JIMMA UNIVERISTY

JIMMA INSISTUTE OF TECHCHOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRCAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TITLE: AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR

JIMMA TOWN

PREPARED BY: ID NUMBER

1. ESAYAS ZARBA……………………………………04401/06

2. MULUKEN GETACHEW………….………,………04898/06

3. MURSELA AKMEL…………………………………04904/06

4. NIMONA MENGISTU………………………………04051/06

5. NATNAEL MAMO…………………………………...04923/06

6. MELES ZEKARIAS…………………………………01509/05

JANUARY,2017

JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thank almighty super being(God) who helped us from the beginning
up to the end of our project. Next we would like to thank and greatly appreciate Jimma
University and School of electrical and computer engineering for this golden opportunity. This
golden opportunity is TCBTP, which is community based education and aims solving the
problem of community by using appropriate technology. As we are allowed to do such type of
golden opportunity based up on our profession, we strongly would like to appreciate our fantastic
Jimma University. Secondly we are very likely to appreciate our adviser Mr. Mohammed for his
support and comments that he has given for us.In generally Jimma University is unique by giving
this course for us and by learning and practicing the course as well as performing our projects,
we are developing our experience so that how to know and how to solve the communities
problems. It is also useful for our future personality; this is why we are appreciating Jimma
University.

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 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The control system of street light in Jimma town was manual. Really, in manual control system
the person has to switch on/off. But it was not opened and closed at required time. This result in
unnecessary power consumption, and also always man is needed to switch the light which is not
economical. Our project is to provide automatic street light control system in Jimma town, So
that unnecessary power consumption is avoided as much as possible. Automatic Street Light
Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses relay as a switch. It automatically
switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a
sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It
automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. Hence By
using this system energy consumption is reduced because it automatically, switches on/off the
street light. However it was not the case in manually operated street lights system as it is not
switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on earlier before sunset. Consequently in
this project, there is no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting and using
this system manual works are 100% removed in Jimma town.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION...................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of Problem ........................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Objective .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1.General Objective ........................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2.Specific Objectivesare: ................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Scope,Advantages and Limitations ...................................................................................... 3
1.4.1.Scope of the project ........................................................................................................ 3
1.4.2. Advantages of the Project .............................................................................................. 3
1.4.3. Limitation of the project ................................................................................................ 4
1.4.4. Methodology.................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 7
3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS, DESIGN AND WORKING PRINCIPLE ............................... 7
3.1.Component Description......................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Block Diagram of the Project ................................................................................................ 9
3.2. System Design .................................................................................................................... 10
3.3. Overall working principles ................................................................................................. 11
3.4. System Design and procedure of street lights controller.................................................... 12
3.5.Mathematical Description ................................................................................................... 12

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CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 13

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 15
5. MANAGEMENT OF TIME AND COST ANALYSIS ....................................................... 15
Cost Analysisof Project ............................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................... 17
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION ........................................................................ 17
6.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 17
6.2 .Recommendation ................................................................................................................ 18
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 19

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Cost Analysis of the Project ........................................................................................... 15

Table 2: Time management of the Project .................................................................................... 16

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure-1: Block Diagram of Automatic Street Light by using Microcontroller ............................. 6

Figure 2: LDR symbol .................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Relay Symbol .................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4: Block Diagram of the project .......................................................................................... 9
Figure-5: Circuit Diagram of project with op amp ....................................................................... 10
Figure-6: Simple Circuit Diagram of the Project .......................................................................... 11
Figure-7: Simple Circuit Diagram with glowing lamp ................................................................. 13
Figure-8: Simple Circuit Diagram with lamp not glowing ........................................................... 14

