STD CTR Tu 14 Feb 2023

THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, February 14, 2023 Page 2
TREES FOR LIFE

OLD HARBOUR,
ST. CATHERINE:
(from left to right)
Janet Mayne, Vice
Principal; Okeeno
Bullock, Teacher
and George Goode,
Principal of Old
Harbour Primary
School, Kesi Asher-
Dawkins, Editor
Jamaica Observer,
showcased plants
used as part of
Jamaica Observer’s
Tr e e Planting
Initiative. (Photo:
Karl McLarty)
EDITOR: Kesi Asher-Dawkins • ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN: Rorie Atkinson • GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR: Patrick Allen
CONTRIBUTORS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Charyl Gordon-Brown & Akeem Wallace Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe – Treisa Cornwall Tedmore Clarke Michelle Smith-Henry
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES (CAPE) CARIBBEAN STUDIES (CAPE) MGMT OF BUSINESS (CAPE)
Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins – Novia James – Jerome Pitterson
WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ►CALL: (876)936-9458 OR (876)401-7717 ►E-MAIL: asherk@jamaicaobserver.com

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

Lesson 19
WRITING THE EXPOSITORY ESSAY:

THE INTRODUCTION
the rest of your paper. An interesting opening can
Hello everyone. get your readers to see why your topic matters
In the previous lesson you were given an activity and serve as an invitation for them to join you for
to outline your essay and then write it. Today I an engaging intellectual discussion.
will speak a bit more about the writing process.
Based on last week’s lesson you would have gone
through the pre-writing stages and would now be
WAYS TO BEGIN YOUR INTRODUCTION
ready to draft the essay. We will look specifically
at the introduction of the essay in this lesson. An
effective introduction grabs the reader’s attention Consider these options:
and sets the tone for the rest of the essay. It gives
the focus of the essay and guides the writer in  An intriguing example
developing ideas in the body of the work.  A quotation that is related to your main
THE INTRODUCTION point

 A puzzling scenario
Your introduction is an important road map for the  A vivid or unexpected anecdote
rest of your paper. Your introduction conveys a  A thought-provoking question
lot of information to your readers. It can let them
 An interesting fact
know what the topic is, why it is important, and
how you plan to proceed with your discussion. The
introduction should contain a thesis that will assert Pay special attention to your first sentence. Start
your main point and give the reader a sense of the off on the right foot with your readers by making
kinds of information you will use to make that point. sure that the first sentence actually says something
In addition, it gives the general organization of useful and that it does so in an interesting and
the paragraphs that will follow. After reading your sophisticated way.
introduction, your readers should not have any Just like a topic sentence summarizes a single
major surprises in store when they read the body paragraph, the thesis statement summarizes
of your paper. The introduction should capture an entire essay. It tells the reader the point you
your readers’ interest, making them want to read
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
want to make in your essay, while the essay you pinpoint a specific aspect of that topic. For
itself supports that point. It is like a signpost that example, health care is a broad topic, but a proper
gives you the direction of the essay. You should thesis statement would focus on a specific area of
form your thesis before you begin to organize the that topic, such as options for individuals without
essay, but you may find that it needs revision as health care coverage.
the essay develops.
It is precise: A strong thesis statement must be
ELEMENTS OF A THESIS STATEMENT
precise enough to allow for a coherent argument
and to remain focused on the topic. If the specific
For every essay you write, you must focus on a topic is options for individuals without health care
central idea. This idea stems from a topic you coverage, then your precise thesis statement
have chosen or been assigned or from a question must make an exact claim about it, such as that
your teacher has asked. It is not enough merely limited options exist for those who are uninsured
to discuss a general topic or simply answer a by their employers. You must further pinpoint what
question with a yes or no. You have to form a you are going to discuss regarding these limited
specific focus, and then and express that as the effects, such as whom they affect and what the
main idea upon which you build your thesis. cause is.
Remember that a thesis is not the topic itself, It must be supportable: A thesis statement
but rather your interpretation of the question or must present a relevant and specific argument. A
subject. For whatever topic you are given you, you factual statement often is not considered arguable.
must consider what you want to say about it. This Be sure your thesis statement contains a point of
answer to this will determine what your thesis is. view that can be supported with evidence.
A thesis is one sentence long and appears toward It must be demonstrable: For any claim you
the end of your introduction. It is specific and make in your thesis, you must be able to provide
focuses on one to three points of a single idea. reasons and examples for your opinion. You can
These points will be developed in the body of the rely on personal observations in order to do this,
essay. It indicates the content of the essay and or you can consult outside sources to demonstrate
suggests how you will organize your information. that what you assert is valid. A worthy argument is
Remember that a thesis statement does not backed by examples and details.
summarize an issue but rather dissects it.
A STRONG THESIS STATEMENT It must be forceful and assertive: A thesis
statement that is forceful shows readers that you
are, in fact, making a point. The tone is assertive
A strong thesis statement contains the following
and takes a stance.
qualities:
It is specific: A thesis statement must concentrate It must show confidence: In addition to using
on a specific area of a general topic. The creation force in your thesis statement, you must also
of a thesis statement begins when you choose a
broad subject and then narrow down its parts until JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
use confidence in your claim. Phrases such as I importance of proper nutrition. Your article should
feel or I believe actually weaken the readers’ not exceed 400 words.
sense of your confidence because these phrases Adolescents who eat unhealthily are more likely to
imply that you are the only person who feels develop mental and physical health problems than
the way you do. In other words, your stance those with good diets, according to the Deakin
has insufficient backing. Taking an authoritative University study, which was published today in the
stance on the matter persuades your readers to journal PLoS One. All children and adolescents
have faith in your argument and open their minds need healthy snacks and meals to support their
to what you have to say. growth and development. A nutrient-rich diet
plays an important role in a child’s mental and
In summary, a proper essay requires a thesis physical development. Unfortunately, nutritional
statement to provide a specific focus and suggest deficiencies can occur in teenagers when their
how the essay will be organized. diets include an excess of foods that are high
• A thesis statement is your interpretation of the in fat, sugar and salt. Teens who do not eat a
subject, not the topic itself. varied diet risk long-term health consequences.
Therefore, switching to a better diet is essential for
► A strong thesis is specific, precise, forceful, promoting good physical and mental health.
confident, and is able to be demonstrated.
I have colour-coded the opening sentence in red,

