Application of Nanotechnology

in
Engineering

Dr.Pugazhendhi Sugumaran.C
Asso.Professor
Division of High Voltage Engineering
Anna University Chennai
cpsugumar@annauniv.edu
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PRESENTATION
NanoHistory
NanoTechnology
NanoMaterial
NanoBiology
NanoElectronic
NanoComputational Science”
NanoFunding”

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3
HISTORY OF NANO
 Tools2,000,000 B.C.
 Metallurgy 3600 B.C.
 Steam power 1764
 Mass production 1908
 Automation 1946


Sixth industrial revolution NOW
 Moving from micrometer scale to nanometer scale
devices

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 MILESTONE

 1959 R.Feynman Delivers “ Plenty of Room at the Bottom

 1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented
 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM)
 1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented
 1987 First single-electron transistor created
 1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered
 2000 US Launches National Nanotechnology Initiative
 2002. ITRI Nano Research Center Established

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WHAT IS NANOMATERIAL?
 Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials with
an average grain size less than 100 nanometers.

 One billion nanometers equals one meter

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COMPARISONS

The average width of a human hair is on

the order of 100,000 nanometers

A single particle of smoke is in the order

of 1,000 nanometers.  

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HOW SMALL ARE NANOSTRUCTURES?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
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SMALLER STILL
DNA
Hair

100,000
nanometers 10 nanometer objects made by
guided self-assembly 3 nanometers9
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of
matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers,
where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter

= 1 x 10-9 m

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WHY DO WE WANT TO MAKE THINGS AT
THE NANOSCALE?

 To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and

more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water
purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics &
therapy, and more)

 To introduce completely new physical phenomena to

science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other
effects.)

For a sustainable future!

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STUDENTS &
NANOTECHNOLOGY
- A FIELD FOR PEOPLE WHO WANT TO SOLVE
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FACING
SOCIETIES AROUND THE WORLD

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THE NEXT “BIG THING” IS VERY, VERY, VERY
!
SMALL

“Nanotechnology is an enabling
technology that will change the
nature of almost every human-
made object in the next century.”

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WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Nanotechnology is the
manipulation of matter
at the nanometer*
scale to create novel
structures, devices and
systems.

Structures Devices Systems

(e.g.materials) (e.g. sensors) (e.g. NEMS)

* 1 millimeter = 1,000 micrometers;

1 micrometer = 1,000 nanometers
Source: "Nanotech: The Tiny Revolution" by CMP Científica 14
(November 2001)
NANOTECHNOLOGY …
 is already making today’s products:
 Lighter
 Stronger
 Faster
 Smaller
 More Durable

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WHY NANOTECH?
A small science with a huge potential

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WHY NANOTECH?
 Nanotechnology exploits benefits of ultra small size,
enabling the use of particles to deliver a range of
important benefits…

 Small particles are ‘invisible’ :

 Transparent Coatings/Films are attainable

 Small particles are very weight efficient:

 Surfaces can be modified with minimal material.

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WEIGHT EFFICIENT AND UNIFORM
COVERAGE
 Large spherical
particles do not cover
much surface area
 Nanoparticles Equal
mass of small platelet
particles provides
thorough coverage (1 x
106 times more)

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NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanotechnology: The creation of functional
materials, devices and systems through control
of matter on the nanometer(1~100nm) length
scale and the exploitation of novel properties and
phenomena developed at that scale.

 Why nano length scale ?

- By patterning matter on the nano scale,
it is possible to vary fundamental properties of
materials without changing the chemical
composition

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APPROACHES
 Top-down – Breaking down matter into more basic
building blocks. Frequently uses chemical or thermal
methods.

 Bottoms-up – Building complex systems by combining

simple atomic-level components.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANOMATERIAL
 Nanopowder
 Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more
complex nanostructures.

 Nanotube

 Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite sheet rolled into

tubes a few nanometers in diameter and up to hundreds of
micrometers (microns) long.

 The Strongest Material

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NANOPOWDERS
 Advanced nanophase materials synthesized from
nanopowders have improved properties.

 Such as increased stronger and less breakable ceramics.

They may conduct electrons, ions, heat, or light more
readily then conventional materials.

 Exhibit improved magnetic and catalytic properties.

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ADVANTAGES OF NANOPOWDERS
 Continuous connections between large numbers
of grains make the material more stretchable and
ductile so it doesn't easily crack.

 Made of tight clusters of very small particles,

resulting in overlapping electron clouds that
induce quantum effects. Possibly resulting in
more efficient conduction of light or electricity.