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

GUI Graphical User Interface

AC Alternative Current

DC Direct Current

LED Light Emitter Diode

PCB Printed circuit board

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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Street lights are the major requirement in today’s life of transportation for safety purposes and
avoiding accidents during night. Despite that in today’s busy life no one bothers to switch it
off/on when required. The project introduced here gives solution to this by eliminating
manpower and reducing power consumption. The present of project is similar to, the road lights
will be exchanged on in the night prior tothe sun sets and they are exchanged off the following
day morning after there are adequatelights on the streets. The hindrance of the project is that we
require manual operation ofthe road light which needs labor.In sunny and rainy days, ON and
OFF time differ discernibly which is one of the significanthindrances of the present street lights
systems.Conventional street lighting systems are online most of the day without purpose.
Theconsequence is that a large amount of power is wasted meaninglessly.With the wide
accessibility of adaptable lighting innovation like light transmitting diode (LED)lights and all
over accessible remote web association, quick responding, dependable working,and power
moderating street lighting project get to be reality.This requires basic components i.e. LDR,
Sensors.During daytime there is no requirement of street lights so the LDR keeps the streetlight
off until the light level is low or the frequency of light is low the resistance of theLDR is high.
This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors.The main consideration in the
present field technologiesare Automation, Power consumption and costeffectiveness.
Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving
is themain consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal, Hydro etc.,)are getting
diminished due tovarious reasons. The main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving
system with LDR; this is to save thepower. We want to save power automatically instead of
doing manual. So it’s easy to make cost effectiveness. Thissaved power can be used in some
other cases. So in villages, towns etc. we can design intelligent systems for theusage of street
lights.

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Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic timers previously
used for street light ON-OFF operation. They come with energy conservation options like
twilight saving, staggering or dimming.

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor
as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this system manual
works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible
region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under illumination by sunlight. This is
done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our
eyes switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ
significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch
ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically
operated switch.

A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light
on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern
lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate
automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with
the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on poles which have wires strung
between them, or mounted on utility poles.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch
ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically
operated switch.

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1.2. Statement of Problem

As the survey shows in CBTP Phase one and two there was aproblem of lack of Automatic Street
light control systemin Jimma town. Alarge amount of power is wastedthat initiated us to do this
project for Jimma town.

1.3. Objective

1.3.1. General Objective

The main objective of this project is to make automatic street light control systemin Jimma town
and Automatic street power saving system with LDR.

1.3.2. Specific Objectivesare:

 To Study the basic operations of automatic street light control system
 To Model and design automatic street light control system
 To Simulate the model and design automatic street light control system
 To Save the power

1.4. Scope, Advantages and Limitations

1.4.1. Scope of the project

Our project aim at solving the problem of manualstreet light control system in Jimma town and
the main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving system with LDR; this is to save the
power. We want to save power automatically instead of manual. So it’s easy to make cost
effective. This saved power can be used for some other purpose.However, this project can be
extended to other part of our countries as well as to other partof the world where there is Power
consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help
of intelligent systems.

1.4.2. Advantages of the Project

We can reduce energy consumption which was not in case of manually operated street light
control system in which there is not switch off properly even the sun light comes and also not
switched on earlier before sunset. Advantageous are summarized as:
 Low cost
 Automated operation

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 Low power consumption

 Very flexible
 Easy to manufactured

1.4.3. Limitation of the project

The limitation of an automatic street light is that sometimes it does not turn off when it has to be.
This results in wastage of energy and costly and,in sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ
notice which is one of the major disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for
switching the street light system. Street lights are unnecessarily glowing with its full intensity in
the absence of any activities in the street.
1.4.4. Methodology
The methodology or mechanisms that we have used to perform our projects are:

I. Data collections
We have observed the problem of street light control system in Jimma town. As we observed the
street light control system in Jimma town is mechanical means man is required to switch on/off.
Hence we proposed our project in order to address this problem. To perform our project we have
asked the Jimma mulipalicity officer’s to know the amount of power that the Jimma town is
using. We have also asked our advisor and other experienced professionals regarding to our
project. And also we have used more of internet access and other references.

II. Resources
The basic resources used to perform our projects are:

 Transistors
 Resistors
 Relays
 Supply voltage either AC or DC
 Capacitors
 LDR, LED and etc.

III. Simulations
To design the practical circuit diagram, we have used software called proteus 8
professional simulation.