► A strong thesis challenges reader with a point
the context in green and the thesis in blue.
of view that can be debated and supported with
evidence.
ACTIVITY
► A weak thesis is simply a declaration of your
topic or contains an obvious fact that cannot
It is now your turn to write your own introduction
be supported.
using the outline that you created last week. When
you have done so use different highlighters to
► Depending on your topic, it may or may not be
identify your opening sentence, your context and
appropriate to use first person point of view.
your thesis.
► Revise your thesis by ensuring all words

We will explore the body of the essay in the next
are specific, all ideas are exact, and all verbs
lesson.
express action.
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION Until next week.

You have noticed that several of your classmates
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of
are displaying poor eating habits. Write an article
St. Hugh’s High School.
to be published in your school newspaper on the
 E-mail: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
Lesson 19
ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
Hello Everyone. This lesson we continue looking at APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS. Specifically, we explore ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION.
The diagrams below help to depict the differences between the two types of angles:
Consider an observer viewing an object that is not in his current horizontal line of sight…meaning it isn’t exactly
straight ahead of him/her.
If the object is above his normal view, then it is within an “elevated” line of side…basically, he/she has to look up.
The angle formed between his “normal horizontal view” and the “elevated view” is the angle of elevation.
Elevated Line of Sight
Angle of Elevation Horizontal Line of Sight

Angle of Depression
Depressed Line of Sight

Observer
Alternatively, consider an observer viewing an object that is not in his current horizontal line of sight…meaning it
isn’t exactly straight ahead of him/her.
If the object is below his normal view then it is within an “depressed” line of sight…basically he/she has to look
down.
The angle formed between his “normal horizontal view” and the “depressed view” is the angle of depression
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
Usually, on an exam paper, stickmen are not used to represent the observers. We do not always have
the observer in the diagram unless we are asked to consider his/her height when solving the problem.
However, since it is trigonometry, we will have many triangles to represent the information given.
Below is a typical view of how the angles of elevation and depression are represented on an exam. It is
important to note where each of them falls on the diagram to ensure you use the correct trigonometric
applications when solving.
Point to Note: When working with right-angled triangles such as those showed below, the angle of
elevation and depression as shown are equal in value since they form what is usually called ‘Z’ angles
or alternate angle. The two lines labelled ‘horizontal line of sight’ would be parallel and the line labelled
‘actual line of sight’ would act as the transversal.
Horizontal Line of Sight

Angle of Depression
Actual Line of Sight
Angle of Elevation


Angle of Depression
Actual Line of Sight
Angle of Elevation
EXAMPLE 1
Jonathan’s teacher asked him to do an experiment. He must determine the angle of the elevation of
the sun using the height of his house and the shadow it casts. He knows from previous research that
his building is approximately 12 feet tall. When he went outside to do his experiment, he measured the
length of the shadow cast by the building to be 7 feet. Having done his measurement of the shadow, he
now must calculate the angle of elevation of the sun at the time the shadow was cast.

SOLUTION
Step 1: Draw a diagram to represent the information given and identify what is to be calculated.
The horizontal line represents the ground

The vertical line represents the building
E represents the angle of elevation
12 ft
E
7 ft
Step 2: Choose the appropriate trigonometric ratio and write your equation to represent what
is on the diagram
Since this is a right-angled triangle and we know

the side adjacent to angle E and opposite angle E,
we will use the tangent ratio
Step 3: Solve

EXAMPLE 2
The angle of depression of an object on the ground from the point of view of an observer on top of a
building 20m away is 35 degrees. How far away is the object along the observer’s line of sight?
SOLUTION
Step 1: Draw a diagram to represent the information given and identify what is to be calculated.

35°
ALS = Actual Line of Sight
35°
O
20 m
The broken horizontal line represents the normal view. This must always be drawn when dealing with angles
of depression.
The vertical line represents the building.
The horizontal line of the triangle represents the ground.
O represents the object on the ground.

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
Lesson 19
CONSUMER AFFAIRS
This week’s lesson will cover:

✔ Terms or concepts associated with Consumer Affairs
✔ Answers for the terms/concepts
All individuals are consumers because we all acquire goods for either personal or domestic use.
Institutions and businesses are also consumers because they use goods and services.
CONCEPTS AND TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMER AFFAIRS
Instruction: Use the following concepts/terms to match with the correct definition below.
Black market Disposable income Luxuries

Budgeting Dividend Monopoly
Consumer Dumping Mortgage
Consumerism E-commerce Necessities
Consumer credits Economic goods Pricing
Consumer Goods Electronic transaction Producer Goods
Cost of Living Exchange rate Recycling
Credit Free Goods Saving
Credit card Goods Savings
Credit union Gross Income Services
Cultural industries Hire purchase Subsidy
Debit Card Investment Supply
Demand Income Sustainable Development
Depreciation Inflation Thrift
Devaluation Layaway Plan Withholding Tax
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
WORDS MEANING
1 This is all the actions that are aimed at protecting the consumer against
inferior or dangerous products as well as misleading advertisement and
unfair pricing. It also involves promoting consumer rights and providing
information so consumers can make informed decisions.
2 An estimate of an individual’s expenses and income over a specified
period of time.
3 This is a legal arrangement where individuals agree to borrow money from
a bank, credit union or mortgage company to purchase a house and pay it
back over several years.
4 This is the process whereby a business, whether small or large, sets the
price at which it will sell its products and services to consumers.
5 This is where an individual, a group of persons or a business puts money
into a financial institution
6 This is the act of setting aside money usually in a financial institution for
future use.
7 All the tangible products consumers use to satisfy their needs and wants.
Examples: house, food, car, clothes.
8 This is an agreement whereby goods, services or money are exchanged
with the promise to pay later for a period agreed upon by both parties.
9 Economic activity which takes place outside the government's laws and
regulations. These transactions usually occur “under the table” to enable
participants to avoid government price controls or taxes.
10 Trading or business transactions completed online or using the internet.
For example, online banking and purchasing airline tickets online.
11 This is a credit system whereby the seller/retailer keeps the item the
consumer wants, while the consumer puts a deposit on the item and then
makes regular payments until the purchase price is met.
12 This is where a consumer buys or sells something using the internet. It is
also where money is used electronically, especially over the internet:
13 This is how an individual uses money and other resources carefully and
not wastefully.
14 This is the portion of the gross income that is left after taxes and after all
other compulsory deductions have been made from an individual’s gross
income.
15 This is the rate at which the price for goods and services in an economy is
rising over a period of time and the decline in the purchasing power of the
currency.
16 This is the quantity of goods or services that consumers are willing or able
to buy at a certain price and at a certain time.