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NANOPOWDER APPLICATIONS
 Useful in manufacturing
inhalable drugs

 Particles in the
nanometer scale are
mixed with dielectric
materials to enhance
thermal and electrical
properties.
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NANOTUBE
 Carbon
Nanotube(CNT)
-Originally, discovered as
by productsof fullerenes
and now are considered
to be the building blocks
of future nanoscale
electronic and
mechanical devices.

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NANOTUBE
 Discovery of CNT
(1) Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube(MWNT)
- Sumio Ijyma(Nature,1991)
(2) Single-Walled carbon Nanotube(SWNT)
- Ijyma,Bethune,et al. (1993)
(3) Single Crystals of SWNT
- R.R.Schlittler,et al. (Science, May.2001)

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STRUCTURE OF NANOTUBE
 SWNT atom structures

- Basically,sheets of graphite rolled

up into a tube as shown figure.

- The hexagonal two dimensional

lattice of graphite is mapped on a
cylinder of radius R with various
helicities characterized by the
rolling vectors (n,m).

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MANUFACTURING

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NANOTUBE APPLICATIONS
 Structural elements in bridges, buildings, towers, and cables
 Material for making lightweight vehicles for all terrains
 Heavy-duty shock absorbers
 Open-ended straws for chemical probing and cellular injection
 Nanoelectronics including batteries capacitors, and diodes
 Microelectronic heat-sinks and insulation due to high thermal conductivity
 Nanoscale gears and mechanical components
 Electron guns for flat-panel displays
 Nanotube-buckyball encapsulation coupling for molecular computing with
high RAM capacity

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RESEARCH FROM IBM

 The IBM scientists used nanotubes to make a

"voltage inverter" circuit, also known as a
"NOT" gate .

 Carbon nanotube transistors transformed into

logic-performing integrated circuits; major step
toward molecular computers
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CANCER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS
 Currently done by physical examination or imaging
techniques

 Early molecular changes not detected by these methods.

 Need to detect changes in small percentage of cells, need

very sensitive technology, “enter” nanostructures.

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NANOPORES
 Helps researchers detect errors in the genetic
cause that may lead to cancer.
 Funnels DNA through, one strand at a time,
resulting in more efficient DNA sequencing.
 Monitor shape and electrical properties of each
base as they pass through the nanopore.
 Properties, which are unique to the bases, allow
the nanopore to help decipher information
encoded in the DNA.

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CANCER TREATMENT
 Nanotechnology may allow treatments that target cancer
cells without harming nearby healthy cells.

 May allow creation of therapeutic agents that have a

controlled, time-release strategy for delivering toxins.

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Nanotechnology in Electronics

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MOORE’S LAW
 Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel) predicted in 1965
that the transistor density of semiconductor chips would
double roughly every 18 months.
 It's not a law! It's a prediction about what device
physicists and process engineers can achieve

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AMBITIOUS PREDICTIONS
 Moore's Law will have run its course around
2019. By that time, transistor features will be
just a few atoms in width. But new computer
architectures will continue the exponential
growth of computing.

 Forexample, computing cubes are already being

designed that will provide thousands of layers of
circuits.

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FACTS

 Nanotechnology’s ability to continually increase the

amount of data that fits on a microchip provided the
industry with escalating computing speed and power,
which led to even-more-powerful products and a
strong motive for customers to upgrade.

 However, at some point, that miniaturization process

collides with the physical limits of silicon.

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BACK IN THE DAYS

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TRANSISTORS
 The transistor, invented by
three scientists at the Bell
Laboratories in 1947, rapidly
replaced the vacuum tube as
an electronic signal regulator.

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TRANSISTORS
A transistor regulates current or voltage flow
and acts as a switch or gate for electronic
signals.

 Transistors are the basic elements in

integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of
very large numbers of transistors
interconnected with circuitry and baked into
a single silicon microchip or "chip."

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 SILICON
 Silicon is a chemical element present in sand (source
is readily available).

 Itis one of the best known semiconductor material in

electronic components.

 Silicon conducts electricity to an extent that depends

on the extent to which impurities are added

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Nanoelectronics Devices

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WHAT IS NANOELECTRONICS

Nanoelectronic device?
 A very small devices to ovecome limits on scalability

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE
POWERFUL CHIPS
 The number of
transistors on a chip
will approximately
double every 18 to 24
months (Moore’s Law).
 This law has given chip
designers greater
incentives to
incorporate new
features on silicon.

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE
POWERFUL CHIPS
 Moore's Law works
largely through shrinking
transistors, the circuits
that carry electrical
signals.
 By shrinking transistors,

designers can squeeze

more transistors into a
chip.

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE
POWERFUL CHIPS
 However, more
transistors means more
electricity and heat
compressed into a
smaller space.
 Furthermore, smaller
chips increase
performance but also
create the problem of
complexity.