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CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Street lighting is a key public service provided and sustained by public authorities at the local,
state and even federal levels. Efficient lighting is paramount and vital for road safety, human
safety and urban beautification. The first street lighting system was brought in to focus in the
Arab Empire from the 9th to the 10th century in Cordoba, Spain and lamps filled with vegetable
oil were used [1]. The oil lamps were operated by special slaves who have to ensure the oil is
never exhausted in the lamps. Most street lights today are manually operated despite several
street lighting control technologies that have been developed [3]. [2] Proposed a cost effective
automated street lighting control system which depends on a microcontroller based intelligent
management of the lamp posts activities of pedestrians, automotive traffic and ambient light
conditions. [3] Developed a street light control system featuring two sensors-a light sensor and a
photoelectric sensor, and uses a PIC microcontroller to operate the lamps.[4] Proposed a Gsm-
Based RFID approach to automatic street lighting system. And alsoin the previous time the
project was paper on“Automatic Street Light Control System Using Microcontroller”. This paper
aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy
saving of street lights. Nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time even to
switch the lights wherever not necessary. The present system is like, the street lights will be
switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning
after there is sufficient light on the roads. This paper gives the best solution for electrical power
wastage. Also the manual operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated. In this paper
the two sensors are used which are Light Dependent Resistor LDR sensor to indicate a day/night
time and the photoelectric sensors to detect the movement on the street. The microcontroller
PIC16F877A is used as brain to control the street light system, where the programming language
used for developing the software to the microcontroller is C-language. Finally, the system has
been successfully designed and implemented as prototype system.

The other project was proposed paper on “Design and Development of Intelligent Wireless Street
Light Control and Monitoring System Along With GUI” discussed that Now-a-days, it became
essential for people work during nights and returning back to homes late nights; also increasing

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Crime rate during night times. This can be best achieved by implementing proper solar based
lighting system on Streets. The efficient monitoring and controlling of this lighting system must
be taken into account. We will get more power consumption, saving money through solar panel.
Although saving precious time, decrease the huge human power through from the LDR, IR
Sensors. The Street lights are controlled through a specially designed Graphical User Interface
(GUI) in the PC. The Zigbee technology can be used for the street lights monitoring and
controlling at the PC end.In this paper, we have designed an automatic street light control system
using a simple light dependent resistor (LDR). The system uses one sensor and does not require a
microcontroller and as such it is simple but efficient in regulating the state of the street lights.

LED
LDR PWD
8051
microcont
roller
IR Solar
SENSOR Panel

Figure-1: Block Diagram of Automatic Street Light by using Microcontroller

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CHAPTER THREE
3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS, DESIGN AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.1. Component Description

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): is a device whose sensitivity depends up on the intensity of
light falling on it. When the strength of the light falling on LDR increases, its resistance
decreases. While if the strength of the light falls on LDR is decreased resistance increased. In the
time of darkness or when there is no light, the resistance of LDR in the range of mega ohms.
While in the presence of sun light or in brightness it decrease by few hundred ohms. For
example, Cadmium Sulphide photo resister changes its resister according to the spectrum oflight
falls on it. Its resistance is 1MΩ in the absence of sunlight and 5kΩ in the presence ofsunlight.

Fig 2: LDR symbol

Resistor:it is a passive component having two terminals that are used to manage the current flow
in the circuit. A current that flows via a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage that
appeared in to the resistor. Resistors are of two types, fixed resistor and variable resistor.

Fixed resistor: having a fixed value of resistance.

Variable resistor: is a resistor whose value of resistance can be changed. For example if we
have a resistor of 5k ohm then the value of the resistor will vary from 0 to 5k ohm. Value of
resistance can be calculated with the help of multimeter or the color code that is visible on the
resistor.

Capacitor: it is a passive component with two terminals and used to store charges. Capacitors
are made up of two conductors which are separated by the dielectric medium flows in between. It
works when potential difference applied across the conductors polarizes the dipole ions to store
the charge in the dielectric medium.There are two types of capacitors, polarized and non-

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polarized. Polarized capacitors have polarity means positive and negative sign marked on it. It is
mainly used to store the charges. Before troubleshooting the circuit capacitors must be fully
discharged as they have charge store on it. Non-polarized capacitors do not have a polarity and
can be mounted in any of the way. They are generally used to remove the noises present during
the conversion of AC in to DC.

