NANOMETER
University of Sussex discover C60.
- a unit of length in the metric system. Equal to one billionth
of a meter. (10-9)
- one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four
atoms. The average human hair is about 25,000 nanometers
wide.
TECHNOLOGY - the making, usage, and knowledge of tools,
machines, and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a
specific function.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
- The art and science of manipulating matter on an atomic
scale and the nanoscale.
- The study of making small, microscopic things
- It is an advance to the future.
- Refers to the engineering of the functional systems at very
micro level or we can say at atomic level.
- It is already making today’s products; lighter, stronger,
faster, smaller and more durable
Nanotechnology is manufacturing with atoms. – William Powell
Nanotechnology will let us build computers that are incredibly
powerful. We’ll have more power in the volume of a sugar cube than
exists in the entire world today. – Ralph Merkle
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
- The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous
professor of physics Dr. Richard P. Feynman
- Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981
and the discovery of fullerenes (C60) in 1985 lead to the
emergence of nanotechnology.
- The term “Nano-technology” had been coined by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974.
- 2000 years ago – sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and
Romans to dye hair.
- 1000 years ago (Middle Ages) – gold nanoparticles of
different sized used to produce different colors in stained
glass windows.
- 1974 – “Nanotechnology” – Taniguchi uses the term
nanotechnology for the first time.
- 1981 - IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope. This
microscope evolved to allow the manipulation of individual
atoms and molecules in the field of nanotechnology.
- 1985 – “Bucky Ball” – scientists at Rice University and
- 1991 – Carbon Nanotube discovered by S. Ijima.
NANOSCALE
- “Nano” – Greek word which means “Dwarf”
- 1 nm = one billionth (10-9) of meter.
- Size ranges between 0.1 and 100 nm.
DNA Sample: Approx. 2 nm
Human Hair Approx. 1x105 nm
MACRO (100,000 nm = .1mm )
- Person (6ft tall) – 2 billion nm
- Apple (8cm) – 80 million nm
- Ant (5mm) – 5 million nm
MICRO (100 nm = .001mm)
- Diameter of human hair = 75,000 nm
- Smallest the eye can see = 10,000 nm
- E Coli Bacteria = 2,000 nm
NANO
- Buckyball – 1nm
- DNA – 2nm
- Diameter of carbon nanotube – 1.3nm
2 PARTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. NANO SCIENCE – where researcher learn about the
chemical and physical properties of materials at the 1 – 100
nanometer (nm) scale. Materials at 1 -100 nm are called
nanostructures. They are the smallest things that can be
made.
2. NANOTECHNOLOGY - where researchers develop and
apply materials at this scale to develop new products or
methods; i.e., turning nanostructures into useable tools and
application.
NANOFABRICATION
1. TOP-DOWN NANOFABRICATION – start with large
material and bring it down to the nanoscale.
2. BOTTOM-UP NANOFABRICATION – start with individual
atoms and build upwards to make a nanostructure.
NEW APPROACHES TO THE ASSEMBLY OF NANOMATERIALS whisker in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the
BASED FROM THE APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES IN TOP-DOWN surface.
AND BOTTOM UP FABRICATION - In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
- Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial
1. DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY – It is a method in which the tip of
fabrics.
an atomic force microscope is “dipped” into a chemical fluid
and then utilized to “write” on a surface, like an old- NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MOBILES
fashioned ink pen onto paper.
- Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by
2. SELF-ASSEMBLY – It depicts an approach wherein a set of
Nokia Researcher Center (NRC) and the University of
components join together to mold an organized structure in
Cambridge (UK)
the absence of an outside direction.
- The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it
3. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION – a procedure wherein
extremely dirt repellent.
chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-
- It will be able to charge itself from available light sources
performance films.
using photovoltaic nanowires grass covering its surface.
4. NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY - It is a method of
- Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching.
generating nanoscale attributes by “stamping” or “printing”
them onto a surface. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONS
5. MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY – It is one manner for
- Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel
depositing extremely controlled thin films.
displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat
6. ROLL-TO-ROLL PROCESSING - It is a high-volume practice
panel displays.
for constructing nano-scale devices on a roll of ultrathin
- Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
plastic or metal.
- The transistor are made of nanowire, that are assembled on
7. ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY – it is a means for layering down
glass or thin film of flexible plastic.
one atom thick layers on a surface.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES - The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced
by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
 ICT and semiconductors
- A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow
 Health and medicine
cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer which
 Energy
consists of pure carbon.
 Food and agriculture - Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays
 Environment techniques due to less consumption of electricity and less

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY heat emission.

- Current research shows that by using nanotechnology,
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG 1,000 GB of memory can fit on the head of this pin. 1,000

- Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier. GB is 1 Terabyte.

