International School

GROUP PROJECT
CMU-CS 252

TECHNOLOGIES DOCUMENT
Version 1.2
Date: 27 - Nov - 2023

WIFI TECHNOLOGY
Submitted by
Nguyen Hoang Son
Bui Anh Chien
Nguyen Tan Canh

Approved by
Project - Mentor:
Name: Le Van Tinh Signature Date
 Project: Introduction to WIFI

PROJECT INFORMATION
PROJECT INFORMATION
Project
Wi-Fi
Acronym
Project Title Introduction to Wifi

Start Date 17 - Sep - 2023

End Date: 27 - Nov - 2023
Lead Institution International School, Duy Tan University
Project Mentor MSc. Tinh, Le Van
nguyenhoangson.13032004@gmail.c
Scrum Master Son, Nguyen Hoang
om
Chien, Bui Anh buianhchien2004@gmail.com

Team Members Canh, Nguyen tan tancanhdt11@gmail.com

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DOCUMENT INFORMATION
Document Title Introduction to Wi-Fi
Author(s) Group 5
Role Technologies_Stack
Date 27 - Nov - 2023 Technologies Stack
URL
Access Project and CMU Program

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REVISION HISTORY
Versio Person(s) Date Description Approval
n
Nguyen
Draft 17- Oct - 2023 Initiate document x
Hoang Son
Nguyen
1 -Nov –2023 Part 6,7,8 x
Hoang Son
Nguyen Tan
1 -Nov - 2023 Part 1,2,3 x
Canh
Bui Anh
1-Nov -2023 Part 4,5 x
Chien
All members 10-Nov-2023 Powerpoint x

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROJECT INFORMATION.......................................................................................1
REVISION HISTORY.................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION OF WIFI TECHNOLOGY....................................................4
1.1. Definition:....................................................................................................4
1.2. History of formation:..................................................................................5
2.PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION...............................................................................5
3.CHANNEL AND FREQUENCY BAND.................................................................7
3.1. 2.4 GHz:.............................................................................................................7

3.2 5GHz:............................................................................................................7
4. AD HOC AND INFRASTRUCTURE MODES:..................................................9

1. INTRODUCTION OF WIFI TECHNOLOGY

1.1. Definition:
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology used to connect electronic devices, such as
computers, mobile phones, tablets, and smart devices, to the internet or to
other devices. without using cables. The name "Wi-Fi" stands for "Wireless

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Fidelity", and it refers to the technical standards that devices use to transmit
data wirelessly via radio waves.

Wi-Fi devices send and receive data via radio waves at different
frequencies, the most common being 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Wi-Fi is
commonly used in home, business, and public environments, helping users
access the internet and share network resources without needing a direct
cable connection. Popular Wi-Fi standards include IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b,
802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax, each with different
characteristics and data transfer speeds.

1.2. History of formation:

The first research into using radio waves to transmit data wirelessly began
in the 1970s.
During the 1980s, the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) promoted research and development of wireless standards.
In 1997, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
established a working group to develop standards for wireless data
transmission, leading to the birth of the 802.11 standard.

2.PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
2.1.Radio wave:
Wifi uses radio waves to transmit data between wireless devices and the
base station (access point). These radio waves operate at certain frequencies, such
as 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.

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Radio waves allow data to be transmitted over space without using cables,
increasing the flexibility and utility of wifi.
2.2. Half Duplex Mechanism:
In a half duplex communication environment, a device can transmit data or
receive data at a particular time, but cannot do both simultaneously.
In wifi, when a device sends data, it cannot listen to data simultaneously
from other devices. The half duplex principle helps avoid data conflicts when
multiple devices try to communicate simultaneously.
2.3. CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance):

CSMA/CA is a mechanism for controlling communication access in wireless

environments. It helps avoid data conflicts by checking the channel status before
starting the data transmission.
The principle is that before sending data, the device will "listen" (carrier
sense) to see if there is any data transmission signal on the channel. If the channel
is in use, the device waits until the channel becomes free.
The device then sends a "Ready to Send" (RTS) signal to notify it of its
intention to transmit data. If there is no conflict, the device will begin transmitting
data. If there is a conflict, it will retry after a random amount of time to avoid
repeated conflicts.

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3.CHANNEL AND FREQUENCY BAND

3.1. 2.4 GHz:

3.2 5GHz:

3.3 . What is dual-band Wi-Fi?