17 This is a financial institution that is owned and managed by its members.

18 The official or deliberate reduction in a country’s official exchange rate,
relative to other countries.
19 The amount of goods sellers have and are willing to offer for sale at a
particular time.
20 This money is paid quarterly, every six months or yearly by a company to
its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).
21 Actions are performed to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers.
Example: providing transportation to the public.
22 The price for which a country's currency can be exchanged for another
country’s currency.
23 These are goods which consumers do not have to pay for and are
available in unlimited quantities. Example: air and sunlight.
24 This is a type of credit system whereby the buyer/consumer is allowed to
pay for the item with interest applied in regular installments while using
the item.
25 The amount of money an individual receives for his/her income before
taxes or any deductions are withdrawn.
26 These are scarce goods, for which consumers have to pay the price to get
these goods.
27 This allows eligible users to borrow money or buy goods and services on
credit up to a predetermined limit. The cardholder/owner can choose to
pay the balance owed without paying interest or pay part of the balance
and pay interest on the remaining balance.
28 Reusing a product beyond the purpose for which it was intended.
29 This type of card is connected to an individual’s savings, chequing or
money market account through an electronic system. This card allows the
purchaser to pay for goods and services without using cash.
30 The price of basic consumer goods and services such as food, electricity,
water, shelter, medicine and clothing, required for maintaining a minimal
standard of life.
31 These goods are used to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers
directly and are available in the form in which consumers wish to consume
the goods. Examples of this type of goods are: items of clothing, food
items, and appliances.
32 These are items which are used to make other goods. Examples include
raw materials such as the ingredients for flour used to make bread.
33 Short-term loans used for purchasing durable goods such as furniture,
cars, household appliances, and services.
34 The money which an individual receives from investments, work, or rent.

35 Individuals, businesses, or institutions that use goods and services for his/
her wants and needs.
36 Tax levied on income earned from interest and dividends.
37 The reduction in the exchange value of a country’s currency, which occurs
when the value of foreign exchange rises due to scarcity.
38 Money paid by the government to producers and businesses, to lower the
cost of goods and services to make it more affordable to consumers.
39 Industries that produce goods and services that are of a cultural nature.
40 Development which takes place that satisfies the immediate needs of
consumers, without negatively affecting the needs of future generations.
41 Money which has been set aside for future use.
42 A single business or producer that controls the supply of goods or services
in a market. Example utility companies.
43 These are goods and services that consumers do not need to survive. The
demand is usually not very high.
44 Goods and services that consumers need for survival. Demand is usually
fixed or stable.
45 Exporting goods for much lower than the home market price, with the aim
being to force competitors out of the market, thereby reducing or limiting
consumers' ability to choose between competing products.
ANSWERS
ACTIVITY # 1: DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Consumerism 16 Demand 31 Consumer Goods
2. Budgeting 17 Credit union 32 Producer Goods
3. Mortgage 18 Devaluation 33 Consumer Credit
4. Pricing 19 Supply 34 Income
5. Investment 20 Dividend 35 Consumer
6. Saving 21 Services 36 Withholding Tax
7. Goods 22 Exchange rate 37 Depreciation
8. Credit 23 Free Goods 38 Subsidy
9. Black market 24 Hire purchase 39 Cultural industries
10. E-commerce 25 Gross Income 40 Sustainable development
11. Layaway Plan 26 Economic goods 41 Savings
12. Electronic transaction 27 Credit Card 42 Monopoly
13 Thrift 28 Recycling 43 Luxuries
14 Disposable income 29 Debit Card 44 Necessities
15 Inflation 30 Cost of Living 45 Dumping
Have a happy and safe week!
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace.  E-mail: charmief2@yahoo.com

THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday February 14, 2023 Page 16
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
Lesson 19
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
ow are you doing? I want you to take a few seconds and to be mindful of what you are doing
H right at this moment. Take a deep breath. Pause. Close your eyes if you have to. But, try and
be present. Now, answer the question, how are you doing?
Today we continue to explore the world of programming! Let us begin with a review of programming
languages, generations of programming languages, and the syntax of programming.
Watch the following video before attempting the starter activity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZ21tCTSuCI
– generations of programming languages
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpk67YzOn5w
– computer languages (ones and zeroes)
STARTER ACTIVITY
Circle the flower that Beebot will end at when you press this algorithm:
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Check your answer at the end of the lesson.
The objective of today’s lesson is for you to be able to:

• Translate an algorithm into a high level program
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VPvQ_dXMhw – introduction to Pascal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2l5WpP49ms – Pascal syntax
For your SBA, you are allowed to use either Visual Basic, Pascal or C
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Algorithms are designed to solve problems. Programming languages are used to implement
algorithms. They create the programs (software) that communicate instructions to a computer.
There are many different types of programming languages. But

they all have the ability to:
• input data from a device such as a keyboard
• output data to a device such as a screen
• process calculations like addition and subtraction
• process decisions based on certain conditions being met
• process repetition for a certain number of times, or while a

condition is met, or until a condition is met
Languages are defined as human-readable or machine-readable.