- They can release medicine that kills the tumour. 2 GB in 1980s – $80,000
- Current treatment is through radiotherapy or
chemotherapy. 2 GB in 1990s - $200

- Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries. 2 GB in 2010 - $5

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FABRICS

- For example, some clothing manufacturers are making ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

water and stain repellent clothing using nano-sized
 1. Energy Advantages – Nanotechnology will make solar
power more economical by reducing the cost of
constructing solar panels.
2. Advantages in Electronics and Computing – tiny light
National Science and Technology Council (USA) claims that:
producing cells that could be used for illumination or for
purposes such as display screens. “Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change the
3. Medical Advantages - nanobots could be sent into a nature of almost every human-made object in the next century”.
patient’s arteries to clear away blockages.
GENE THERAPY
4. Environmental Effects – some of the more extravagant
negative future scenarios have been debunked by experts in DEFINITION & HISTORY
nanotechnology.
- A potential method to either treat or cure genetic-related
DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY human illnesses.
- Normal gene inserted into the genome to replace non-
1. Lack of Employment – because of the vast development of
functional gene.
technology, nanotech devices and machines have taken
- Trials began in 1971.
place of human to work faster and accurately which has
- Cystic Fibrosis gene moderately successful
lessen the importance of men power in the field of practical
work. THE BASIC PROCESS
2. Possibility of Microscopic Recording Devices - atomic
- Replacement of mutated gene that causes disease with a
weapons would be easier to create and novel weapons
healthy copy of the gene.
might also be developed. One possibility is the so-called
- Inactivation of a mutated gene that is functioning
“smart bullet”.
improperly.
3. Very Expensive – it can cost a lot of money as to generate
- Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
and assemble its particles in different forms needs many
technologies. VECTORS
4. In Terms of Security - nanotechnology can cause a brutal
- Viruses’ ex retro viruses, adenoviruses (commonly used)
risk in the field of terrorism.
- Direct introduction (“golden bullets”)
5. In Terms of Privacy - nanotechnology deals with the
- Liposomes
designing of compact and minute devices, there are chances
- Endocytosis of DNA bound to cell surface receptors (low
for more eavesdropping than that already exists.
efficiency)
POSSIBILITES OF THE FUTURE - Artificial chromosome (under development)

- Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture TYPES OF GENE THERAPY

lighter, stronger, and programmable materials that
1. SOMATIC CELLS THERAPHY
require less energy to produce than conventional material
- (most cells of the body). All gene therapy so far in people
and the promise greater fuel efficiency in land
has been directed at somatic cells.
transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.
- Manipulation of gene in cells that will be helpful to the
- It could include the use of nanorobotics. These nanorobots
patient but not inherited to the next generation.
have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks
that humans could never complete.
2 CATERGORIES OF SOMATIC GENE THERAPY
Examples of Future Use of Nanotechnology  EX VIVO – where cells are modified outside the body and
then transplanted back in again.
1. Electronic Paper
 IN VIVO – where genes are changed in cells still in the body.
2. Nokia Morph
Recombination-based approaches in vivo are especially
3. Contact Lens
 uncommon, because for most DNA constructs special cells and chemical that fight infection. If the immune
recombination has a very low probability. system isn’t functioning in the right way, illness can result.
If the immune system could be “bolstered” with gene
therapy, perhaps the body would be able to prevent the
2. GERMLINE THERAPY spread of cancer by itself.
- Such as sperm cells, ova, and their stem cell precursors. 4. X-SCID - children affected by X-linked severe combined
- Germline engineering in humans remains only a highly immune deficiency (X-SCID) have a faulty gene that means
controversial prospect. they have no working immune system, so their bodies
- It involves the genetic medication of germ cells to the origin cannot fight infections.
cells that will pass the change on to the next generation.
