Prepared By: Assistant Prof.

Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech) 1

Syllabus: Module 4

10/12/2023 R. N. G, Patel Institute of Technology

 Wireless network: Computer networks that are not connected by cables are called wireless

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

networks
 They generally use radio waves for communication between the network nodes
 They allow devices to be connected to the network while roaming around within the
network coverage
 How wireless networks work?: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) serves the same
function as a wired one to connect a group of computers
 Since “wireless” does not require expensive wiring, the primary advantage is that it is
typically simpler, quicker, and cheaper to set up
 Wireless networks operate using Radio Frequency (RF) technology, a frequency
associated with radio wave propagation within the electromagnetic spectrum
 An electromagnetic field is generated when an RF current is supplied to an antenna that
can then spread through space

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  A system recognized as an access point (AP) is the core of a wireless network

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 An access point’s primary role is to broadcast a wireless signal sensed and tuned into
by computers
 Since wireless networks are typically linked to wired networks, access points often act
as a gateway to a wired network’s resources, such as an Internet connection
 Computers need to be fitted with wireless network adapters to connect to an access
point and join a wireless network
 These are mostly built right into the device, but if not, by using an add-on adapter
attached to an empty expansion slot, USB port, or, in the case of notebooks, a PC card
slot, just about any computer or notebook can be made wireless-capable

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 Types of wireless networks:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): WLAN links two or more devices using a
wireless medium, providing a connection through access points to the wider Internet
 Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively
small area, which is generally within a person's reach
 For example, both bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for
interconnecting a headset to a laptop
 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN): It connects several wireless LANs that
make a larger wireless network called MAN
 WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard

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  Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN): It covers large areas such as neighboring towns

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

and cities
 Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas,
such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb
 These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public
internet access system
 The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave
links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band, rather than omni directional
antennas used with smaller networks
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN): PAN interconnects devices in a short span,
generally within a person’s reach

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 Wireless network elements: Wireless NEs are products and devices used by a wireless

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

carrier to provide support for the backhaul network as well as a Mobile Switching Center
(MSC)
 The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many
interconnected wire line Network Elements (NEs)
 These NEs can be stand-alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single
manufacturer, or are assembled by the service provider (user) or system integrator with
parts from several different manufacturers
 The important NEs are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the Base Station (BS)
cabinet

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  The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated

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closures/cables are required for adequate strength, robustness, corrosion resistance, and
rain/solar resistance for expected wind, storm, ice, and other weather conditions
 Components, such as hardware, cables, connectors, and closures, shall take into
consideration the structure to which they are attached are the NEs

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 Wireless networking standards:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 802.11a: This original amendment added support for the 5 GHz band, allowing
transmission up to 54 megabits of data per second
 The 802.11a standard makes use of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM)
 It splits the radio signal into sub-signals before they get to a receiver
 802.11a is an older standard and has been largely replaced by newer technology
 802.11b: 802.11b added faster rates in the 2.4GHz band to the original standard
 It can pass up to 11 megabits of data in a second
 It uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to achieve better speeds
 802.11b is an older standard and has been largely replaced by newer technology

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  802.11g: 802.11g standardized the use of OFDM technology used in 802.11a in the 2.4GHz

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band
 It was backwards compatible with both 802.11 and 802.11b. 802.11g is an older
standard and has been largely replaced by newer technology
 802.11n: Once the most popular standard 802.11n was the first time a unified
specification covered both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands
 This protocol offers better speed when compared to those that came before it by
leveraging the idea of transmitting using multiple antennas simultaneously (usually
called Multiple In Multiple Out or MIMO technology)
 802.11n is an older standard, but some older devices may still be found in use

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  802.11ac: 802.11ac was only specified for the 5GHz band

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 It built upon the mechanisms introduced in 802.11n
 While not as revolutionary as 802.11n was, it still extended speeds and capabilities in
the 5GHz band
 Most devices currently out in the wild are likely 802.11ac devices
 802.11ac technology was released in two main groups, usually called ‘waves’
 The primary difference is that Wave 2 devices have a few more technical capabilities
when compared to Wave 1, but it is all interoperable

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  802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6): 802.11ax (much like 802.11n) unified the specification across all

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applicable frequency bands
 In the name of simplicity, the industry has started to refer to it as Wi-Fi 6
 Wi-Fi 6 has expanded the technologies used for modulation to include OFDMA, which
allows a certain amount of parallelism to the transmission of packets within the system,
making more efficient use of the available spectrum and improving the overall network
throughput
 Wi-Fi 6 is the latest technology and is what most new devices are shipping with
 Other 802.11 Standards: There are many more amendments that have been made to the
standards over the years (most letters of the alphabet have been used over time)
 Additional 802.11 standards have focused on things like better security, increased
Quality of Service, as well as many other enhancements

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 Wi-Fi network connection modes:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Infrastructure: Infrastructure mode is the most common style of Wi-Fi, and it is the one
people think of when they connect at home or the office
 With infrastructure mode, you need an access point that serves as the primary
connection device for clients
 All other clients in the network (computer, printer, mobile phone, tablet, or other
device) connect to an access point to gain access to a wider network.