Human-readable instructions are encoded in a language that humans can use and understand,
while machine-readable instructions are in a language that computers understand, and are in binary
code.
Languages are also described as high level or low level. Low-level languages, such as assembly
language, more closely reflect the mechanical workings of the CPU.
High-level languages include Java, JavaScript, C++, BASIC, PASCAL or Python, while low-level
languages include Assembly language, and machine code.
A computer’s CPU only understands (executes) series of binary numbers - so all

programming languages are converted into binary code. Low-level instructions can
be processed more speedily than high-level languages, but they are more difficult
for people to read and write.
For major web applications and powerful games, developers need to know how
to code in low-level languages in order to maximise the speed and efficiency of a
program. Modern games are typically programmed using a variety of languages.

QUESTION
Let us look at a question asking you to write a program using PASCAL
The Customs Department uses a program to compute the duties and taxes to be
paid on used cars imported into the country.
1 All cars pay a duty of 40% of the landed value of the car (cost of vehicle plus shipping
charges).
2. All cars with an engine capacity of 2000 cc and above pay a luxury tax of 10% of the
landed value of the car.
3. Cars with an engine capacity below 2000 cc are not charged any luxury tax.
For EACH car, the program will compute the customs duties to be paid, luxury tax to be paid and the
total duties and taxes.
(a) Write a PASCAL code to declare the duties rate and luxury tax rate. [2 marks]
(b) Draw a flow chart to check the engine size of a car and compute the luxury tax to be
paid. Use the variable car_val to store the value of the car and the variable engine to
store the size of the car engine. [5 marks]
(c) Write PASCAL code to declare THREE variables with meaningful names to be used in
the program. [3 marks]
(d) Write PASCAL code to initialize the variable that will contain the total duties and taxes
to zero (0). [2 marks]
(e) Write PASCAL code to calculate the duty to be paid on the car. Use the variables you
declared. [2 marks]
QUESTION ANALYSIS
(a) CONST
dutyRate = 0.40;
luxRate = 0.10;
CONST means the variables will contain values that will not change for the
duration of the program. Remember your semi colons. The 2 marks are for correctly naming and
assigning the values to the variables.

(b) This is one of

the reasons
you have to be
able to write an
algorithm using
pseudocode,
flowcharts and
PASCAL. You
could be asked
a question to
write a flowchart
and codes in
PASCAL, similar
to this one.
You score marks from the correct use of the symbols. You will also get marks for what you write
in the symbols. However you will be penalised for writing the wrong statement in the wrong box.
For example, placing an assignment statement in an input box is telling the examiner that you are
guessing (that you do not know the symbols).
(c) VAR LuxTAX, DUTY, TOTAL: real;
Here, you will get 2 marks for having named 3 variables; and then the other mark for declaring them
as real data type. Again, remember the semi colon.
(d) TOTAL := 0;
One mark for the variable name and one mark for zero (0) being assigned to the variable.
(e) DUTY := car_val * dutyRate

Please note that it is okay to use whether an argument is logical (true) in the
other variable names than the scenario.
ones used in the demonstration. The rows of a basic truth table contain
We only advise that you use the Boolean logic true or false values, while the
names that tells what the variables columns list the premises of a scenario as well
are storing. DO not use names like ‘CAT’ or as the conclusion. A simple truth table contains a
‘TRUCK’ (for example) unless these variables will single scenario and lists the valid statement and
be storing cat and truck, respectively. The variable its negation.
name should give an idea of the data it stores. On the other hand, a trace table is a technique
used to test algorithms, in order to make sure
EXAMINER’S TIP that no logical errors occur whilst the algorithm is
being processed. They are used to teach students
When you write code, it’s easy to make a mistake.
how a certain algorithm works and the systematic
Coding mistakes are called bugs.
process that is occurring when the algorithm is
Imagine you have written some code to make executed.
a game. You want your robot to move forwards
when you press the arrow key, but the robot goes Let us explore the use of these two essential
backwards! tools in programming!
When your code goes wrong, you need to check

your algorithm and then check your code. When TRUTH TABLES
you have found and fixed your mistakes you can
try the game again. If you follow the rules of the logic AND & OR,
you will be able to complete any truth table,
which is basically a diagram in rows and
TRUTH TABLE VS TRACE TABLE? columns, showing the truth or falsity of outputs
from all possible combinations of input.
Example # 1:
Complete the ‘CW and Test’ column in the
following table where 1 will represent ‘Pass’ and
0 will represent ‘Fail’.
Course Work (CW) Test CW and Test
0 0
0 1
1 0
A truth table is a logically-based mathematical 1 1
table that illustrates the possible outcomes of a This means that if student has failed the CW
scenario. The truth table contains the truth values and failed the test, then CW and Test would
that would occur under the premises of a given be zero, which would represent an overall fail.
scenario. As a result, the table helps visualize The answer would be: 0 0 0 1, because the


rule stated ‘AND’. The output is 1, only if all Using the following program, copy and complete
the inputs are 1. In other words, CW and Test the trace table.
is ‘pass’, only when Test is ‘pass’ and CW is
Program trace;
‘pass’.
Course var x,y,z :integer;
Work (CW) Test CW and Test begin
0 0 0 writeln(‘x y z’);
0 1 0 y:= 3;
1 0 0 z:= 2;
For x := 1 to 4 do
1 1 1 begin
This is the only statement y:= y + x;
that is true based on the z:= y * 2;
AND condition writeln(x, ‘ “ y, ‘ “ z);
end;
The examiner would be checking for the correct writeln(‘ At end of program y = ‘ ,y, ‘z = , ,z);
output for each combination of input. Therefore, if end.
you find yourself stuck at one of the outputs, still
complete the ones you remember/know. ANSWER:
TRACE TABLES X Y Z
Trace table is a concept that will be tested in the 3
examination. It is testing your ability to analyse 2
the likely outputs from a program given certain 1 4 8
inputs. When you are able to successfully and
2 6 12
accurately complete a trace table you know that
3 9 18
you understand programming..
Here is a video helping you to understand trace 4 13 26
tables a bit better:
For this question, the examiner is testing your
understanding of the FOR loop. Hence they will
be checking for the value in each variable as
https://www.youtube.com/
the program loops. The answers are objective;
watch?v=UbANyxE7pGE
however you will not be penalised more than once
– trace tables
for an error. In other words, if you made an error
PRACTICE QUESTION # 1
say at when x = 1 you put y = 5 instead of 4, this
x y z will obviously throw off the other answers. The
examiner will only take off one mark for the y = 5.
TEST YOURSELF!

