COURSE OUTLINE

Cons%tu%onal Law I
Powers & Structures of Government
2023 Edi@on

Edmar D. Lerios
University of San Carlos School of Law & Governance

Alterna(vely en(tled as Founda'ons and Principles of the Philippine state, JD

11301 is a survey and evalua(on of the basic poli(cal founda(ons of the structure
of the Philippine Government, and the policies, principles and powers of the
Philippine state.

Module I. Preliminary Concepts

A. Nature of a Cons@tu@on
1. Parts
2. Manner of Interpreta>on (Self-Execu>ng and Non-Execu>ng Character)
3. Process of Change (Amendments and Revisions)
B. The Philippines as a State
1. Elements (People, Territory, Government, and Capacity to Enter into
Rela>ons With Other States)
2. Dis>nc>on Between Internal and External Self-Determina>on
§ Collector of Internal Revenue v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23
C. Fundamental Powers of the State
1. Police Power
2. Eminent Domain
3. Taxa>on
a) Cons>tu>onal Exemp>on Principles
§ Carlos Superdrug Corpora<on vs. DSWD, et al., GR No. 166494, (June 29,
2007)
§ City of Manila v. Judge Laguio, G.R. No. 118127, April 12, 2005
§ Pasong Baybas Farmers Ass. Vs CA, GR Nos. 142359 and 142980, May
25, 2004
§ Mirasol v. DPWH, G.R. No. 158793, June 8, 2006
§ PPA v. Cipres Stevedoring, G.R. No. 145742, July 14, 2005
§ Chavez v. Romulo, G.R. No. 157036. June 9, 2004

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 o Masikip vs. City of Pasig, GR No. 136349, Jan. 23, 2006
o Lagcao vs. Judge Labra, GR No. 155746, October 3, 2004
o Jesus is Lord Chris>an Founda>on vs. Mun. of Pasig, GR No. 155230
August 9, 2005
o San Roque vs Republic, GR No. 163130, Sept. 7, 2007
o Secretary of DPWH vs. Heracleo, GR 179334 Apr 21 2015
o City of Mandaluyong v. Francisco, G.R. No. 137152, January 29, 2001
o Lagcao v. Judge Labra, G.R. No. 155746, October 13, 2004
o JIL v. Mun. of Pasig, G.R. 152230, August 9, 2005
o Vda de Ouano vs. Republic, 168770, February 9, 2011
o Estate of Jimenez v. PEZA, G.R. No. 137285, January 16, 2001
o Reyes vs. NHA, GR No. 147511, January 20, 2003
o MCWD v. J. King and Sons Co., Inc. 175983, April 16, 2009
o NHA v. Heirs of Isidro Guivelondo, G.R. No. 154411. June 19, 2003
o NPC & Pobre v. CA, G.R. No. 106804. August 12, 2004
o Vda. De Ouano v. Republic, GR No. 168770, February 9, 2011
o De la Paz Masikip v. Judge Legaspi, G.R. No. 136349, January 23, 2006
o LBP v. Honeycomb Farms Corp., GR No. 169903, February 29, 2012
o Sps. Lee vs. LBP, GR No. 170422, March 7, 2008
o NAPOCOR v. Tiangco, G.R. No. 170846, February 6, 2007
o City of Cebu v. Spouses Dedamo, G.R. No. 142 971, May 07, 2002
o Wycoco v. Judge Caspillo, G.R. No. 146733, January 13, 2004
o City of Manila v. Oscar Serrano, G.R. No. 142304, June 20, 2001
o Republic v. Gingoyon, G.R. No. 166429, December 19, 2005
• CIR vs. Algue, Inc., 158 SCRA 9 (1988)
• Commissioner vs. Makasiar, 177 SCRA 27 (1989)