2017 WAS THE YEAR OF GENE-THERAPY BREAKTHROUGHS
3. STEM CELL GENE THERAPY
- Stem cell 1. Sickle-cell cure – In march, researchers announced that a
- Proliferative cells with the capability of self-maintenance teenage boy in France had been cured of sickle-cell disease
- Ability to divide numerous times and produce progeny that after receiving an experimental gene therapy developed by
undergo differentiation. Bluebird Bio.
- Flexibility in self-maintenance and the ability to regenerate 2. Cancer killers - This year the FDA approved two
tissue. pioneering treatments, Kymriah & Yescarta, that use a
- Responsibility for cell replacement during the lifetime of an patient’s own immune cells to fight rare types of cancer
organism. called CAR-T therapies, there “living drugs are made by
- Use of adult stem cell or embryonic stem cell extracting T cells from patients and genetically engineering
- Transfection – the process of deliberately introducing them to go after and destroy cancer cells.
naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. 3. Building new skin – When a bacterial infection threatened
- Transduction – the process by which foreign DNA is his life, a boy with a devastating connective tissue disorder
introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example called epidermolysis bullosa got new skin created with gene
is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. therapy.
4. Restoring sight – In December, the FDA approved the first
APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELL GENE THERAPY
gene therapy for an inherited disease. The treatment, called
- Hemophilia treatment Luxturna, aims to correct a mutation responsible for a
- Repairing mutations range of retinal diseases that make people gradually go
- Heart disease treatment blind.
- Sickle Cell Disease treatment 5. Hope for Hemophilia – BioMarin is one company working
- Skin disease treatment on a gene therapy that replaces the faulty gene involved in
the most common type of hemophilia, effectively curing the
Some Examples of Gene Therapy
disorder.
1. Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) - In February 2007,
GENE THERAPY SUCCESSES
a gene therapy trial was conducted in the NIHR Biomedical
Research Centre in the US with three patients (about 18 Sebastian Misztal - patient in a hemophilia gene therapy trial in
years old) with a condition LCA, a rare inherited eye 2011. He no longer had spontaneous bleeding episodes.
disease.
Several inherited immune deficiencies have been treated
2. Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency (ADA) – a person bron
successfully with gene therapy. Most commonly, blood stem cells
with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency lacks an
are removed from patients, and retroviruses are used to deliver
important enzyme of their immune system. This means that
working copies of the defective genes. After the genes have been
infections are likely and can even be fatal.
delivered, the stem cells are returned to the patient. Because the
3. Bolstering the Immune System - current research is
focusing on the immune system, which is a collection of
 cells are treated outside patient’s body, the virus will infect and - Dr. W. French Anderson and Michael Blaese helped
transfer the gene to only the desired target cells. developed this landmark clinical trial when he worked at
the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Gene therapies are being developed to treat several different types
Jesse Gelsinger
of inherited blindness – especially degenerative forms, where
- Was the first person publicly identified as having died in
patients gradually lose the light-sensing cells in their eyes.
clinical trial for gene therapy.
Encouraging results from animal modes (especially mouse, rat, and
- He suffered from ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)
dog) show that gene therapy has the potential to slow or even
Defiency, an X-linked genetic disease of the liver.
reverse vision loss.
- It was controlled with a low-protein diet and drugs, 32 pills
People with hemophilia are missing proteins that help their blood a day.
form clots. Those with the most-severe form of the disease can lose
Jolee Mohr
large amount of blood through internal bleeding or even a minor
cut. - Was lying in a Chicago hospital, her body swollen by interal
bleeing and organ failure. Jolee had taken an experimental
In a small trial, researchers successfully used an adeno-associated
viral vector to deliver a gene for Factor IX, the missing clotting
protein, to liver cells.