What’s your answer? Compare with this… 1 mark for each correct answer.
Updates Messages Flash Earned
Yes/No
Let me
10 10 No know whether you have
10 50 Yes questions. Have a good week and
keep practising
50 10 No
50 50 Yes
SAMPLE EXAM QUESTION


Conclusion
The mastery of problem solving and programming comes with practise.
ONLINE QUIZ
To give you an opportunity to review the syllabus, and what you should have
learned over the last year or 2, here is a link to YouTube channel where the
presenter went through some multiple choice questions taken from various
past papers. Test your knowledge:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5OSghDC9Ic
The video is more than 15 mins long, but it is very informative. It will be a time
well spent
This is where we will stop for today’s lesson. I trust your confidence in the
topic is improving, as this topic is vital to your SBA and Paper 2 in your
examination. Next week we will review the requirements and guidelines for the SBA. Until then, keep
practising!
Word to the wise: Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Wishing is not enough; we must do. –
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
STARTER ACTIVITY ANSWER:

SAMPLE ANSWER a - Knowledge
b - Information
c – Data
d - Data
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy in Kingston. Her
email is teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com.
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with

Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.
 E-mail: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
Lesson 19
HEALTH AND DISEASE
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1. What is good health
2. What is a communicable disease
3. What a non-communicable disease These are diseases that can be transmitted by
4. Infectious and pathogenic diseases various means such as the spread from one
5. Types of communicable and non-
person to another person through a variety of
communicable diseases
6. Ovarian cancer ways that include: contact with bodily fluids,
7. Know what are the mental disorders breathing in an airborne virus or by being bitten
8. State the difference between signs and by an insect. Physical contact with an infected
symptoms person such as through touch, sexual intercourse,
9. Know what is ovarian cancer
oral transmission, droplets or contact with a
contaminated surface or object, food borne,
blood, bites from insects or animals are capable
WHAT IS GOOD HEALTH? of transmitting the disease which can also travel
According to the World Health Organization, through the air.
health is a state of complete physical, social and
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
mental well-being and not just the absence of
disease or infirmity. It includes the ability to lead Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by
a “socially and economically” productive life. A harmful agents (pathogens) that get into your
person is not considered to be healthy if one or body. The most common causes are viruses,
more of these components are missing. Health bacteria, fungi and parasites. Infectious diseases
can also be defined as a condition of being sound usually spread from person to person, through
in body, mind or spirit, especially freedom from contaminated food or water and through bug
physical disease and pain. bites. Some infectious diseases are minor
Good health is more than being free from disease. and some are very serious. The flu, measles,
It is having a positive outlook on life and feeling HIV, streptococcus throat disease, COVID-
good physically. To enjoy good health, a person 19, salmonella tuberculosis gonorrhea syphilis
needs proper shelter, nutrition, exercise, sleep and chlamydia are all examples of infectious
and rest. Good hygiene and access to medical diseases. Cancer, diabetes, congestive heart
and social care are also important. So, are you in
good health?
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
failure and Alzheimer’s disease are all examples These include diseases such as Schistosoma,
of noninfectious diseases. chorea and or typhoid or you may get diarrhea.
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
PATHOGENIC DISEASES
Chronic noncommunicable diseases are the
A pathogen is any organism that causes diseas- number one cause of death and disability in the
es to its hosts. Common pathogens are viruses, world. Noncommunicable diseases, also known
bacteria and fungi. The human body’s immune as chronic diseases, tend to be long-term and are
system acts as a defense against pathogens. The the result of a combination of genetic, physiologi-
body can easily fight some pathogens, but others cal, environmental and behavioural factors. These
are potentially fatal. are diseases that cannot be transmitted from one
person to another. These diseases include, dia-
TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES betes, cardiovascular disease such basic stroke
diseases, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases
such as asthma.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) usually pass
from one person to another through sexual contact. TYPES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Most are fairly common; effective treatment is
available, especially in the early stages. These are nutritional diseases caused by an
inadequate or unbalance diet. One or more
FUNGAL INFECTIONS essential food nutrients are lacking or in short
Fungi are common in the environment, and people supply. These include carbohydrates, protein,
breathe in or come in contact with fungal spores vitamins and minerals in the diet. A lack of protein
every day without getting sick. However, in people causes kwashiorkor, Vitamin A, night blindness,
with weakened immune systems, these fungi are vitamin C scurvy and a lack of vitamins D and
more likely to cause an infection. Anyone can get calcium cause rickets in children.
a fungal infection, even people who are otherwise
healthy. Many fungal infections are opportunistic NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES
infections. Opportunistic infections are infections These are nutritional diseases caused by an
that happen because a person’s immune system inadequate or unbalance diet. One or more
is weakened. These illnesses can be caused essential food nutrients are lacking or in short
by bacteria, viruses, or fungi e.g. ringworm and supply. These include carbohydrates, protein,
athletes foot. vitamins and the mineral in the diet. A lack of
protein cause kwashiorkor, Vitamin A, night
WATER BORNE DISEASES blindness, vitamin C scurvy and a lack of vitamins
D and calcium cause rickets in children.
People get these diseases by drinking
contaminated water that contains human faeces,
which contain pathogenic organisms. If you drink
contaminated water you can get a host of diseases. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
INHERITED DISORDERS
These disorders are caused by genes and can DEPRESSION.
therefore be passed from parent to child. These
diseases are inherited genetically from both Depression is a mood disorder that causes a per-
parents. These diseases include albinism, colour sistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It
blindness, sickle cell anemia, Down’s syndrome, affects how you feel, think and behave and can
and arthritis. Cancer is a disease that can either be lead to a variety of emotional and physical prob-
genetic or environmental. Environmental means it lems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-
depends on your sedimentary life style. day activities and sometimes you may feel life is
not worth living.
LIFESTYLE DISEASES
Lifestyle diseases are diseases whose existence