D. Relevance of the Declara@on of Principles and State Policies

§ Pablo Ocampo v. HRET, G.R. No. 158466. June 15, 2004
§ Villavicencio vs. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778 (1919)
§ Tañada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
§ Mejoff vs. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70 (1952)
§ Agus<n vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)
§ Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 115 (1957)
§ In Re Garcia; 2 SCRA 984 (1961)
§ Kuroda v. Jalandoni, O.G. 4282
§ Gonzales v. Hechnova, 9 SCRA 230
§ Sec. of Jus<ce v. Lan<on, Jan. 18, 2000
§ Tanada v. Angara, May 2, 1997)
§ Lim v. Execu<ve Secretary, April 11, 2002
§ Llamanzares vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
§ Alih v. Castro, 151 SCRA 279

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§ IBP v. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81
§ Gudani vs. Senga, August 15, 2006
§ Gonzales, Et al. vs. Gen. Abaya, G.R. No. 164007,
§ August 10, 2006)
§ People vs. Lagman and Zosa, 66 Phil. 13 (1938)
§ Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, August 4, 2003
§ Islamic Da’Wah Council of the Philippines vs. Office of
§ The Execu<ve Secretary, July 9, 2003.
§ Bayan v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000
§ Lim v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002
§ Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872. April 13, 2004
§ Ar<cle VII, Sec<on 13 par. 2
§ Calalang vs. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940)
§ APCD v. PCA, G.R. No. 110526, February 10, 1998
§ PLDT v. NTC, 190 SCRA 717 (1990)
§ Maquera v. Borja, G.R. No. L-24761, September 7, 1965
§ Simon v. CHR, G.R. No. 100150, January 5, 1994
§ PASEI vs. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 (1988)
§ Garcia v. Drilon
§ Phil. Telegraph & telephone Co. v. NLRC, May 23, 1997)
§ Tablarin vs. Gu<errez, 152 SCRA 370 (1987)
§ PRC v. de Guzman, G.R. No. 144681, June 21, 2004
§ U.P. BOR v. C.A., G.R. No. 134629, August 31, 1999
§ Camacho v. Coresis, G.R. No. 134372, August 22, 2002
§ Phil. Merchant Marine School v. CA
§ Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221
§ Mandaluyong v. Francisco, G.R. 137152, January 29, 2001
§ SSS Employ. Assn. vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)
§ JMM promo<on & Management v. CA, 260 SCRA 319
§ Bernardo v. NLRC, July 12, 1999
§ Prov. Of Rizal v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 129546, Dec. 13, 2005
§ Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792;
§ C & M Timber Corp. v. Alcala, June 13, 1997
§ Prov. of Rizal vs. Exec. Sec., December 13, 2005)
§ Interna<onal Service for the Acquisi<on of Agri-Biotech Applica<ons. Inc.
v. Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines), et al., December 8, 2015
§ Mosqueda, et al. v. Pilipino Banana Growers & Exporters Associa<on, Inc.,
et al., GR No. 189185, August 16, 2016
§ Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon straits, et al.
v. Secretary Angelo Reyes, et al., GR No. 180771, April 21, 2016
§ Imbong v. Ochoa
§ Tanada vs. Angara, G.R. 118295, May 2, 1997
§ Ass. of Phil. Coconut Desiccators v.PCA, Feb. 10, 1998
§ PLDT v. NTC, G.R. No. 88404, October 18, 1990

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 § Basco v. PAGCOR, 197 SCRA 52
§ Limbonas v. Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786
§ Province of North Cotabato vs. GRP Peace Panel, GR
§ No. 183591, Oct. 14, 2008
§ Legaspi vs CSC, 150 SCRA 530 (1987)
§ Valmonte vs Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)
§ De Jesus vs. COA, G.R. 109023, August 12, 1998
§ Chavez v. PEA & Amari, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002