Basically, dual-band Wi-Fi is a Wi-Fi router that supports both 2.4GHz and
5GHz bands.
There are 2 types of dual band:
- Selectable dual-band: Two frequency bands 2.4GHz and 5GHz and only
one of them can be transmitted.
- Simultaneous dual-band: Broadcast both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands
simultaneously.
There is also a tri-band Wi-Fi consisting of 2 5GHz bands and 1 2.4GHz
band to serve many uses that require high speed.

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3.4. Comparison between 2.4GHz and 5GHz standards

Speed
Under ideal conditions, the network speed of 5GHz WiFi can be up to
1300Mbps, a very impressive number compared to the 450-600Mbps speed
of 2.4GHz WiFi. This means you can download files faster, open web pages
faster, and play online games without worrying about network problems.
Connection range
According to a principle in radio wave transmission, the higher the
frequency, the higher the signal attenuation over distance. Because 5GHz
WiFi operates at a high frequency band, you won't get as wide a connection
range as 2.4GHz WiFi.
Interference ability
No interference from other devices. With 2.4GHz WiFi, devices such
as Bluetooth speakers, Bluetooth headsets, etc. use electromagnetic waves
that can cause network interference, causing network speed to decrease. For
5GHz WiFi, you will be completely unaffected by wireless devices, giving
you a more stable network speed.

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Congestion control:
Because 5GHz WiFi operates at a wider frequency band than 2.4GHz
WiFi, you won't have to worry about congestion when there are too many
devices accessing the network, meaning you will always have a stable
network connection, ensuring Your work is always smooth

4. AD HOC AND INFRASTRUCTURE MODES:

4.1 AD Hoc:

In ad hoc mode, Wi-Fi devices communicate directly with each other

without the need for a central access point (AP) or network infrastructure.
Ad hoc networks are often created on-the-fly, allowing devices to connect
and communicate with each other in a peer-to-peer fashion.
This mode is useful in situations where a network infrastructure is not
available or practical, such as in temporary or ad hoc gatherings of devices.

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4.2. Infrastructure mode:

In infrastructure mode, Wi-Fi devices communicate through a central access

point (AP), which acts as a hub for coordinating communication between devices
on the network.
The access point is usually connected to a wired network, such as an
Ethernet network, and serves as a bridge between the wireless devices and the
wired network.
Infrastructure mode is the more common mode for typical Wi-Fi networks,
such as those found in homes, offices, and public spaces.

6.WIFI NETWORK MODEL:

6.1 SOHO:

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-Modem:Converts Internet signals from your service provider (ISP) into a

form usable for your local network.
- Wireless router (AP): A router is capable of broadcasting Wi-Fi to allow
wireless devices to connect.
- Wireless Network Interface Card (Wireless NIC or Wireless Adapter):
A component in a computer or mobile device that allows connection to a Wi-Fi
network
6.2 Enterprise:

- AP: In an enterprise environment, there may be multiple APs deployed to

ensure sufficient coverage and capacity for users.
-Wireless Controller: Wireless Controller is a centralized management device
that helps manage and configure Access Points in the network.
It provides centralized management, security policies, and performance
monitoring of Wi-Fi networks.
-Authentication Server: Authentication Server performs the process of
authenticating users when they try to connect to a Wi-Fi network.
It is common to use protocols such as WPA2-Enterprise or 802.1X to
authenticate users.

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- Potal Server: Portal Server works as an information portal and is often used to
deploy login pages .
- Location-Based Service: Location-Based Service allows tracking and locating
mobile devices in Wi-Fi networks. It can be used for management purposes
and to provide location-based services.
-Wireless IPS: Wireless IPS helps protect Wi-Fi networks from intrusion
attacks by monitoring and detecting suspicious activity.
-RRM: RRM is an automated feature that helps manage radio resources in a
Wi-Fi network, including managing frequency, power, and other changes to
optimize network performance.

6. IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS:

•Generation 1 – Wi-Fi 802.11 standard:
In 1997, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
created the 802.11 standard as the first standard for WLAN. However,
802.11 only supports a maximum network bandwidth of up to 2Mbps - too
slow for most applications. Today, products that comply with the 802.11
standard are no longer manufactured.
•Generation 2 – 802.11b:
Expanding on the 802.11 standard creates the 802.11b standard. The
802.11b standard uses the same unregulated radio frequency (2.4 GHz) as
the original 802.11 standard. This standard supports bandwidth up to
11Mbps. At that time, vendors preferred to use 802.11b frequencies to
reduce production costs.
•Generation 3 – 802.11g Wi-Fi Standard
In 2002 and 2003, WLAN products supported a newer standard,
802.11g. This was a highly appreciated standard on the market at that time.

