.001
1.77478E-08
4.13843E-09
-17.847
-19.3029 Repeat for constant Volume ignition) 23

Tutorial-9-MEP311-Sheet-6-Spontaneous Ignition

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Combustion (MEP311)

Ashraf Mostafa Hamed

𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 2 𝐸𝐸 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�

𝑀𝑀 = � 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑥𝑥𝑂𝑂2 𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑁𝑁2 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁2

1 4.375 4.375 × 3.76

4 × 107 × 2 × 105 × 500−0.5 8314 𝐴𝐴 = 1.1844 × 1018

4 × 107 × 2 × 105 × 540−0.5 8314 𝐴𝐴 = 1.1397 × 1018

1𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻4 + 𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁𝑁2 → 𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁2

Spontaneous Ignition delay:

Comment: Increasing To  decreasing ignition delay

Problem (4) in Sheet (6)

For Open System (P = const): For Closed System (ρ = const):

𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 + 0 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 = 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜

Spontaneous Ignition delay:

𝐴𝐴 = 𝑍𝑍 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜,𝑜𝑜 Where Z is constant

𝑍𝑍 1 − 2 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑜𝑜 = 0.5

Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuel with Air:

Initial mass fractions of fuel and oxidant:

1 18.5 18.5 × 3.76

Substitute: 𝐻𝐻 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜−0.5 𝑅𝑅�

𝑅𝑅� 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜2 𝐸𝐸 7002 20000

Total delay: 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 + 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0.3374 + 0.0305 = 0.3678 𝑠𝑠

Problem (6) in Sheet (6)

Consider a combustible mixture having the following properties: 𝐸𝐸/𝑅𝑅�

Divide by tig:: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 1 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸 +

𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 +∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜

−2 = −0.11875 ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 = 16.84 𝐾𝐾

𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜,2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜,1 + ∆𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 = 400 + 16.84 = 416.84 𝐾𝐾

For Open System (P = const): For Closed System (ρ = const):

For Open System (P = const):

for constant Pressure ignition (E/R=15000)

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