E. Dynamics Among the Branches of Government

1. Separa>on of Powers
2. System of Checks and Balances
3. Delega>on of Powers
§ In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382 (1987)
§ Demetria vs Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)
§ Mantruste System vs CA, 179 SCRA 136 (1989)
§ INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983)
§ Senate Blue Ribbon vs Majaducon, GR # 136760, July 29, 2003
§ Neri vs. Senate Commikee, GR. No. 80643, March 25, 2008)
§ Francisco, et al. vs. HR, et al.,
§ November 10, 2003; ABAKADA Guro Party List, et al. vs.
§ Execu<ve Secretary, September 1, 2005; David, et al.,
§ April 20, 2006.
§ La Bugal-B’Laan v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882. Dec. 1, 2004
§ Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil 358 (1955)
§ Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979)
§ Garcia v. Execu<ve Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992)
§ Jaworski v. Pagcor, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004
§ U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil 1 (1922)
§ Conference v. POEA, 243 SCRA 666 (1995)
§ Pelaez vs Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)
§ People vs. Judge Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 (1989)
§ Gerochi vs. DOE, July 17, 2007
§ Disini, Jr. et al. vs. Sec. of Jus<ce, GR No. 203335, Feb. 11, 2014
§ De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294
§ Lozano v. Mar<nez, 146 SCRA 323
§ Chiongbian v. Orbos, SCRA 253
§ San<ago vs. COMELEC, 3/19/97)

F. State Immunity
1. Basis
2. Excep>ons

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 § Republic v. Villasor, 54 SCRA 83
§ Kawananakoa v, Polybank, 205 US 349
§ Metran v. Paredes, 79 Phil 819
§ Lung Chea Kung Kee & Co. v. Wright, 46 Phil. 44, 47 (1924).
§ NIA v. CA, 214 SCRA 35
§ Arigo v. Swim
§ Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486
§ UP vs. Dizon, GR No. 171782, August 23, 2012
§ PNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595 (1978)
§ Municipality of Maka< vs. CA. 190 SCRA 206 (1990)
§ Nessia vs. Fermin, 220 SCRA 615 (1993)
§ Caloocan City v. Allarde, G.R. No. 107271, Sept. 10, 2003
§ Bergoso v. Chairman, Phil. Veterans Adm., 32 SCRA 466
§ Republic vs. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987)
§ Phil. Agila Satellite v. Lichauco, G.R. No. 134887, July 27,
§ 2006
§ del Mar v. Phil. Veterans Adm., 56 SCRA 340
§ Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
§ Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424
§ Tan v. Director of Forestry, 125 SCRA 302
§ Veterans Manpower & Protec>ve Services, Inc. v. CA, 214 SCRA 286
§ Farolan v. CTA, 217 SCRA 298
§ Chavez v. Sandiganbayan, Jan. 24, 1991

G. The Na@onal Territory

1. Scope (Terrestrial, Aerial, and Fluvial Domains)
2. Archipelagic Doctrine
§ Arigo vs. Swim GR No. 206510, September 16, 2014
§ Magalona, et al. v. Exec. Sec., GR No. 187167, August 16, 2011
§ The Province of North Cotabato vs. The Govt of the RP Peace Panel, GR No.
183591, October 14, 2008
§ Nicolas v. Romulo, 578 SCRA 438
§ Reagan vs CIR, 30 SCRA 968 (1969)
§ People vs. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476 (1973)

Module II. Legisla8ve Department

A. Nature of Legisla@ve Power
1. Deriva>ve and Delegated Power
2. Plenary Character
3. Limita>ons
a) Substan>ve - Bill of Rights

