10th International Conference on Power Electronics-ECCE Asia
May 27 - 30, 2019 / BEXCO, Busan, Korea
A Dual Half-Bridge LLC Resonant Converter
With Reduced Output Current Ripple for Wide
Output Voltage Range Application
Keon-Woo Kim1, Jae-Il Baek2, Jae-Sang Kim1, Min-Su Lee1, and Gun-Woo Moon1
1KAIST,
2Princetonuniversity, USA
Abstract- This paper proposes a new dual half-bridge LLC
resonant converter which can regulate wide output voltage range.
The proposed converter uses two operation modes: voltage
doubler mode and voltage quadrupler mode. Thus, the proposed
converter can regulate wide output voltage range with narrow
switching frequency variation by changing operation mode
adaptively. Because the operation mode is changed by primary
switch gate signal, additional components are not required. Also,
the output current ripple across the output capacitor is reduced,
because of the high minimum operating switching frequency and
hybrid rectifier structure. Therefore, the size of output capacitor
is decreased, and the proposed converter can achieve high power
density.
I. INTRODUCTION
There are several applications which require the wide
output voltage range such as LED driver and battery charger
[1-9]. Because many of these applications require high
efficiency, LLC resonant converter is considered as
appropriate candidate. LLC resonant converter can achieve
zero voltage switching (ZVS) of primary switches and zero
current switching (ZCS) of secondary diodes which results in
high efficiency [10-15]. Normally, LLC resonant converter
regulates the output voltage by changing switching frequency.
For wide output voltage range application, the operating
switching frequency range should be extended, and ratio of the
magnetizing inductance to resonant inductor should be
decreased. These designs result in small magnetizing
inductance and low minimum switching frequency. Because
small magnetizing inductance results in large conduction loss
in primary circuit, efficiency is decreased. Also, due to low
minimum switching frequency, RMS current flowing through
the output capacitors become large, and power density is
decreased.
There are many studies to obtain high efficiency under
wide voltage gain range [16]-[19]. The work in [16] uses two
operation modes: voltage doubler mode and voltage
quadrupler mode. By changing the operation mode, the
converter in [16] can regulate wider output voltage range.
However, this converter requires two additional MOSFET,
and these switches suffer from high turn off loss. Also, pulse-
frequency-modulation (PFM) and pulse-width-modulation
(PWM) controls are required. The work in [17] suggests a
modified LLC converter with two transformers. This converter
ⓒ2019 KIPE
Republic of Korea
has four different modes for wide output voltage regulation
range. Due to the large magnetizing inductance, the
conduction and core losses can be reduced. However, two
additional MOSFETs are added, and additional rectifier stage
is required. In [18], the modified pulse width modulated LLC
resonant converter is proposed. Since, this converter operate
with pulse width modulation with fixed switching frequency,
it can reduce the magnetic component size. However, extra
MOSFET is used, and pulse frequency modulation is
necessary if required voltage gain is larger than 2. The work in
[19] has two operation modes: voltage doubler mode and
quadrupler mode, and it can regulate wide output voltage
range. This converter can operate under wide output range
without additional switch. However, due to high current stress
on secondary capacitors, the volume of the secondary
capacitor increases.
The above mentioned papers mainly deal with increasing
the efficiency of the converter. In terms of high power density,
many papers focus on increasing the switching frequency to
reduce the size of magnetic components [20-21]. Although the
magnetic components increase the whole volume of converter,
the output capacitors are also the large part of the converter.
However, there are only few papers decreasing the volume of
output capacitors.
To solve aforementioned problem, this paper suggest a dual
half-bridge LLC resonant converter with hybrid rectifier
circuit. Proposed converter has wide voltage gain range by
using two operation modes: voltage doubler mode and voltage
quadrupler mode. Also, by reducing the output current ripple,
the number of output capacitor can be decreased, and it leads
to high power density.
II. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE
Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram of the proposed converter.
The primary side of the proposed converter is composed of
dual half-bridge LLC resonant converter. In the secondary side
of the proposed converter, two voltage doubler rectifiers are
integrated with reducing one diode and capacitor. The
proposed converter controls the switching frequency to
regulate the output voltage, Vo. Also, it has two operation
modes: voltage doubler mode and voltage quadrupler mode. In
the voltage doubler mode, the same gate signal is applied to
Q1 and Q3, and the complementary gate signal is applied to Q2
1