 Ad Hoc: Ad hoc mode is also referred to as peer-to-peer mode because it does not
involve an access point, but is instead made up of multiple client devices
 The devices, acting as “peers” within the network, connect to each other directly.

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  Wi-Fi Direct: Wi-Fi Direct is a form of Ad Hoc, but with some additional features and

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capabilities
 Wireless connectivity is provided to compatible devices that need to connect without
the use of an access point
 Televisions are frequently Wi-Fi Direct compatible, allowing users to send music or
images straight from a mobile device to their TV.

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  Wi-Fi Hotspot: The term “Wi-Fi hotspot” usually refers to wireless networks placed in

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public areas, like coffee shops, to allow people to connect to the internet without having
to have special credentials
 While some are free, others require a fee, particularly those administered by
companies that specialize in the provision of hotspots in places like airports or bus
terminals
 Many cell phones are hotspot-enabled, and users can turn on the feature by contacting
their cell service provider
 With a hotspot turned on, the user can share their internet connection with someone
else, providing them with a password for more secure access

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 Advantages of wireless networking:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and cables
 It increases the mobility of network devices connected to the system since the devices
need not be connected to each other
 Accessing network devices from any location within the network coverage or Wi-Fi
hotspot becomes convenient since laying out cables is not needed
 Installation and setup of wireless networks are easier
 New devices can be easily connected to the existing setup since they needn’t be wired to
the present equipment
 Also, the number of equipment that can be added or removed to the system can vary
considerably since they are not limited by the cable capacity. This makes wireless
networks very scalable
 Wireless networks require very limited or no wires. Thus, it reduces the equipment and
setup costs.
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 Problems in setting up a wireless network:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Interference: Interference is the main problem faced in the wireless network
 Electromagnetic interference occurs in this network
 This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio
waves that are within, or close, to the radio bands used for communication
 Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail
 This is the basic problem faced
 Absorption and reflection: Absorption of electromagnetic waves due to some material
which prevent it from reaching the receiver
 Reflection can cause dead zones where no reception is available particularly with
metallic or conductive materials

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  Multipath fading: In multipath fading the signal takes two or more routes or paths,

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

Reflections can cause the signal to cancel out at certain locations and to be stronger in
other places which is called upfade
 Hidden node problem: In some types of network the hidden node problem comes when
a node is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other nodes
communicating with that AP
 This leads to difficulties in media access control

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 Examples of wireless networks:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Cell phone networks
 Wireless sensor networks
 Satellite communication networks
 Terrestrial microwave networks

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 Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)
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 The manufacturer of ESP8266 is Espressif Systems

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 Its working voltage is from 3V to 3.6V.

 It is low powered, compact and highly durable integrated WiFi-based microcontroller

 Used for the development of end-point IoT (Internet of things) applications such as cost,
power, performance, and design.
 It is used to enable the internet connection to various applications of embedded systems

 It is always in front of its forerunner in requisites of speed handling and storage ability

 It can be also used as a web server

 It is referred to as a standalone wireless transceiver, available at a very low price

 It has the power to supervise any other device, or it can easily devolve a Wi-Fi network
connecting with other systems
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 It has a massive amount of on-chip variation which is fine for the smallest exterior

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 Designed to support both the TCP/IP capability and the microcontroller access to any Wi-Fi
network
 It can work as either a slave or a standalone application

 If the ESP8266 Wi-Fi runs as a slave to a microcontroller host, then it can be used as a Wi-Fi
adaptor to any type of microcontroller using UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter)
 If the module is used as a standalone application, then it provides the functions of the
microcontroller and Wi-Fi network
 The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is highly integrated with RF balun, power modules, RF transmitter
and receiver, analog transmitter and receiver, amplifiers, filters, digital baseband, power
modules, external circuitry, and other necessary components

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 Features of ESP8266

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Microcontroller: Tensilica Xtensa L106 32 bit
 Clock frequency: 80 MHz
 Instruction RAM: 64 KiB
 Data RAM: 96 KiB
 Flash Memory: 512 KiB (extends up to 16 MiB)
 Wi-Fi Protocols: 802.11 b/g/n/e/i
 Operating Voltage: 2.5V ~ 3.6V
 Operating Current: 80 mA (average value)
 Storing or operating temperature: -40°C ~ 125°C

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 Pinouts

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 RX Pin: RX pin is used for receiving the serial data. It is used for communication between
two devices or boards. RX pin receives the serial data sent by the other board or device.
 VCC Pin: VCC pin is to power up the ESP8266. The ideal power supply is 3.3 Volt. It can
also operate on the power between 2.5V ~ 3.6V
 GPIO_0 Pin: This pin is a general-purpose input/output pin. It is also used to change the
mode of ESP8266 to programming mode.