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 b) Procedural - Manner of Passage and Form of Bills
4. Law-Making Dis>nguished from Law-Execu>on
a) Filling-Up Details
b) Ascertainment of Facts
5. Excep>ons to Non-Delegability
a) Local Governments
b) Presiden>al Power in Times of War and Na>onal Emergency, Including
Mar>al Law and in a Revolu>onary Context
c) Fixing Tariff Rates, Quotas, and Other Du>es
6. Legisla>ve Power of the People Through Ini>a>ve and Referendum
§ Secretary of Finance, et al. vs. La Suerte Cigar, GR No. 166498, June 11, 2009
§ Review Center Assos. Of the Philippines vs. Ermita, GR No. 180046, April 2,
2009
§ First Lepanto vs CA, 237 SCRA 519
§ Diaz vs. CA, 238 SCRA 785
§ Fabian vs. Desierto, 9-16-98
§ Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)
§ Tolen<no vs. Sec. of Finance, 235 SCRA 630

B. Bicameral Congress
1. Senate
2. House of Representa>ves
a) District Representa>ves and Mechanics of Appor>onment
b) Party-List System
C. Legisla@ve Privileges, Disclosure of Financial and Business Affairs,
Prohibi@ons, Inhibi@ons, and Disqualifica@ons
D. Quorum and Vo@ng Majori@es
E. Discipline of Members
F. Process of Law-Making
1. Func>on of the Bicameral Conference Commieee
2. Limita>ons on Legisla>ve Power
a) Limita>ons on Revenue, Appropria>ons, and Tariff
b) Presiden>al Veto and Congressional Override

§ Cruz v. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983)

§ Tio vs Videogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208
§ Lidasan vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 479 (1967)
§ Belgica, et al. vs. Exec. Sec., et al. GR No. 208566, Nov. 19, 2013
§ LAMP vs. Sec. of DBM, GR No. 164987, April 24, 2012, PHILCONSA

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 § Pichay vs. ODESLA, GR No. 196425, July 24, 2012
§ Araullo vs. Aquino, et al., GR No. 209287 July 11, 2014
§ Pascual v. Sec. of Public Works, 100 Phil 331
§ Demetria v. Alba, 148 SCRA 208(1987) Id., sec. 29
§ Alvarez v. Guingona, 252 SCRA 695
§ Tolen<no v. Sec. of Finance, 235 SCRA 630
§ PJA v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703
§ Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221
§ Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 SCRA 201
§ Suplico, et al. vs. Romulo Neri, et al, GR No. 178830, July 14, 2008
§ Gonzales vs. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452
§ Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
§ Philconsa vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506
§ Compare 1935 Const., art. VI, sec. 20
§ Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486 (1964)
§ Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452
§ Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
G. Rules on Appropria@on and Re-Alignment
H. Electoral Tribunals and Commission on Appointments
1. Composi>on
2. Powers and Jurisdic>on
I. Powers of Congress
1. Legisla>ve Inquiries and the Oversight Func>ons
2. Non-Legisla>ve
a) Informing Func>on
b) Power of Impeachment
§ Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil 29 (1950)
§ Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955)
§ Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Commikee, 203 SCRA 767
§ Standard Chartered Bank vs. Senate Commikee on Banks, GR No. 167173,
December 27, 2007
§ Akbayan vs. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008
§ Neri vs. Senate Commikee, G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008
§ In the maker of the pe<<on for issuance of writ of habeas corpus of Camilo
Sabio- GR No. 174340, 10/17/2006
§ Miguel vs. Gordon, GR No. 174340, October 17, 2006
§ Senate vs. Ermita (E.O. 464), April 20, 2006
§ PHILCOMSAT vs. Senate, June 19, 2012
§ Balag vs. Senate, July 3, 2018

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Module III. Execu8ve Department
A. Nature of Execu@ve Power
1. In Rela>on to the Implementa>on of Laws (Including Delegated Powers)
2. Express or Implied (Including the Faithful Execu>on of Laws and Residual
Powers)
B. Concept of Presiden@al Immunity
1. Conduct Covered
2. Waiver and Excep>ons
C. Concept of Execu@ve Privilege
1. Types
2. Who May Invoke