Relay:A relay is an electrically-controlled switchwhich provides isolation between controller and

the device because as we know devices may work on AC as well as DC but they receive signals
from microcontroller which works on DC hence we require a relayto bridge the gap. The relay is
extremely useful when we need to control a large amount of current or voltage with the small
electrical signal.

Fig 3: Relay Symbol

Transistor: BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor stands for transfer or
resistance commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current
at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.
It has a maximum current gain of 800. The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to
operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For
amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions.
The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter
configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For
switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its
base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

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PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD):

Printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double
sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with
plated-through holes called bias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors
or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

POWER SUPPLY:A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of
electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of
energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that
controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly.

3.2 Block Diagram of the Project

Street light

Street light

Street light
Power supply Schmitt trigger Relay

Street light

LDR
Street light

Figure 4: Block Diagram of the project

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3.2. System Design

Overall Circuit Diagram Automatic Street light Control System including LED:

Figure-5: Circuit Diagram of project with op amp

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Simple and theFunctional Circuit diagram of Automatic Street Light Control System:

Figure-6: Simple Circuit Diagram of the Project

3.3. Overall working principles

The working of circuit is very much easy to understand .The bulb should remain OFF during
daytime and turn ON automatically during night. The unique property of light depended resistor
is utilized here. LDR is a variable resistor which has very low resistance in the presence of light
and very high resistance in the absence of light. Resistor 10k and resistor 560E are connected to
works as a potential divider and are built across the inverting input (pin-2) and LDR and resistor
10K are connected to works as a potential divider and built across the non-inverting input (pin-3)
of the op amp CA3140. Both the potential divider op amp and relay are connected across a 15V
supply. The base of transistor BC548 is connected to the output pin (pin-6) of the op amp
through a 1k resistor and its collector and emitter are connected to the relay and GND

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respectively. A capacitor is used across the base of the transistor and GND to remove the noise
present during the AC-DC conversion. Relay works on both AC and DC provides isolation
between the controller circuit and the street lights. Op amp compares the analog input of both
inverting and non-inverting circuits to give a digital output to the transistor which switches the
relay in the terminal between NO and NC. During daytime the resistance of LDR is low in the
range of 5kΩ therefore analog voltage across the inverting pin is more than the analog voltage
across the non-inverting pin. So the output pin (pin- 6) is low and transistor goes to the cut-off
region; makes all the street lights switched off. But in nighttime the resistance of the LDR is very
high in the range of 1MΩ resulting in the decreases in the analog voltage across the inverting pin
than the non-inverting pin which makes the transistor in conduction region. Thus all, the
transistor again turned on during night time.

3.4. System Design and procedure of street lights controller

Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the circuit diagram. Connect
another transistor Q2-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the circuit diagram. Connect wires
across emitter pin of both transistor and negative terminal of battery on the PCB board. Connect
a wire across collector pin of transistor Q1 and base pin of transistor Q2. Connect a resistor 1k
across positive terminal of battery on the PCB board and collector pin transistor Q1. Connect
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) across positive terminal of the battery and base terminal of
transistor Q1 Insert a transistor 330 ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and negative terminal of
battery.

3.5.Mathematical Description
Assumptions:
 Suppose a 5 km long one-way street contains100 street lights and the nominal range ofall
the street lights are 25 meter.
 All the street lights are supposed to glow for a period of 12 hour from 6 pm to 6 am.
 One street light is supposed to consume 1 kWh power for a period of 1 hour when
itglows with its maximum intensity so that one street light consumes maximum 12kwh
ina day.
 So 100 street lights consume maximum 12kwh*100=1200kwh power in a day.
 All the vehicles are crossing the street lights at a speed of 40km/hr.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The figure below shows the simulated circuit diagram showing when the torch is far apart from
the Light dependent resistor (or at night time), the lamp will glow.