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With the advantages of the 802.11a and 802.11b standards combined to

create the 802.11g wireless network standard. It supports bandwidth up to
54Mbps and uses 2.4 Ghz frequency for wide range. And 802.11g is
compatible with 802.11b standards.
•Generation 4 – 802.11nStandard
802.11n (short for Wireless N) is designed to improve upon 802.11g
in total supported bandwidth by utilizing multiple wireless signals and
antennas (MIMO technology ). The 802.11n standard provides a maximum
bandwidth of up to 600 Mbps, better range than previous Wi-Fi standards
due to its increased signal strength, and 802.11n is backward compatible
with 802.11b and 802.11 devices. g. The 802.11n standard supports up to 4
concurrent streams. 802.11n uses multiple parallel wireless antennas to
transmit and receive data. The related term MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple
Output) refers to the ability of 802.11n and similar technologies to
coordinate multiple radio signals simultaneously. MIMO helps increase both
the range and throughput of a wireless network. 802.11n devices operate in
both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
•Generation 5 – 802.11ac Wi-Fi standard:
802.11ac is the most commonly used Wi-Fi standard today. 802.11ac
uses dual-band wireless technology, supporting simultaneous connections on
both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. 802.11ac provides backward
compatibility with 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n standards and bandwidth up to
1,300 Mbps on the 5GHz band, 450 Mbps on 2.4GHz.
•Generation 6 – Wi-Fi standard 802.11ax:
Wi-Fi 802.11ax is the name of the latest 6th generation Wi-Fi wireless
network standard (referred to as Wi-Fi 6). This generation has many strong
improvements compared to generation 5. Wi-Fi 6 has been officially applied
since 2019. Promising the ability to meet the needs of an increasingly
developing "digital world". Extremely fast connection speed, reduced
latency. The 802.11ax standard provides a speed of 9.6Gbps, an increase of

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40% compared to generation 5 (6.9Gbps). Equipped with OFDMA

technology, it almost completely eliminates waiting time when sending and
receiving data. From there, reduce latency, improve speed, and experience
more convenient use.
-The technology used in 802.11 ax:
1.OFDMA:
OFDMA stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access -
Orthogonal frequency division multiple access. OFDMA has the ability to
divide a data transmission channel into smaller frequencies called
"subcarriers".
A Wi-Fi 6 router that uses OFDMA will send multiple signals in the
same data transmission session. This makes it possible for users to transmit
data to multiple devices in parallel from one router's network connection.
On an OFDMA link, the router can use different groups of
"subcarriers" to send packets to different clients, and latency can be
managed. This method of communication provides flexibility, increasing
network speed and efficiency.

- Benefit:

+Serve more clients.

+ Lower latency

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+ Good for low data rates

+ Good for small packets

2. MU-MIMO
Multi-user , multi-input, multi-output:

What is MU-MIMO technology?

MU-MIMO (short for Multi-User Multiple Input and Multiple Output)
uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive signals of wireless
connections in Wi-Fi routers.

MU-MIMO technology has the ability to fully exploit the Wi-Fi

broadcasting capabilities in broadcasting devices and help your device
receive Wi-Fi waves more easily

Operating principle of MU-MIMO:

The Wi-Fi router will be equipped with 1 antenna for communication
and 1 antenna placed on the receiving device. Wi-Fi waves will transmit and
receive data packets through this antenna. Therefore, the more antennas you

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use to transmit and receive waves, the more stable the transmitted signal will
be.
MU-MIMO technology brings many benefits such as:

Eliminates flickering and congested Wi-Fi problems to help you

exchange data faster and without interruption.
Allows the router to handle Wi-Fi operations more powerfully,
increasing the router's performance and capacity.
The router can divide individual data packets and send them to
multiple devices at the same time.
3.Beamforming:
Beamforming is a technology that helps focus Wi-Fi signals in a
direction instead of spreading across an entire area.

For Wi-Fi Routers that apply Beamforming technology, the Wi-Fi

signal will determine the location of the device using the Internet, thereby
adjusting to a specific target, helping to reduce interference and minimize
interference. signal optimization.