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of proposed converter
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 Operational waveforms of proposed converter. (a) Voltage
doubler mode. (b) Voltage quadrupler mode.
and Q4. In the voltage quadrupler mode, the same gate signal
is applied to Q1 and Q4, and the complementary gate signal is
applied to Q2 and Q3. For simple analysis, the following
assumptions are made:
1) The switching frequency, fs is smaller than the resonant
frequency, fr.
2) The output capacitances, Co1, Co2, Co3, and Co are large
enough, and the voltages across Co1, Co2, Co3, and Co are
constant.
3) The dead time is small enough to be negligible.
A. Voltage doubler mode
Fig. 2(a) shows the key waveforms of the proposed
converter during the voltage doubler mode. There are four
modes in one switching cycle. Due to the symmetric operation
of two half cycles, only the one of the half cycle is explained.
Mode 1 [t0-t1] : During this mode, the current charges Co1,
and the current discharges Co3. In other words, Co1 operate as
build-up mode, and Co3 operate as powering mode. The
current is not flowing through Co2. Therefore, the operation of
proposed rectifier is the same with the voltage doubler
rectifier.
Mode 2 [t1-t2] : At time t1, the resonant inductor current
becomes the same with the magnetizing inductor current. The
power is not transferred to the secondary side, and the current
is not flowing through the rectifier diodes.
B. Voltage quadrupler mode
2
Fig. 2(b) shows the key waveforms of the proposed
converter during the voltage quadrupler mode. There are four
modes in one switching cycle. Due to the symmetric operation
of two half cycles, only the one of the half cycle is explained.
Mode 1 [t0-t1] : During this mode, the current charges Co1
and Co3, and the current discharges Co2. In other words, Co1
and Co3 operate as build-up mode, and Co2 operate as
powering mode. Since, both the current transferred from Tr1
and Tr2 charges the Co2, the voltage across Co2 is the twice as
much as the voltage across Co1 and Co3.
Mode 2 [t1-t2] : At time t1, the resonant inductor current
becomes the same with the magnetizing inductor current. The
power is not transferred to the secondary side and the current
is not flowing through the rectifier diodes.
III. CHARACTERISTIC OF PROPOSED CONVERTER
A. Voltage gain
Generally, the fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA)
method is used for calculating the voltage gain of LLC
resonant converter. However, because FHA method only
considers the situation when fs is the same with fr, FHA
method is not accurate if fs is much lower than fr. In order to
improve the accuracy of the gain model, the modified gain
model is suggested in [22]. This work restudied the influence
of the resonant circuit and load when fs is much lower than fr
to obtain the accurate voltage gain of LLC resonant converter.
For accurate analysis, the voltage gain of the proposed
converter will be calculated by using the modified gain model
in [22].
In the proposed converter, there are two operation modes,
and the voltage gains are different for each mode. At first,
equivalent ac resistance can be calculated based on FHA
method. Fig. 3 shows AC equivalent circuit of LLC resonant
converter. In the voltage doubler mode, the voltage across
transformer is half of Vo, and the current flowing through the
secondary side of the transformer is half of the current flowing
through the rectifier diodes. Thus, the voltage across Rac, vac,d
and the current flowing through Rac, iac,d can be calculated as
follow:
4n ( 0.5Vo ) (1)
vac , d = sin ( 2π f s t ) ,
π
π Io (2)
I ac , d = sin ( 2π f s t ) ,
2n
where n is a transformer turns-ratio and Io is an output current.
By using (1) and (2), the equivalent ac resistance during the
voltage doulber mode, Rac,d can be expressed as follow:
vac , d 4n 2 (3)
Rac , d = R , =
π2 o
iac , d
where Ro is a output resistance.
Next, the modified voltage gain model is utilized. Based on
study in [22], the modified equivalent ac resistance, Rmac,d, the
modified quality factor, Qm,d, and the modified voltage gain,
MLLC,d can be expressed as follow:
 B. Current ripple on output capacitors
Because the average current of each rectifier diodes is Io,
the current flowing through the rectifier diodes, iDR, for
voltage doubler mode and voltage quadrupler mode is the
same. However, the current ripple of the output capacitors is
different for the voltage doubler mode and the voltage
quadrupler mode. During the voltage doubler mode, the
Fig. 3 AC equivalent circuit of LLC resonant converter current flowing through the rectifier diodes is divided into Co1
and Co3 as shown in Fig. 5(a). During mode 1 of voltage
doubler mode in section II, the current flowing through DR1,
iDR1, is divided into Co1 and Co3. Also, during mode 3 of
voltage doubler mode in section II, the current flowing
through DR3, iDR3, is divided into Co1 and Co3. If Co1=Co3, and
Co is much bigger than Co1 and Co3, the half of iDR1 and iDR3
flows through Co1 and Co3. In order to calculate RMS current
Fig. 4 Voltage gain of the proposed converter
of output capacitors, the peak current of rectifier diodes should
be obtained. Because the average current of each rectifier
diode is Io, the peak current of DR1, IDR1,pk, can be calculated as
θ sin ( 0.5θ ) θ sin ( 0.5θ ) 4n2 Ro follow:
Rmac.d = Rac,d = , (4)
θ − sin θ θ − sin θ π 2 1  21f r  (10)
 0 I DR1, pk sin ( 2π f r t )dt  = I o ,
Ts  
 1 
2π Lr fs Rmac,d tan ( 0.5δ ) ⋅  Cr +  (5) fr (11)
 2π f R tan ( 0.5δ ) I DR1, pk = π I o ,
 