NEUROSIS
is basically linked with day to day habits of the life
of an individual. Lifestyle diseases share risk fac-
People who suffer from these mental depressed
tors similar to prolonged exposure to three mod-
moods suffer from feelings of guilt, envy and anx-
ifiable lifestyle behaviours. Smoking, unhealthy
iety more frequently than normal. The person with
diet and physical inactivity can result in the de-
neurosis can be sensitive to their environmen-
velopment of chronic diseases, specifically heart
tal stress. These people may see a situation as
disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syn-
a major threat every day. Situations that may be
drome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
seen by others as simple may become problemat-
and some types of cancer.
ic and lead to misery. An individual with neurosis
may be self-conscious and shy. They many inter-
MENTAL DISORDERS nalise fears and other neurotic traits such as anxi-
ety, panic, aggression, negativity, depression and
These disorders affect a person’s mind, but may feeling of unhappiness. The sickness may impair
be accompanied by physical symptoms. Emo- a person’s functioning in virtually any area of his
tions, thoughts, memories, personal and social life, relationships or external affairs, but they are
behaviour can be affected. These are diseases of not severe enough to incapacitate the person. Af-
the mind. fected patients generally do not suffer from the
loss of the sense of reality seen in persons with
They include:
psychoses.
ANXIETY
Anxiety is a mental disorder or condition that af- STRESS

fects one’s health. Anxiety makes it difficult to get
through your day easily. Symptoms include feel-
According to the WHO Stress can be defined as
ing nervous, panic, fear as well as sweating and
any type of change that causes physical, emo-
a rapid heartbeat. Treatment include medication.
Your doctor can design a proper treatment plan
for you if you suffer from anxiety.
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
tional or psychological tension. Stress is your

body’s response to anything that requires attention Ovarian cancer usually goes undetected until it
or action. Everyone experiences stress to some spread to the uterus and pelvis. At this stage, the
degree. The way you respond to stress, however, cancer is more difficult to be treated and may lead
makes a big difference to your overall well-being. to death. At the early stage of ovarian cancer, in
Stress is any reaction to challenging situation or which the disease is confined to the ovary, it is
request; stress can be good or bad. Stress can be more likely to be treated successfully. Women with
good, like when you avoid danger. If stress lasts ovarian cancer usually do not have any symptoms
for a long time, it can affect your health. or just mild symptoms until the disease is at an
advanced stage and hard to be treated. Treatment
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS is usually a surgery followed by treatment with
medicines called chemotherapy.
Diseases are diagnosed either by signs or
symptoms. Signs are the things that a person or
patient can see or observe, while symptoms are
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OVARIAN CANCER MAY
felt by a person or patient, they cannot be seen INCLUDE:
or observed. Some examples of signs are bleed-
► Discomfort in the pelvis area
ing nose, spots or rash on the skin, increase in
body temperature etc. Symptoms include pain, ► Pain in lower abdomen
headache, fever, chill, heat, cold, nausea and
dizziness. ► Bleeding from the vagina
► Weight gain or loss

OVARIAN CANCER ► Abnormal periods
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts in
► Unexplained back pain that gets worse
the tissues of the ovaries. The cells grow and
reproduce uncontrollably, producing a lump of ► Abdominal bloating or swelling
tissue known as a tumour. Women fifty (50) years
old and over are usually more susceptible to ► Changes in bowel habits, such as
ovarian cancer especially if they do not have any constipation
children. Young women are also prone to ovarian
cancer. The cause of ovarian cancer is not known ► A need for frequent urination
even though women with family members who
► Loss of appetite
have suffered from this cancer are at a high risk
of getting the cancer. Other women who are at
risk include, women who are infertile, age, having
a menstrual cycle at an early or late age, women
Leroy Munroe is on staff of the
who have a problem with the tissues that line the
Trench Town Polytechnic College.
uterus grows outside the uterus (endometriosis)  E-mail: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
and women with short or irregular menstrual
cycles.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
Lesson 19
with
Treisa Cornwall
MARKETING
MARKET:
This is any situation that brings buyers and sellers together. Whenever there’s a demand for a
product/ commodity a market will exist. A market is simply more than a place where buyers and
sellers meet, it is any situation that allows buyers and sellers to interact.
MARKETING:
This is a function of management that is concerned with identifying,
anticipating and establishing the needs of consumers for a profit. It therefore becomes a two-way
process involving the producer and the consumer.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING

This has become an important trend in marketing, businesses create their presence on social media
platforms and websites to promote their products/services. Organisations communicate with their
customers directly. Businesses will post updates about their products (videos, pictures), promotional
activities, customer reviews and answers to customers’ queries on their social media page. This helps
to build brand identity and awareness for the business.
INTEGRATED MARKETING
This is a new concept in marketing, it involves communication and planning that recognises the
added value of a product/service. It is also a strategy aimed at unifying different marketing methods
such as mass marketing, direct marketing and one-to-one marketing. These are achieved through
television advertisements, radio jingles, print advertisements (newspaper, magazines, and flyers) and
the internet.
THE TABLE BELOW OUTLINES MARKETING ACTIVITIES MARKETING MIX

Marketing Activity Explanation
Market Research This is the collection and interpretation of facts in an attempt to identify
consumers and factors affecting their behaviour in order to make accurate
management decisions.
Consumer tastes This is finding out the preference and characteristics of consumers in the
varying market segment
Competition Being aware of your rivals in the market who are selling similar goods to your
business. What goods/services they sell? How they achieve their share of
the market? What are their pricing strategies? How do they promote their
products? What are the features of their products?
Consumer The behaviour that customers display when searching for, purchasing and the
behaviour evaluation of products/services that will satisfy or meet their expectations.
Pricing The amount of money charged for the good/service. Pricing should consider
how much consumers are willing and able to pay for the product.
Packaging The material manufacturers use to wrap or protect their goods for storage,
transportation, distribution and retailing. It also offers features such as
information on product use, recycling etc.
Branding How a business creates its own unique design, name and image that will
distinguish it from that of its competitors.
Sales promotion These are the short-term incentives and steps a business will take to increase
sales. Examples: contests, price reduction, guess the riddle etc.