Fat Metabolism Disorder – in 2012, Glybera became the first viral

gene-therapy treatment to be approved in Europe. The treatment
uses an adeno-associated virus to deliver a working copy of the LPL
(lipoprotein lipase) gene to muscle cells. The LPL gene codes for a
protein that helps break down fats in the blood, preventing fat
concentrations from rising to toxic levels.

Parkinson’s Disease – patients with Parkinson’s disease gradually

lose cells in the brain that produce the signaling molecule
dopamine. As the disease advances, patients lose the ability to
control their movements.

Ashanthi DeSilva

- A four-year-old girl became the first gene therapy patient

on September 14, 1990 at the NIH Clinical Center
- She has adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a genetic
disease which leaves her defendless against infections.

Cindy Kisk

- A nine-year-old girl became the second gene therapy

patient at the NIH Clinical Center
- She has ADA SCID, a type of Severe Combined Immune
Deficiency with mutations in a gene that encodes an
enzyme called ADA.
- They are the two participants in the world’s first approved
gene therapy trial.
 treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. She was 36 years old
when she died.
ADVANTAGES OF GENE THERAPY
- It has the ability to replace defective cells.
- It promises a great untapped potential.
- It can help eradicate diseases.
THE RISKS OF GENE THERAPY
- The immune system may respond to the working gene copy
that has been inserted by causing inflammation.
- The working gene might be slotted into the wrong spot.
- The working gene might produce too much of the missing
enzyme or protein, causing other health problems.
- The deactivated virus might target other cells as well as the
intended cells.
- The deactivated virus may be contagious.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
- Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment. It
works by replacing a faulty disease-causing gene with a
working version, or by introducing a new gene to cure a
condition or modify its effect.
- The aim is to eliminate genetic diseases at their source.
- The challenge for nations experimenting with gene therapy
is to come up with workable, fair and ethical guidelines for
its use.
CLIMATE CHANGE
- refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather
patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the
sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the
1800s, human activities have been the main driver of
climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels
like coal, oil, and gas.
- The significant variation of average weather conditions
becoming, for example, warmer, wetter, or drier over
several decades or longer. It is the longer-term trend that
differentiates.
- Burning fossil fuels generate greenhouse gas emissions that
act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the
sun’s heat and raising temperatures.
- The main greenhouse gases that are causing climate change
include carbon dioxide and methane. These come from
using gasoline for driving a car or coal for hearing a
building, for example clearing land and cutting down
forests can also release carbon dioxide. Agriculture, oil and
gas operations are major sources of methane emissions.
Energy, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and land
use are among the main sectors causing greenhouse gases.
GLOBAL WARMING – the term used to describe a gradual
increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s
atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be
permanently changing the Earth’s climate.
HUMANS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR GLOBAL WARMING
 Climate scientists have showed that humans are
responsible for virtually all global heating over the last 200
years. Human activities like the ones mentioned above are
causing greenhouse gases that are warming the world
faster than at any time in at least the last two thousand
years.
 The average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now
about 1.1 °C warmer than it was in the late 1800s (before
the industrial revolution) and warmer than at any time in
the last 100,000 years. The last decade (2011-2020) was
the warmest on record, and each of the last four decades
has been warmer than any previous decade since 1850.
 Many people think climate change mainly means warmer
temperature. But temperature rise is only the beginning of
the story because the Earth is a system, where everything is
connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all
others.
 The consequences of climate change now include, among
others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising
sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms
and declining biodiversity.
PEOPLE ARE EXPERIECING CLIMATE CHANGE IN DIVERSE WAYS
 Climate change can affect our health, ability to grow food,
housing, safety and work. Some of us are already vulnerable
to climate impacts, such as people living in small island
nations and other developing countries.
EVERY INCREASE IN GLOBAL WARMING MATTERS  Ocean as CO2 sink – excess CO2 is starting to harm ocean life.
 Sea level rise caused in 2 ways.
 In a series of UN reports, thousands of scientists and
a. Thermal expansion – water expands as it warms
government reviewer agreed that limiting global
b. Melting of land ice – retreat of glaciers and thinning of
temperature rise to no more than 1.5 °C would help us
ice at the poles.
avoid the worst climate impacts and maintain a livable
 Melting has positive feedback
climate. Yet policies currently in place point to a 3 °C
a. Increased melting decreases ice, which decreases
temperature rise by the end of the century.
albedo leading to further warming.
 The emissions that cause climate change come from every
 Zooplankton in parts of California Current have decreased
part of the world and affect everyone, but some countries
by 80% since 1951.
produce much more than others. The seven biggest
a. Effecting entire food chain
emitters alone are China, USA, India, European Union,
 Decline in Krill around Antarctica
Indonesia, Russian Federation and Brazil.
a. Caused decrease in penguin populations.
Switching energy systems from fossil fuels to renewables like solar  Species have shifted their geographic range.
or wind will reduce the emissions driving climate change. While  Migrating birds are returning to summer homes earlier.
a growing number of countries is committing to net zero
a. Food is not available at this time.
emissions by 2050, emissions must be cut in half by 2030 to
 Coral reefs can be bleached due to increase in water
keep warming below 1.5 °C. Achieving this means huge declines
temperature.
in the use of coal, oil, and gas: over two-thirds of today’s proven
a. Affects coral symbiotes and makes them more
reserves of fossil fuels need to be kept in the ground by 2050
susceptible to diseases to which they would otherwise
in order to prevent catastrophic levels of climate change.
be immune.

CLIMATE CHANGE TERMINOLOGY  Increased number of heat-related illnesses and deaths.

 Difficult to anticipate
1. GREENHOUSE GAS – gas that absorbs infrared radiation.
a. Productivity will increase in some areas and decrease
Ex. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
in others
chlorofluorocarbons and tropospheric ozone.
 Rise in sea level will inundate flood plains and river valleys
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK – changes in some condition triggers
(lush farmland)
a response that intensifies the changed condition.
 Effect on pests is unknown
3. INFRARED RADIATION – radiation that has a wavelength
 Warmer temperature will decrease soil moisture –
that is longer than that of visible light, but short than that of
requiring more irrigation
radio waves.
 Location (i.e. elevation and altitude) where certain crops
4. GREENHOUSE EFFECT – increase of heat in a system
can be grown may have to change.
where energy enters (often as light), is absorbed as heat,
 To avoid the worst of climate change, CO 2 levels must be
and released sometime later.
stabilized at 550ppm
Evidence for Climate change a. 50% higher than current levels

 11 of the 12 years between 1995 and 2006 were among the 2 WAYS TO ATTEMPT TO MANAGE CLIMATE CHANGE
twelve warmest years since the mid-1800s
1. MITIGATION – focuses on limiting greenhouse gas
 Phenological spring in North hemisphere now comes 6 days
emissions to moderate global climate change
earlier.
2. ADAPTATION - focuses on learning to live with to the
Warming is not due to natural causes environmental changes and societal consequences
brough about by global climate change.
- Human produced greenhouse gases are most plausible
explanation.