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  RST Pin: Reset Pin. This pin is an active low pin. To reset module, set RST Pin to 0V. For

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

normal operation, set it to 3.3V.
 GPIO_2 Pin: This pin is also a general-purpose input/output pin.
 CH_PD Pin: Chip Enable pin. Supply 3.3 V to the pin to enable the chip.
 GND Pin: This is Ground Pin.
 TX Pin: TX pin is used for transmitting the serial data. TX pin sends the serial data to the
other board or device. With the use of both RX and TX board can serially communicate

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 Applications:

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 Access points portals
 IoT projects
 Wireless data logging
 Used in learning the networking fundamentals
 Sockets and smart bulbs
 Smart home automation systems

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 Simplelink WiFi enabled boards can use the WiFi library to connect to the internet

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 The WiFi library is very similar to the Ethernet library, and many of the function calls are the
same
 WiFi class
 The WiFi class initializes the ethernet library and network settings
 begin()
 disconnect()
 config()
 setDNS()
 SSID()
 BSSID()
 RSSI()

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  encryptionType()

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 scanNetworks()
 getSocket()
 macAddress()
 IP Address class
 The IPAddress class provides information about the network configuration
 localIP()
 subnetMask()
 gatewayIP()

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  Server class

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 The Server class creates servers which can send data to and receive data from
connected clients (programs running on other computers or devices)
 Server
 WiFiServer()
 begin()
 available()
 write()
 print()
 println()

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  Client class

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 The client class creates clients that can connect to servers and send and receive data.
 Client
 WiFiClient()
 connected()
 connect()
 write()
 print()
 println()
 available()
 read()
 flush()
 stop()
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  UDP class

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 The UDP class enables UDP message to be sent and received
 WiFiUDP
 begin()
 available()
 beginPacket()
 endPacket()
 write()
 parsePacket()
 peek()

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  read()

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 flush()
 stop()
 remoteIP()
 remotePort()

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  Examples

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 ConnectNoEncryption : Demonstrates how to connect to an open network
 ConnectWithWEP : Demonstrates how to connect to a network that is encrypted with
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
 ConnectWithWPA : Demonstrates how to connect to a network that is encrypted with
WPA2Personal (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
 ScanNetworks : Displays all WiFi networks in range
 WiFiChatServer : Set up a simple chat server
 WiFiXivelyClient : connect to xively.com, a free datalogging site

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  WiFiXivelyClientString :send strings to xively.com

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 WiFiWebClient : Connect to a remote webserver
 WiFiWebClientRepeating : Make repeated HTTP calls to a webserver
 WiFiWebServer : Serve a webpage from the WiFi shield
 WiFiSendReceiveUDPString : Send and receive a UDP string
 UdpNTPClient : Query a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server using UDP

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 A web server’s primary role is to serve web pages for a website

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 A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and
other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web
 The main job of a web server is to display website content through storing, processing and
delivering webpages to users
 Besides HTTP, web servers also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), used for email, file transfer and storage
 Web server hardware is connected to the internet and allows data to be exchanged with
other connected devices, while web server software controls how a user accesses hosted
files

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 The web server process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that host

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websites must have web server software
 Web servers are used in web hosting, or the hosting of data for websites and web-based
applications -- or web applications
 Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the
delivery of the site's content to the requesting user
 The software side is also comprised of several components, with at least an HTTP server

 The HTTP server is able to understand HTTP and URLs

 As hardware, a web server is a computer that stores web server software and other files
related to a website, such as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files

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 Working

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 When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a web
server, the browser will request the file by HTTP
 When the request is received by the web server, the HTTP server will accept the request,
find the content and send it back to the browser through HTTP
 More specifically, when a browser requests a page from a web server, the process will
follow a series of steps
 First, a person will specify a URL in a web browser's address bar
 The web browser will then obtain the IP address of the domain name -- either translating
the URL through DNS (Domain Name System) or by searching in its cache
 This will bring the browser to a web server. The browser will then request the specific file
from the web server by an HTTP request
 The web server will respond, sending the browser the requested page, again, through
HTTP

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  If the requested page does not exist or if something goes wrong, the web server will

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respond with an error message
 The browser will then be able to display the webpage
 Multiple domains also can be hosted on one web server

 Examples
 Web servers often come as part of a larger package of internet- and intranet-related
programs that are used for:
 sending and receiving emails;
 downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and
 building and publishing webpages

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 Goals

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 Uptime: This refers to the time a web server is online and operational. Websites need to
be always online to serve users, so a high uptime is the goal
 Speed: Your web pages should load as fast as possible. Users want their request fulfilled
immediately, otherwise you risk losing them
 Concurrency: This refers to the handling of multiple requests coming in at the same time.
 Scalability: Scalability refers to either making your existing servers more powerful
through vertical scaling or adding more servers to your setup through horizontal scaling.
 Ease of set up: Getting a project up and running quickly is key to the iteration of your
project

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  Documentation: Web servers are complex. The most common setups will get you on

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your feet quickly, but your needs will grow over time
 Developer support: If the core developers are not committed to their own project, you
shouldn’t commit your project to theirs
 Community support: A core development team will handle most of the heavy lifting, but
a thriving community contributes to filling in the gaps

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 Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)
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