Advertising This is used to communicate information about their products to customers. It

sends messages via varying platforms (social media, newspaper, television,
radio) about the products that will convince consumers to purchase it.
Distribution Getting the product to the desired consumers at the right time, quantity, price
and place as quickly and as affordable as possible. It also involves transporting
the product, points and methods of sale.
MARKETING MIX
This is a collective term used to refer to the whole range of marketing activities, techniques and
strategies that a firm uses to reach its target market. The variables of the marketing mix are referred
to as the 4 P’s.
THE MARKETING MIX
ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX

1. Product: this refers to the type of goods or services, e.g. quality, size, design,
packaging.
2. Price: this refers to the amount the product is sold for, including
discounts, credit terms and special offers.
3. Promotion: this refers to the firm’s way of making customers aware of the product’s
existence, its availability and quality.
4. Place: this refers to how the firm will get the product to customers so that
they can conveniently make purchase.

NB: When developing a product, the entrepreneur/producer must have a clear idea of their target
market, as this will assist them in their product design, features, incorporated technology, taste,
colours and method/s of advertising and sales promotions.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

• Price- this speaks to the amount of money the commodity will sell for. Price will deter-
mine how much of that good/service consumers will purchase.
• Price of substitutes – any change in price will result in consumers switching to
another product that can be substituted for or is similar to that product. For example, a change
in the price of tomatoes will see consumers switching to ketchup.
• Quality – consumers demand quality products, hence they are usually willing to pur-
chase products that they believe will give them value for their money.
• Taste- Persons have preferences and differences in taste.
• Tradition – the type of goods/services used within a family structure can be passed
down from one generation to another and will help to determine the type of goods consumers
will purchase.
• Income - the amount of money a person earns will affect his/her ability to purchase.
• Spending patterns – what consumers purchase and how much they are likely to
spend.
• Brand loyalty- being faithful to a brand, especially if consumers have a good expe-
rience, will see them continue to purchase that product. They will overtime expect a certain
standard, quality and excellent customer service.
PACKAGING
Packaging is the wrapper or container in which the product is packed. Packaging was at first used
simply to protect in-transit, but manufactures soon realised the value of the packaging for identifying
and advertising the product. Today, almost as much care is taken when designing and packaging
anything, from a scent bottle to a paperback novel as against advertising on radio, press or television.
PACKAGING MATERIAL
Wood Metal Foil
Paper Plastic
Glass Cardboard

FEATURES OF A GOOD PACKAGE

1. Ease of identification/brand recognition: when placed alongside similar products on store
shelves.
2. Conveniences, appropriateness and attractiveness: this is easy to handle, appropriate for the
intended usage, with shape, colour and style carefully planned.
3. Protection/preservation of the product: this helps to protect and preserve the contents of the
product.
4. Product Visibility: use of glass container and other visual-aids allows customers to see what is
contained in a product.
5. Information for the customer: provides information about the product that can be vital.
6. The possibility of re-use. The recycling ability reduces the incidence of waste and keeps costs
down.
7. Protection of the end user: it is important that manufacturers use packaging materials that are
especially child friendly (prevents kids from opening unsafe items) and tamper resistant that will
prevent people from interfering with the product.
Businesses are required by law to include certain information on product packaging (labelling
regulation), these include:
✔ The name of the company that makes the product
✔ The ingredients contained in the product
✔ Country the product was made in (country of origin)
✔ Health and safety features of the product
✔ A bar code

BRANDING
Brand A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of these which
serve to distinguish one product from another.
Brand Name Is that part of the brand that can be vocalised e.g. Avon, Kool Aid.
Brand Mark That part of the brand that is given legal protection. This means that it cannot be used
by another.
Copyright Are the exclusive rights to reproduce, publish and sell forms of literacy, musical or
artistic work.
REASONS FOR BRANDING

1. To control a section of the market by building brand loyalty.
2. To gain control over different products in a product line.
3. To provide legal protection for ownership rights.
4. To be able to promote the products easily through advertising.
5. To promote the firm’s image by using the name of the firm as a brand.
ADVANTAGES OF BRANDING
1. Memory recall is assisted.
2. Acceptance of a product by wholesalers and retailers due to branding.
3. Self-selection is facilitated and this is important in self-serve stores.
4. Display space is more easily obtained.
5. Special promotions are more practicable.
DISADVANTAGES OF BRANDING
1. Branding may lead to monopolising of a product and hence increases the price to the
consumers.
2. The success of some brands has itself become a major disadvantage. This is in part due to the
fact that the brand name of some products has become so popular that their distinctiveness has been
threatened or eroded. (Colgate for toothpaste)
TYPES OF BRAND NAMES

Individual Brand Name: A different brand name is given to each product that is manufactured by
the firm.
Family Brand Name: One brand name is given to all the products manufactured by a firm

Combination Brand Names

Different groups of products are given different brand names. E.g. Mead Johnson brands its whole
range of baby products under the name “Johnsons” and its diet supplement for gaining weight under
“Nutriment”
Brand Awareness and Social Media

Social media has become a popular method used by businesses in reaching and building brand
awareness among its customers. This online space is used to share information and create ideas and
contents. It is very cost effective and the business is able to reach a global audience 24 hours per day
7
days per week. The most popularly used platforms are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram. The
main
influence Social media has on businesses is that it helps in building groups with common interests at
heart and keeps them up to date with what’s happening in the business.
FEATURES OF A GOOD BRAND