D. Qualifica@ons, Elec@on, Term of the President and Vice-President,

and Rules on Succession
E. Other Privileges, Inhibi@ons, and Disqualifica@ons
F. Powers of the President
1. Execu>ve and Administra>ve Powers
2. Power of Appointment
a) Process of Confirma>on by the Commission
b) By-Passed Appointments and their Effects
c) Appointments by an Ac>ng President
d) Scope of Midnight Appointments
e) Recess of Ad-Interim Appointments
f) Power of Removal
3. Power of Control and Supervision
a) Doctrine of Qualified Poli>cal Agency
b) Execu>ve Departments and Offices
c) Local Government Units
4. Emergency Powers
5. Commander-in-Chief Powers
a) Calling Out Powers
b) Declara>on of Mar>al Law and the Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ
of Habeas Corpus (Including Extension of Period)
6. Pardoning Powers
a) Scope and Limita>ons
b) Forms of Execu>ve Clemency
7. Foreign Rela>ons Powers
a) In General

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 b) To Contract or Guarantee Foreign Loans
c) Entry into Trea>es or Interna>onal Agreements
8. Powers Rela>ve to Appropria>on Measures
9. Veto Powers
§ Philconsa vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506
§ Webb vs. de Leon, 247 SCRA 652
§ Marcos vs. Manglapuz, 177 SCRA 668
§ Laurel vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013, July 25, 1990
§ Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989)
§ DENR v. DENR Empl., G.R. No. 149725, August 19, 2003
§ Resident Marine Mammals v. Reyes GR No. 180771, April 21, 2015-
§ Pichay, Jr. vs. Office of the Deputy Execu<ve Sec. for Legal Affairs, et al. GR
No. 196425, July 24, 2012
§ Free Telephone Workers Union v. Minister Of Labor and Employment, 108
SCRA 757 (1981)
§ Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB vs. Zamora, July 10, 2001
§ Ang-angco vs. Cas<llo, 9 SCRA 619
§ Drilon vs. Lim, 235 SCRA 135
§ Kilusang Bayan vs. Dominguez, 205 SCRA 92
§ Domingo vs. Zamora, GR No. 142283, February 6, 2003
§ Constan<no vs. Cuisia, G.R. No. 106064, October 13, 2005
§ Rufino vs. Endriga, GR No. 113956, July 21, 2006
§ Malaria Employees and Workers Associa<on of the Philippines, Inc.
§ (MEWAP) vs. Romulo, GR No. 160093, July 31, 2007
§ De Leon v. Carpio. 178 SCRA 457 (1989)
§ Blaquera v. Alcala, G.R. 109406, September 11, 1998
§ Hutchison Ports V. SBMA, G.R. No. 131367, Aug. 31, 2000
§ NEA v. COA, 377 SCRA 233 (2002)
§ Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. 132988, July 19, 2000
§ Sarmiento v. Mison, G. R. No. 79974,
§ Dec. 17, 1987, 156 SCRA 549
§ Concepcion-Bau<sta vs. Salonga, G. R.
§ No. 86439, April 13, 1989, 172 SCRA 160
§ Ma<bag vs. Benipayo, April 2, 2002
§ Bitonio vs. COA, 425 SCRA 437, March 12, 2004
§ Compare Ramos v. Alvarez, 97 Phil. 844 (1955)
§ Pimentel, Jr. v. Office of the Execu<ve Secretary, 462 SCRA 622, July 6, 2005,
GR No. 191002
§ Calderon vs. Carale, 208 SCRA 254
§ Binamira vs. Garucho, 188 SCRA 154
§ Deles vs. CA, 177 SCRA 259
§ Tarosa vs. Singson, 232 SCRA 553
§ Flores vs. Drilon, 223 SCRA 568
§ Aytona v. Cas<llo, 4 SCRA 1 (1962)