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE POWERFUL CHIPS

Quantum and coherence

effects, high electric fields
creating avalanche dielectric
breakdowns, heat dissipation
problems in closely packed
structures as well as the non-
uniformity of dopant atoms and
the relevance of single atom
defects are all roadblocks along
the current road of
miniaturization.

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE POWERFUL CHIPS

Problem 1:
 Carrier mobility
decreases as
channel length
decrease and
vertical electric
fields increase.

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE POWERFUL CHIPS

Eox
Problem 2:
 Tunneling through
gate oxide (off
state current).

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PROBLEM OF MAKING MORE POWERFUL CHIPS

Problem 3:
 Wattage/Area
increases as
density
increases

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CARBON NANOTUBE TRANSISTOR

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 Nanotube electronics
oSemiconducting with bandgap ~20 meV to ~2eV
oMetallic capable of sustaining hundreds times electrical current than
a metal
oCan be a superconductor
oStrong electro-mechanical coupling properties beyond electronics:
Mechanically many times stronger than steel, but a few times lighter.
Thermally more conductive than most crystals.
oUpon charge injection length changes much more than piezoelectrics
does (not piezoelectricity).
oChange between being chemically inert and selectively active.
oRespond to light in conductivity as well as shape.

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CNT PROPERTIES

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CNT- ELECTRONICS

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CNT: IMPLICATIONS FOR ELECTRONICS

 Carrier transport is 1-D.

 All chemical bonds are
satisfied  CNT Electronics not bound to use SiO2 as an insulator.
 High mechanical and thermal stability and resistance to
electromigration  Current densities upto 109 A/cm2 can be sustained.
 Diameter controlled by chemistry, not fabrication.
 Both active devices and interconnects can be made from
semiconducting and metallic nanotubes.
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http://cmliris.harvard.edu/html_natalya/research/device/device8.jpg
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http://cmliris.harvard.edu/html_natalya/research/device/device9.jpg
MOLECULAR DEVICES
 Molecular Scale Electronic Devices
 Molecular Computers are constructed from Molecular
Scale Electronic Devices which are electronic devices
that consist of only a few atoms and are constructed
and interconnected by chemical means.

 Major Benefits
 Themajor benefits of molecular electronics are a
dramatic reduction in size and power consumption.

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COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE IN NM

 Computational Science comes in to develop tools for

modeling and designing nanoscale systems.

 The development of a range of computational tools,

integrated with each other, easily used and widely
available to industry, is the goal of the Nanomaterials
researchers

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CARBON NANOTUBES

 A single-walled carbon
nanotube (SWNT) is unique
among solid state materials
in that every atom is on the
surface.
 Structurally, carbon
nanotubes are 100 times
stronger than steel and can
conduct electricity better
than copper.
INSULATION

 Nanoscale materials hold great promise as insulators

because of their extremely high surface-to-volume
ratio.
 This gives them the ability to trap still air within a
material layer of minimal thickness. Insulating
nanomaterials may be sandwiched between rigid
panels, applied as thin films, or painted on as
coatings.
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ARC OUTDOORS –BROKEN ARROW

 ARC Outdoors utilizes nano silver in making

cloth for special purposes and currently has a
line of anti-microbial clothing for hunters
because the nano silver cloth eliminates
odor/scent.

 ARC is working on developing a line of

hospital uniforms that also will be anti-
microbial.

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 NANO CABLE

 Nano Cable is a lightweight, highly conductive, electrical wire and

cable that could bring significant gains in fuel savings, energy
efficiency and operating costs.

 The technology is based on carbon nanotubes which conduct greater

amounts of electric current than copper while having only 1/6th the
weight.

 By 2010, the market for conductive polymer cable is expected to be

465 million lbs per year, worth $1.4 billion annually.
NANO COATINGS

Self-cleaning
Scratch-resistant
Anti-icingand anti-fogging
Antimicrobial
UV protection
Corrosion-resistant
Waterproofing

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ANTI STAIN COATINGS
 In 2002, Eddie Bauer apparel became the first brand to
employ Nano-Tex stain resistance technology in its
designs. Nano-Tex has now expanded to bring stain
resistance to fabrics and other interior finishes. Nano-
Tex uses a process that bonds to each fiber, making
textiles last longer, retain their natural feel and
breathe normally.

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BEHR PAINTS OFFERS NANOGUARD
 Behr’s best line of paint uses nanoparticles to provide a long
lasting, anti-fade, more durable house paint that also prevents
mildew.