Qm,d =
Rmac,d 2Cr
s mac,d
, fs
1 where Ts is the switching period, fs is the switching frequency,
M LLC ,d =
2 2
, (6) fr is the resonant frequency, Io is the output load current.
 4π 2  fr   fs fr  2 As mentioned before, the half of iDR1 flows through Co1.
1 + 1 −  +  −  Qm,d
 32k  f s   fr fs  Thus, RMS current of Co1 during voltage doubler mode,
where Lr is a resonant inductance, Cr is a resonant capacitance, ICo1,RMS_d, can be calculated as follow:
k=Lm/Lr called inductor ratio, θ=πfs/fr, and δ=(1-fs/fr) π.
In a similar way, the voltage gain during the voltage 1 π Io fr (12)
 ( 0.5I )
Ts 2
I Co1, RMS _ d = sin 2 ( 2π f r t ) dt = .
quadrupler mode can be obtained. In the voltage quadrupler Ts 0 DR1, pk
2 2 fs
mode, the voltage across transformer is quarter of Vo, and the
current flowing through the secondary side of the transformer RMS current Co3 is the same with Co1, and there is no
is the same with the current flowing through the rectifier current flowing through Co2 during the voltage doubler mode.
diodes. Thus, the equivalent ac resistance during the voltage During the voltage quadrupler mode, the current flowing
quadrupler mode, Rac,q is the quarter of Rac,d. Also, the voltage through the rectifier diodes is divided into Co1, Co2, and Co3 as
quadrupler mode has doubled gain compared with the voltage shown in Fig. 5(b). During mode 1 of voltage quadrupler
doubler mode. Thus, the modified equivalent ac resistance, mode in section II, iDR1 and iDR3 is divided into the output
Rmac,q, the modified quality factor, Qm,q, and the modified capacitors. Also, during mode 3 of voltage quadrupler mode in
voltage gain, MLLC,q can be expressed as follow: section II, the current flowing through DR2, iDR2, is divided into
the output capacitors. If Co1 is equal to Co3, and Co is much
θ sin ( 0.5θ ) θ sin ( 0.5θ ) n 2 Ro bigger than Co1 and Co3, current flowing through output
Rmac.q = Rac,q = , (7)
θ − sin θ θ − sin θ π 2 capacitors can be expressed as follow:
0.5Co1 (13)
 1  iCo1 = iCo 3 = iDR ,
2π Lr f s Rmac,q tan ( 0.5δ ) ⋅  Cr +  (8) 0.5Co1 + Co 2
 2π f R tan ( ) 
0.5δ
 s mac ,q
Qm,q = , Co 2 (14)
Rmac,q 2Cr iCo 2 = iDR .
2 0.5Co1 + Co 2
M LLC ,q =
2 2
. (9) RMS current of output capacitors can be calculated in the
 4π  fr   fs fr 
2
2
1 + 1 −  +  −  Qm,q same way as voltage doubler mode. The peak current flowing
 32k  f s   fr fs  through rectifier diode during voltage quadrupler mode is the
By using (6) and (9), the voltage gain of the proposed same with the peak current of DR1 during voltage doubler
converter can be obtained as shown in Fig. 4. The proposed mode. Thus, by using (11), (13), and (14), RMS current of Co1
converter can regulate wide output voltage range by changing during voltage quadrupler mode, ICo1,RMS_q, and RMS current
the mode. The proposed converter changes the mode when the
voltage gain becomes 2.