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 § Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331 (1964)
§ Quimsing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446 (1964)
§ Larin v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. 112745, October 16, 1997
§ Gonzales v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 196231, January 28, 2014
§ Sulit v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 196232, January 14, 2014
§ Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971)
§ Garcia-Padilla v. Ponce Enrile, 121 SCRA 472 (1983)
§ Aquino v. Ponce Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 (1974) (on poli<cal ques<ons)
§ Aquino v. Military Commission No. 2, 63 SCRA 546 (1975)
§ Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144 (1987)
§ Lacson vs. Perez, May 10, 2001
§ Sanlakas vs. Execu<ve Commikee, 421 SCRA 656, February 3, 2004
§ IBP vs. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81
§ Quillona vs. General Court Mar<al, 206 SCRA 821
§ Gudani vs. Senga, August 15, 2006
§ Kulayan vs. Tan, GR No. 187298, July 3, 2012
§ Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 (1949)
§ Rodriguez v. Gella, 92 Phil. 603(1953)
§ David, et al. vs. Execu<ve Secretary Ermita, May 3, 2006
§ Ampatuan vs. Puno, GR No. 190259, June 7, 2011
§ Bayan vs. Zamora, 342 SCRA 449 (2000)
§ Pimentel, Jr. vs. Execu<ve Secretary, July 6, 2005

Module IV. Judicial Department

A. Concept of Judicial Power
§ Miranda v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133064, September 16, 1999

B. Judicial Review
1. Requisites
2. Poli>cal Ques>ons Doctrine
3. Moot Ques>ons
4. Opera>ve Fact Doctrine
§ IBP vs. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81
§ Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 13
§ Gonzales vs. Narvasa, 337 SCRA 733
§ Province of Batangas vs. Romulo, 429 SCRA 736, May 27, 2004
§ Brillantes vs. COMELEC, 432 SCRA 269, June 15, 2004
§ Reynaldo M. Jacomille, vs. Hon. Joseph Emilio A. Abaya, in his capacity
as Secretary of Transporta<on and Communica<ons (DOTC), et.al., G.R.
No. 212381, April 22, 2015

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 C. Judicial Independence and Fiscal Autonomy
§ GSIS vs. Heirs of Fernando F. Caballero, GR No. 158090, 632 SCRA 5, October
4, 2010
§ Tirol v. CA, G.R. Bo. 133954, August 3, 2000
§ People v. Teng, G.R. No. 141496, October 3, 2001

D. Appointments to the Judiciary

1. Qualifica>ons of Members
2. Judicial and Bar Council
a) Composi>on
b) Powers

E. The Supreme Court

1.
Composi>on, Powers, and Func>ons
2.
En Banc and Division Cases
3.
Administra>ve Supervision Over Lower Courts
4.
Original and Appellate Jurisdic>on
§SB v. J. Estrella, A.M. No. 01-1608-RJT, January 16, 2001
§Maceda vs. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464
§Echegaray vs. Secretary of Jus<ce, January 19, 1999
§Masangkay vs. del Rosario, G.R. No. 182484, June 17, 2008; Republic vs.
§Gingoyon, G.R. No. 16429, December 19, 2005; Caram vs. Segui, GR No.
193652, August 5, 2014
§ GSIS vs. Heirs of Caballero, 632 SCRA 5, October 14, 2010
§ Aguirre v. Rana, Bar Maker No. 1036, June 10, 2003
§ Aguinaldo, et al. vs. Aquino, G.R. No. 224302, February 21, 2017

Module V. Cons8tu8onal Commissions (COMELEC, COA, CSC)

A. Cons@tu@onal Safeguards to Ensure Independence of Commissions
B. Common Provisions
C. Powers, Func@ons, and Jurisdic@on
D. Composi@on and Qualifica@ons of Members
E. Prohibited Offices and Interests
F. Judicial Review of Final Orders, Resolu@ons, and Decisions
1. Rendered in the Exercise of Quasi-Judicial Func>ons
2. Rendered in the Exercise of Administra>ve Func>ons

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