Figure-7: Simple Circuit Diagram with glowing lamp

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When the torch is coming near to the LDR (meaning at the day time), the light dependent resistor
becomes less resistive as result almost all current currents flow through it and the transistor base
current cannot activate the relay. In this case the relay acts open circuit hence the lamp is not
glowing.

Figure-8: Simple Circuit Diagram with lamp not glowing

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CHAPTER FIVE
5. MANAGEMENT OF TIME AND COST ANALYSIS

Cost Analysis of Project

A common challenge in isolated electrification systems is guaranteeing the long-time
sustainability of the project by insuring sufficient maintenance and access to replacement part.
To support this project organizer focused on the development of an appropriate management
model. The management model designed takes in to account the internal social relation of the
communities to achieve sustainability of the system. We will systematically and continuously
access the progress of a project from inception to their final evaluation by using pre-determined
indicators.

Table 1: Cost Analysis of the Project

UNIT PRICE IN BIRR

CATALOG QUANTITY
ITEM
NUMEBER
LDR - 1 352

Resistor - 4 20

Relay - 1 1000

Diode - 1 80

Transistor - 1 500

LED - 1 210

Total - 9 2062

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To perform our project we have managed the necessary time required. The tableBelow
representsthe time taken to perform our project.

Table 2: Time management of the Project

Activity Required time

Data collection 10 days

Data analysis 30 days

Writing the project 20 days

Total 60 days

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CHAPTER SIX
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION
6.1 Conclusion

This paper elucidates the design and implementation of an automatic street light control system.
The design works efficiently to turn street lamps ON/OFF. The LDR sensor is the only sensor
used in this circuit. The lamps will come “ON” immediately darkness falls and go “OFF” once
the illumination exceed 50 lux. With this design, the drawback of the street light system using
timer controller is overcome and human intervention is completely eliminated. By this energy
consumption and cost are drastically reduced.This project is also a cost effective, practical,
ecofriendly and the safest way to save energy. It clearly tackles the two problems that world is
facing today,saving of energy and also disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently.
According to statistical data we can save more of electrical energy that is now consumed by the
highways. Initial cost and maintenance can be the draw backs of this project. With the advances
in technology and good resource planning the cost of the project can be cut down and also with
the use of good equipment the maintenance can also be reduced in terms of periodic checks. The
LEDs have long life, emit cool light, donor have any toxic material and can be used for fast
switching. For these reasons our project presents far more advantages which can over shadow the
present limitations. Keeping in view the long term benefits and the initial cost would never be a
problem as the investment return time is very less.The project has scope in various other
applications like for providing lighting in industries, campuses and parking lots of huge shopping
malls. This can also be used for surveillance in corporate campuses and industries

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6.2 .Recommendation

Street light is applicable in most part of the town. If the controlling system is not automatic (or
manual), it consumes energy which is not required. This paper presents an automatic street light
control system for Jimma town by using LDR as a sensor, relay and transistor as switch. The
drawback of the project is when the luminance of the sun light drop is less, the lamp may glow
and unnecessary power may consumed. So that it is recommended that the project has to be
implemented as well as if possible it has to be implemented with improved way by the coming
generation.

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REFERENCES
[1] Robert Boylestad; “Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory” Seventh Edition
[2]Stephen J. Chapman; “Electric Machinery Fundamentals” Fourth edition
[3] Cheremisinoff, Paul N.; Dickinson, William C. (Eds.). 1980. Solar Energy
Technology Handbook
[4] D.A. Devi and A. Kumar, Design and Implementation of CPLD based Solar Power Saving
System
For Street Lights and Automatic Traffic Controller, International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, Vol. 2, Issue 11, November 2012
[5] J. Mohelnikova, Electric Energy Savings and Light Guides, Energy& Environment, 3rd
IASME/WSEAS International Conference on,Cambridge, UK, February 2008, pp.470-474.
[6] M. A. Wazed, N. Nafis, M. T. Islam and A. S.M. Sayem, Design and Fabrication of
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