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AUTOMOTIVE PAINT – MERCEDES-BENZ
 The 2007 Mercedes-
Benz SL series cars sport
a protective coating of
nanoparticles that
provides a three-fold
improvement in the
scratch resistance of the
paintwork.

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SELF HEALING COMPOSITES

 Polymeric and composite

materials are subject to
weakening due to fatigue
cracking. A self-healing
composite has the potential
to defend against material
failure due to fatigue and to
greatly improve product
safety and reliability.
an
NANO FOR ENERGY

• Increased surface area

•Interface and size effects

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NANOSCIENCE RESEARCH FOR
ENERGY NEEDS
• Catalysis by nanoscale materials
• Using interfaces to manipulate energy
carriers
• Linking structures and function at the
nanoscale
• Assembly and architecture of
nanoscale structures
• Theory, modeling, and simulation for
energy nanosciences
• Scalable synthesis methods

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CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES
 Mass production of nanomaterials
 Energy systems: high heat flux

• Nanomaterials are trans-boundary

• Basic energy research leads to
breakthroughs
• Transports (molecular, continuum)
are crucial
• Inter-departmental collaborations

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ADVANCED NANO COMPOSITE
INSULATING MATERIALS

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 A perfect dielectric is a material in which there
are no free electrical charges, and which
therefore does not conduct electricity.

 Real dielectrics, also known as insulators, are

never perfectly insulating, with the result that
there has been a 150-year search for ever better
dielectric materials.

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 Properties of Insulating material

 Dielectric Properties
 Mechanical Properties
 Thermal Properties

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Dielectric Properties
High dielectric strength, to realize small
dimensions and low cost.
Low dielectric loss, to keep the heating-
up of the insulating material within limits.
High tracking strength during surface
stress, to prevent erosion.

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Mechanical Properties
Tensilestrength
Bending strength
Bursting pressure withstand strength
Modulus of elasticity
Hardness
Impact resistance

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Thermal Properties
High thermal withstand strength
Good shape-retention under heat
High thermal conductivity
Low thermal expansion coefficient
Non-inflammability
Good arc-withstand strength

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SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE

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pH value determination (pH meter)
pH Range

Acid: pH < 7
Base: pH > 7
Neutral: pH = 7
The pH value of the enamel is 4 i.e.,
acid so base nano filler is added.

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 The concentration of the nano filler to be added
to the base enamel is determined from the
Lichtenecker – Rother equation
log ε = x log ε1+ y log ε2
ε - Permittivity of Nanocomposite
ε1 - Permittivity of Nanofiller
ε2 - Permittivity of base Enamel
x - Concentration of Nanofiller (wt %)
y - Concentration of base Enamel (wt %)
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 Scopes….
Electro-thermal analysis can be carried out for the
nanocomposites with various concentrations of nano fillers
and for different sizes of the nano fillers.

The Polyimide enamel-zirconia/alumina nanocomposite can

be coated over the copper conductor and the thickness of the
layers can be varied.

 The number of nanocomposite layers can be varied and

their performance can be compared. By adding nano filler
material, the permittivity of the base material will increase
which inturn may increase the capacitance.
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In inverter fed induction motors the conductors can be coated with enamel
nanocomposite and their characteristics under transient conditions can be
analyzed.

The concept of nano filler can be extended for oil-insulation used in power
apparatus to improve the thermal conductivity.

Addition of nano filler would enhance the charge storage capacity of Lithium-
Ion batteries and also the rate of discharge can be controlled which may increase
the life of the battery.
 
The electrical and mechanical properties of the dielectric material used in the
power cables can be enhanced by addition of nano fillers. The electric stress in
the cable joints and terminations can be mitigated by using nano fillers.

Investigation can be extended to analyze the corona losses of Nano filler

coated HV conductors.

The surface smoothness of insulators and bushings can be analyzed with nano
filler coating, this may avoid the surface flashovers.
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•
GAMES
 “Nanoquest”
 A free, downloadable game where the player is shrunk to
so small that they find themselves in a “nanoworld.”, this
game is aimed at getting 13- to 15-year-old children
interested in nanotechnology. www.nanoquest.ie

 “NanoMission”
 This educational online game educates students on the
basics of nanotechnology. You must register before you
are allowed to download the game. www.nanomission.org

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Nano shirt, slacks, tie, tennis racket, odor/ bacteria eliminating socks, nano
car wax, and 2004 Chevy Impala with nano enhanced side panels.

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TOOLS / SOFTWARE
 NanoCad in Java A freeware nanotech design system
 NanoDesign: Concepts and software for nanotechnology
based on functionalized fullerenes
 AccuModel Accurate 3-D models using the MM3 force
field
 Amoeba A simulator for nanotechnology

 etc

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THANK YOU…

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