FIRST DAY
 shared goals
ORALCOMM
Functions of Communication:
 Motivational – has value ; to inspire others
 Emotional Expression – expressing one’s
feelings
 Social Interaction – engaging with other
people ; maintaining bonds
 Control – giving limitations
 Information Dissemination – sharing of
information
Verbal and Non-verbal Communication:
Explicit – exposed message
Implicit – hidden message
 Verbal (ABCEV)
 Appropriateness – proper language
 Slang – certain group of
people are using ; highly
informal
 Colloquial – language for
casual conversation
 Brevity – straight-forward or concise
 Clarity – clearness of delivery
 Ethics – principles and values an
individual possess
 Vividness – creating imagery ;
bright, charm, creativity
5 sensory images are involved:
 Visual – sight
 Tactile – touch
 Gustatory – taste
 Auditory – hear
 Olfactory – smell
 Non-verbal – body language, facial
expressions, eye contact
Oral Communication Activities:
 Public Speaking
 Debate
 Interview
 Meeting
 Telephone Conversation/Video Call
Types of Speech Context:
 Intrapersonal – communication between
oneself ; metacognition (thinking about
thinking)
 Interpresonal – communication bet./among
people
1. Dyad – communication between 2 people
2. Small groups – not more than 10 people
 interdependence
 collaboration
 roles & norms
 group dynamics
3. Public – addresses message in a large
audience
 audience-centered
 structured presentation
 clear purpose
 verbal delivery
 visual aids
4. Mass Communication – the audience is
bigger ; television, newspaper, radio,
magazines
 mass audience
 mediated messages
 one to many communication
 wide reach
 influence on public opinion
KOMPAN
Kasaysayan ng Wikang Pambansa
Banal na Aklat
Genesis 2:20
“At pinangalanan ng lalaki ang lahat ng mga hayop, at
mga ibon sa himpapawid, at ang bawat ganid sa
parang.” – pagsilang ng wika
Genesis 11:1-9 Ang Bagong Magandang Balita
(Bibliya)
Tore ng Babel - may iisang wika lamang ang
ginagamit ng mundo, dahilan upang ang lahat ng
tao ay magkaintindihan sa isa’t isa.
Mga Teorya:
Teoryang Ding-dong – tunog ng kalikasan
Teoryang Bow-wow – tunog ng hayop
Teoryang Pooh-pooh – masidhing damdamin
Teoryang Ta-ta – kumpas
Teoryang Yo-He-Ho – pwersang pisikal
Teoryang Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-De-Ay – ritwal
Teoryang Sing-song – mahaba o musical
Panahon ng mga Katutubo:
 Teoryang Pandarayuhan (Wave Migration
Theory) ni Dr. Henry Otley Beyer isang
Amerikanong antropologo.
Pinaniniwalaan na ang mga unang tao sa
Pilipinas ay:
 Negrito
 Malay
 Indones
 Tinanggihan naman ni Dr. Robert Fox at
sinabing ang mga unang tao daw ay mga
Taong Tabon dahil sa natagpuang bungo sa
Palawan (1982).
  Teoryang Austronesyano
 Auster – south wind
 - isla
Ang mga Austronesian ay nagmula sa isla
ng Sulu at Celebes na tinatawag ding
Nusantao.
 Pag-iral ng Baybayin – sinaunang
pamamaraan ng pagsulat o komunikasyon ;
ang mga simbolo ay nagmula sa mga
elemento ng kapaligiran.
Panahon ng mga Espanyol:
 Pagiging sibilisadong lipunan ng bansang
Pilipinas.
 Unti-unting pagkawala ng baybayin at pag-
iral ng Abecedario – alpabetong Romano.
 Pinag-aralan ng mga Espanyol ang wikang
Katutubo ngunit di hinayaan ang mga
Pilipinong matuto ng Espanyol.
Panahon ng Rebolusyong Pilipino:
 Paglaganap ng mga kilusang
propagandista – pagsulat ng mga akdang
pampanitikan sa pagpapamulat ng mga
Pilipino gamit ang wikang Tagalog
 Pagtatag ng Unang Republika (Emilio
Aguinaldo) – opsyonal na paggamit ng
wikang Tagalog.
Panahon ng mga Amerikano:
 Opisyal na pagtanggal sa kaisipang
Kastila.
 Nilayong magkaroon ng sistema ng
edukasyon.
 Gurong Thomasites – nagturo ng wikang
Ingles
Nabigong ituro ang wikang Ingles dahil sa
bernakular na wika ng mga Pilipino.
1935
 Pagpapatupad ng Artikulo XIV ng ating
Konstitusyon na wikang Tagalog ang
wikang Pambansa. (Pang. Manuel L.
Quezon “Ama ng Wikang Pambansa”)
 Pagbabalangkas at pagpapakilala ng
ABAKADA o unang alpabetong Pilipino.
(Lope K. Santos “Ama ng Balarilang
Filipino”)
Binubuo ng 20 titik – 5 patinig at 15 na
katinig.
Panahon ng Hapon:
 Opisyal na pinagbawal ang wikang Ingles.
 Nilayon na maging wikang Pambansa ang
wikang Nihonggo at Tagalog.
 Umiral ang pagiging makabayan ng mga
Pilipino pagdating sa pagsulat.
 Impluwensya sa panitikan:
 Haiku – 17 pantig, 3 taludtod (1 at 3
taludtod – 5 na pantig, 2 taludtod –
7 pantig), karaniwang tungkol sa
kalikasan.
 Kinilala bilang Gintong Panahon ng
Panitikan – namayagpag ang panitikang
Pilipino.
 Ipinatupad ang Order-Militar Blg. 13 (Hulyo
4, 1942) – ang wikang Opisyal ay ang
wikang Nihonggo at Tagalog.
 KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas) – layuning mapaunlad
ang edukasyon at kabuhayan ng bansa.
Panahon ng Pagsasarili at Kasalukuyan:
 Pagpapatibay ng Batas Komonwelt Blg.
570 (1946)
 Ang wikang Ingles at Tagalog ay
naging wikang Opisyal.
 Ipinatupad ang Kautusang
Pangkagawaran Blg. 7 (1959)
 Ang Tagalog ay naging Pilipino
 Ang mga sertipiko at diploma ay
inilimbag sa wikang Pilipino
 Titik ng Lupang Hinirang sa
wikang Pilipino
 Pinangalan sa Pilipino ang mga
gusali at tanggapan
 Paggamit sa Pilipino sa paaralan,
transaksyon, at komunikasyon
 Pagpapalakas ng Pambansang Identidad
at Pagpapaunlad ng Wikang Pambansa
 Pagkakaisa
 Pagsulong ng Kultura at Wika
 Pag-unlad ng Edukasyon
 Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 25 (1974)
ni Juan L. Manuel
 Edukasyong Bilingguwal
 Seksyon 6, Artikulo XIV ng Konstitusyo
ng 1987
 Ang Pilipino ay naging Filipino at
naging Pambansang Wika
 Pagtuklas at Pagkilala ng Identidad ng
Bansa
 Pagkakaisa at Pag-unlad ng
Pambansang Kamalayan
COMP ED
Alphabet of Lines:
Alphabet of Lines
- Line symbols used in technical drawing.
* Line significance is conveyed by its weight or
thickness
Types:

1. Object or Visible Line Orthographic Projections:

- thick dark line that shows outline, visible
edges and surfaces

2. Construction Line
- very light and thin line to construct layout

3. Dimension Line
- shows the size of the object with a numeric
value
Orthographic Projections – all 3D have its 2D
4. Hidden Line
Isometric Projection – 30 degrees ; 3 views (top,
- used to show non-visible lines
front, right)

5. Center Line Use of Vertical & Horizontal Projectors

- indicates center of holes, circles, and arcs
6. Extension Line
- shows starting and ending of dimension
7. Cutting Plane Line
- shows cutaway views or plane of projection
where a section view is taken ; arrow =
direction of view ; thicker
- used to determine how things are connected
between the three different orthographic views of an
object
Involvement of Line Types
- visible lines are edges of the objects
- hidden lines are positions of holes or gaps that aren’t
seen from a 2D view

8. Break Line
- show cutaway view of a long section ; short
and long medium line

9. Leader Line
- show notes or label for size or special
information about a feature ; medium line
with arrowhead
Oblique Projections – 45 degrees angle and
emphasizes the front view
10. Phantom Line
- show alternate position of a moving part

11. Section Line

- show interior view of solid areas of cutting
plane line ; medium lines drawn at 45
degrees

EARTH SCIENCE
Rocks:

Igneous Rock
- forms inside and outside the volcano
* All (–stone) are sedimentary
 Intrusive rocks – found inside the volcano
 Extrusive rocks – found outside the volcano
Erosion – undergoes chemical processes
Sediments – brought by the water/rain to the bodies of
water
 Deposition – particles are stored in
a basin
 Compaction – particles are
compressed
 Sementation – subduction process
Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks – blowed by the volcano
Process: Metamorphic Rocks
Weathering – rocks are exposed to rain/water and
heat
Lithification – process of compaction and sementation
* In the morning, the rocks expands. At night and
while raining, the rock shrinks absorbing water and Textures:
dissolving sediments.
Igneous Rock Types (GGBROS):
 Granite – speckled white & black
 Gabbro – dark-colored, evident crystals
 Basalt – dark-colored, fine-grained Ex. of Metamorphic Rocks:
 Rhyolite – light-colored, possible banding
(patterns)
 Obsidian – black, glassy
 Scoria – dark-colored, numerous holes
 Intrusive Igneous Rocks (plutonic &
hypabyssal)
 Magma that solidifies Classes:
 Coarse-grained
 15% in Earth’s land
 Extrusive Igneous Rock (volcanic)
 Lava that solidifies
* Vesicular texture – forms holes in the rocks that
causes gas release
 With crystallization – granular ; crystalline
rocks
 Without crystallization – natural glasses
Sedimentary Rocks – formed by deposition &
sementation.
Sedimentary Rock Types:
 Shale – gray, fine-grained, layered
 Sandstone – banding, sand texture
 Limestone – fine-grained, gray/pink-colored
 Conglomerate – gravel-sized, pebbles
evident
 Arkose – pink-colored, coarse-grained
 Gypsum – white, powder
 Clastic sedimentary rocks – made from
pieces of clasts or pre-existing rocks
Ex. conglomerate
 Biochemical sedimentary rocks – formed
from shells and bodies of water organisms
 Chemical sedimentary rocks – form when
bodies of water evaporate ; banding (layering
of rocks):
Ex. sock salt, gypsum, travertine, chert
 Other sedimentary rocks – formed by
impacts, volcanisms, and other processes
 From transpormation of existing
rock types
 Metamorphism “change in form”
 Formed due to heat/pressure
 Slate
 Shistose
 Gneissose
 Granoblastic
 Horn felsic
1. Gneiss
2. Slate
3. Marble
4. Schist
5. Quartzite
6. Phyllite
1. Platy/elongated minerals – align
themselves parallel to the axis of pressure
(foliation)
Minerals differ in foliation depending on:
 Slaty – microscopic minerals
 Phyllite – minerals are barely visible
from the naked eye
 Shistose – visible to distinct eye ;
layering are clear
 Gneissic – minerals are visible and
elongated ; rocks are coarsely-
branded
 Mining:

1. Surface Mining – extraction of ore that are

close to earth’s surface – mountain top ;
shallow mining
2. Underground Mining – deeper mining
3. Placer Mining – sifting of minerals from
sediments
4. In-situ Recovery – deeper area of mining
requiring the use of machinery ; used to mine
uranium

Processing:

Ore extraction – valuable materials are separated

from waste rocks

METHODS:
Protolith – Origin of Mineral
2. Crystalline textures – parent rock exposed
in enough heat that induces recrystallization
1. Heap Leaching – addition of chemicals or
acids to dissolve rock and get mineral
remains
2. Flotation – addition of compound that’ll make
minerals float
3. Heavy Media Separation – rocks submerged
in liquid where denser minerals sinks and
lighter floats
4. Magnetic Separation – use of magnets to
extract minerals
5. Smelting – melting/roasting ore

Earth’s Resources:
Minerals:
 Metallic Exploitation – too much use of mineral resources for

}
 Copper economic growth
 Lead Extraction of
 Zinc sulfides Minerals Consequences of Exploitation of Mineral Resources:
 Iron oxides  Deforestation & Desertification
 Gold ores  Extinction of Species
 Fuel  Rapid depletion of high-grade minerals
 Uranium Minerals – nuclear energy  Forced migration
 Nonmetallic  Wastage of upper soil layer and vegetation
 Gems – jewelry  Soil erosion and oil depletion
 Clay – ceramics
 Limestone – cement Ways to become more environmentally sustainable:
 Sand & gravels – construction  Reduce inputs and outputs
(concrete)  Proper waste disposal
 Gypsum – plaster (wall)  Improving the manufacturing process
 Granite – construction  Close and reclaim shut-down mains
 Salt (Halite) – chemical industry  Replenishing the environment
 Phospates of Calcium – fertilizer
 Fluorite – chemicals ; metallurgy Fossil Fuels – remains from plants and animals
Fuels – made from compaction under the soil
Ore Deposits – ore containing minerals
Energy Resources:
Finding (Mining Exploration):
Geothermal Energy
1. Project design – planning ; gathering data - Geo “Earth” ; Thermal “heat”
2. Field exploration – on-site review of the area - internal energy ; heat in the Earth
to check surroundings
3. Pre-production Feasibility Study – fact- Ways of harnessing Geothermal Energy:
checking the accuracy of data gathered 1. Direct Heating (cold areas)
 - water heated by hot volcanos (ex. hot
springs, gayser)
2. Ambient Geothermal System (temperate
areas)
- regulate temperature inside the house
using pipes, pumps, and heating fluid (ex.
factories)
3. Active Geothermal System (volcanic areas)
- extremely hot and shallow magmas
underneath up groundwater up to 370
degrees

Hot water evaporates that causes for steam to

produce. The steam triggers the turbine to rotate
energy that enables the generator. The energy
produced will be distributed to the different electrict
posts. The excess energy will continue to the cooling
tower where it will cool and undergo condensation
(gas to liquid) then the water will flow through the
injection well for it to heaten up again.

Hydropower – refers to the fast-running water

Purpose of water on top:

- faster flow of water = electricity
- speed of water flowing = rotation of turbine

Penstock – passageway of water

From the higher reservoir, the water will rapidly flow to

the penstock and continue to the turbine & generator
and eventually to the transformer. The transformer will
regulate the energy/electricity.

Hydroelectric – the product of hydropower