- Principle of operation:
Beamforming relies on antennas that use Wi-Fi MIMO technology to
transmit and receive signals of a wireless connection. Data will be processed
by broadcasting different signals at different antennas, helping the signal to be
transmitted concentrated in a specific direction.
Benefits of Beamforming technology

- Beamforming technology has the following roles:

+ Optimizes Wi-Fi signal in a specific direction, helping the receiving

device receive better signal transmission.

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+ Stable Wi-Fi connection, helps you watch videos or make video calls in
HD mode, without lag.
+ Better Wi-Fi connection quality, smoother Internet surfing.
+ Reduces signal interference by reducing unnecessary radio frequency
interference.
7.WIFI SERCURITY:
7.1 WEP (WIRED EQUIVALENT PRIVACY)

- WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is the first of Wireless Security Protocols.

It has developed at 1999. It was developed to protect the wireless data
between Clients and Access Points (APs) towards hackers.

- At the beginning maximum 64-bit encryption was allowed in US. So, WEP was
using 64-bit encryption. After the restrictions, 128-bit and 256-bit WEP has developed.

- WEP was widely used but it has too vulnerable to the password hacks.
Cybersecurity experts detect many vulnerabilities of this first Wireless Security Protocol.
So, Wi-Fi Alliance retired it offically at 2004. For today’s World WEP (Wired
Equivalent Privacy) is not a secure protocol and it is outdated.

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7.2 WPA(WIFI PROTECTED ACCESS )

- Wi-Fi Protected Access was developed at 2003 by WiFi Alliance.
- With WPA , some additional sercurity mechanisms has developed.
+“Message Integrity Check”:
The Message Integrity Check is a mechanism used to ensure the integrity of
data transmitted over the wireless network. It provides a way to detect if the
data has been tampered with during transmission.
MIC helps protect against various attacks, such as packet alteration or
injection, where an unauthorized party attempts to modify the content of the
data packets.
+ Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP):
Temporal Key Generation: TKIP generates a new temporary key for each
data packet transmitted. This is different from WEP, where a static key is used
for all packets.

Initialization Vector (IV) Change: Each temporary key is associated with an

initialization vector (IV). IV changes with each data packet, increasing system
dynamism and security.

7.3 WPA2 ( WIFI PROTECTED ACCESS 2)

- WPA2 has developed at 2006
- AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard)
- CCMP (Counter Cipher Mode with Block Chaining Message Authentication
code Protocol).
- WPA2-PSK & WPA2-Enterprise.

7.4 WPA3 (WIFI PROTECTED ACCESS 3):

Protection against Brute-Force attacks:
When connecting to a secure Wi-Fi network using encryption, the client and
access point perform a 4-way handshake. WPA3 uses the Simultaneous
Authentication of Equals (SAE) protocol to protect the connection process,

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preventing attacks on your wireless connection even if your password is not

strong enough.
Advanced Corporate Security:
WPA3 increases the key security level from 128-bit of WPA2-Enterprise to
192-bit. Meeting Commercial National Security Algorithm (CNSA)
requirements, WPA3 will use a 48-bit initialization vector—as required by
business and government organizations—to ensure maximum security.
WPA3 features Easy Connect™:
A new system designed to help you connect screenless and Internet of
Things (IoT) devices to your Wi-Fi network. The process of adding a
traditional screenless smart home device requires a third-party program or app.
WPA3 lets you simplify the process of adding IoT devices using QR codes—
secure and convenient.
Enhanced Open™ :
Provides better data security when you connect to an unsecured open access
point. Each connection between the user and the access point will be encrypted
with a unique private key to avoid common Man-in-the-Middle attacks.
8.APPLICATION:
Enhanced Mobile Broadband:
Higher performance to mobile devices:
• 50 Mbps or higher to every user in dense environments
• Enhanced video (4K,8K ),AR/VR, Immersion Experience
• Next gen e-classrooms, Stadiums, Modern Workspaces

Massive Scale IoT:

Support a high density of IoT devices
• Asset tracking, Context based services, Electronic Payments
• IT & IoT Integration , Automation
• Hospitality, Retail, Smart Buildings

Mission critical Services

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Ultra reliable and low latency applications:

• Process automation, Automatic Guided Vehicles, Real-time analytics
• Manufacturing, Remote healthcare, Warehouses.

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