3
 IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

To verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter, a

1500 W prototype converter is built to charge 150-400 V. The
resonant switching frequency is selected as 100 kHz and the
(a) input voltage is 400 VDC. The detailed component list is
presented in table I.
Table I
Component list of the prototype converters
Conventional Converter in Proposed
LLC converter [19] converter
(b) Primary switch IPP60R280C6
Fig. 5 Equivalent circuit of output capcitors. (a) In voltage doubler mode. (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) (Vds,max = 600V, ID,avg = 13.8A)
(b) In voltage quadrupler mode. Transformer PQ4040 PQ3230 * 2
(Lm, turns-ratio) (Ve :20450mm3) (Ve :11970mm3 * 2)
(400 μH, 76:14) (200 μH, 29:11)
Resonant Tank PQ2620 PQ2020 * 2
(Lr ,Cr) (Ve : 5490mm3) (Ve : 2430mm3 * 2)
Lr:70μH,Cr:35nH Lr:90μH,Cr:28nH
DR1 & DR3 : MUR1540G
Rectifier MUR1540G (VF : 1.1V)
Diodes (VF : 1.1V) DR2 : MUR1560G
(VF : 1.35V)
PCX2 339 * 4 PCX2 339 * 4 PCX2 339 * 3
Output
QXW series * 12 QXW series * 15 QXW series * 10
capacitors (V :80180mm 3) (V :93070mm ) 3 (V :64430mm3)
Fig. 7 shows the experimental waveforms of the proposed
converter. When Vo is between 150 V and 300 V, the proposed
converter operates as voltage doubler mode. When Vo is
Fig. 6 RMS current flowing through output capacitors of the proposed between 300 V and 400 V, the proposed converter operates as
converter. voltage quadrupler mode. The minimum operating switching
of Co2 during voltage quadrupler mode, ICo2,RMS_q, can be frequency of the proposed converter is 70.5 kHz when Vo is
calculated as follow: 300 V. In case of the conventional LLC resonant converter
0.5Co1π I o fr (15) with voltage doubler rectifier, the minimum operating
I Co1, RMS _ q = , switching frequency is 49.4 kHz when Vo is 400 V.
Co 2 + 0.5Co1 2 f s
Due to the low minimum operating switching frequency,
Co 2π I o fr (16) the conventional converter suffers from the large current
I Co 2, RMS _ q = .
Co 2 + 0.5Co1 2 f s ripple flowing through the output capacitors. As shown in
table I, for the proposed converter, 3 film capacitors and 10
Using (12), (15), and (16), RMS current of Co1, Co2, Co3,
electrolytic capacitors are used. For the conventional LLC
and the total RMS current of output capacitors, iCo,total, is
converter, 4 film capacitors and 12 electrolytic capacitors are
shown as Fig. 6. For Co1 and Co3, RMS current depends on
used. In case of converter in [19], 4 film capacitors and 15
voltage quadrupler mode when the capacitance ratio is smaller
electrolytic capacitors are used. Therefore, considering the
than 0.5, and RMS current depends on voltage doubler mode
output capacitors and magnetic components, the volume of the
when the capacitance ratio is bigger than 0.5. Therefore, the
proposed converter is reduced by 12890 mm3 and 28640 mm3
minimum iCo,total is obtained when 0.5Co1=0.5Co3=Co2. In that
compared with the conventional converter and the converter in
case, ICo1,RMS_q=ICo2,RMS_d=0.5πIo(0.5fr/fs)0.5. In a similar way,
[19] for each.
RMS current of output capacitors in the conventional
Fig. 8 shows the measured efficiency of the converters.
converter and the converter in [19] can be calculated. In case
When the proposed converter operates under voltage doubler
of the conventional converter, RMS current flowing through
mode, the core loss of transformers and the conduction loss of
the output capacitor is 0.5πIo(0.5fr/fs)0.5. The equation is the
rectifier diodes are slightly larger than conventional converter.
same with the proposed converter. However, the conventional
However, according to increase of output voltage, the
converter has larger RMS current on output capacitors because
operating switching frequency of conventional converter
fs is much lower than the proposed converter. For converter in
becomes much lower than the proposed converter. Thus, the
[19], RMS current flowing through output capacitor is
core loss of transformer and the conduction loss of primary
πIo(0.5fr/fs)0.5. Compare with the proposed converter, RMS
switches increase rapidly. Also, when the output voltage is
current of output capacitors becomes double. The proposed
larger than 300 V, the proposed converter can obtain high
converter has the smallest RMS current on output capacitors,
efficiency due to the voltage quadrupler mode operation. If the
and the number of output capacitors can be reduced. Therefore,
proposed converter changes the mode from voltage doubler
the proposed converter can have small output filter size.
mode to voltage qudrupler mode, the operating switching
frequency becomes the resonant frequency. Therefore, the

4

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 7 Experimental waveforms of proposed converter. (a) With
voltage doubler mode when Vo=150V. (b) With voltage doubler
mode when Vo=300V. (c) With voltage quadrupler mode when
Vo=300V. (d) With voltage quadrupler mode when Vo=400V.
Fig. 8 Measured efficiency.
proposed converter can achieve high efficiency due to the
small core loss of transformer and conduction loss of primary
switches.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a dual half-bridge LLC resonant
converter with improved rectifier circuit. The proposed
converter can regulate the output voltage under wide output
5
voltage range with narrow switching frequency variation. The
proposed converter can decrease the number of the output
capacitor by reducing the output current ripple, and the power
density of the proposed converter can increase. Also, the
proposed converter can achieve high efficiency under voltage
quadrupler mode. Hence, the proposed converter is suitable
for wide output voltage range applications requiring high
power density such as battery charger application.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National Research
Foundation of Kore (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MSIP) (No. 2016R1A2B2010328).
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