1. The name should be catchy and suggest something about the use and benefits of the product.
E.g.
Teal tree oil (Suggests oil from teal tree) and Head and Shoulder Shampoo (suggest hair
growth).
2. A brand name should suggest product qualities such as colour, flavour or taste e.g. Hot pepper
sauce (hot sauce).
3. It should be easy to pronounce and remember. E.g. Grace.
4. It should be distinctive. E.g. Benz, Porsche, Audi, Honda
See https://youtu.be/Mco8vBAwOmA
Next Lesson will be a continuation of marketing where we will look at sales promotion and selling
techniques.
Treisa Cornwall is on the staff of

St Andrew Technical High School.
 E-mail: treisacornwall@gmail.com
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
Lesson 19
BOOKS OF ORIGINAL (PRIME)

ENTRY
Examiners normally require extensive knowledge of the various subsidiary books (books of prime entry)
and the source documents used to prepare them. The following are the major books of original entry
and the relevant source documents from which they are usually prepared.
SUBSIDIARY BOOK (Book of Original Entry) SOURCE DOCUMENT(S) USED
Sales Journal Sales Invoices

Purchases Journal Purchase Invoices
Returns Inward (Sales Returns) Journal Credit Notes issued by the firm
Returns Outward (Purchases Returns) Journal Credit Notes received (or Debit Notes sent) by the firm
Cash Book Receipts, Cheques, Deposit Slips, Bank Statements
Petty Cash Book Petty Cash Vouchers
General Journal Various documents, including debit notes
Tutorial Note:- The cash book is both a ledger and a journal at the same time. It is a ledger in
that it observes the double entry principle when recording receipts and payments. The cash and bank
columns are therefore part of the double entry process. The cash book also acts as a journal by listing
cash discounts until at the end of the period when the totals are transferred to the general ledger. The
discount columns in the cash book are therefore not part of the double entry system.
THE GENERAL JOURNAL

The journal is a form of diary in which certain transactions are entered before the actual entries are
made in the necessary ledger accounts. Having entered the transactions in the journal, the double
entry records must then be made in the necessary ledger accounts. The journal is therefore not a major
part of the double-entry system, since entering and item in the journal is not the same as recording the
transaction in the accounts.
The journal should give (for each transaction):

1. The name of the account(s) to be debited, including the amount(s);
2. The name of the account(s) to be credited, including the amount(s);
3. A brief description of the transaction, called a narration or a narrative.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

When writing up the journal, the name of the account to be debited must always be shown first.
The name of the account to be credited should not be written in the same margin as the one to be
debited; it should be indented.
FORMAT OF THE GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Particulars Folio Debit Credit
MAIN USES OF THE GENERAL JOURNAL

1. For the purchase and/or sale of fixed assets on credit
2. For writing off bad debts
3. For correction of errors
4. For opening, adjusting and closing entries
5. For set-offs and other transfers
FOLIO COLUMNS
a) Trade Debtors’ personal accounts are found in the Sales Ledger (SL).
b) Trade Creditors’ personal accounts are found in the Purchases Ledger (PL).
c) Cash and Bank accounts are found in the Cash Book (CB).
d) All other impersonal accounts, as well as the accounts of debtors and creditors who are not
considered trade debtors and/or trade creditors, are found in the General Ledger (GL).
Tutorial Note:- Trade debtors and trade creditors refer to debtors and creditors for goods.
EXERCISE
You are required to show the journal entries necessary to record the following transactions for January
2022, in the records of R. Parkinson, a grocer.
Jan 1 Bought furniture on credit from Courts Ltd. $5,000

5 Wrote off an amount of $400 owing by C. Guy as bad
7 Sold fixtures on credit to Best Deals Ltd. $2,000
11 Returned furniture to Courts Ltd. $500
15 J. Carson, who owed the firm $800, was unable to pay in cash, so Parkinson accepted some
furniture from him to cancel the debt.
16 Parkinson took $350 worth of goods out of the business at cost for personal use.
21 A private telephone bill was included in the business at a value of $400.

23 Best Deals Ltd. returned fixtures valued at $200.

25 A. Gentry, who owed the firm $600, managed to pay cash equivalent to 70 cents in the dollar,
but it became obvious that he would not be able to pay the remainder.
31 Parkinson replaced $250 worth of the goods taken on January 16.
HINT:- “70 cents in the dollar” means that, for every dollar owed by the debtor, he paid 70
cents.
SOLUTION

2022 $ $
Jan 1 Furniture GL
Courts Ltd. GL 5,000
To record fixed asset bought on credit. 5,000
Bad Debts GL
5
C. Guy SL 400
Being debt written off as bad. 400
7 Best Deals Ltd. GL
Fixtures GL 2,000
To record fixed asset sold on credit. 2,000
11 Courts Ltd. GL
Furniture GL 500
To record fixed asset returned to supplier. 500
15 Furniture GL
J. Carson SL 800
Being furniture accepted in settlement of debt 800
16 Drawings GL
Purchases GL 350
To record stock taken for personal use. 350
21 Drawings GL
Telephone Expense GL 400
To correct private bill entered in Telephone A/c 400
23 Fixtures GL
Best Deals Ltd. GL 200
To record fixtures returned by customer. 200
25 Cash CB
Bad Debts GL 420
A. Gentry SL 180

Re: Part-payment by debtor; balance written off 600

31 Purchases GL
Drawings GL 250
Part-replacement of goods taken for private use. 250
OPENING ENTRIES
These are the entries needed to open a new set of books, and can arise as a result of:
1. Assets and liabilities being carried forward to a new trading period
2. The conversion of single entry and incomplete records into double-entry book-keeping.
In preparing opening journal entries, all the assets are listed first and debited. The liabilities are
then indented since these are to be credited. It will often be necessary to determine the capital (by
deducting liabilities from assets) which should also be credited in the journal.
EXERCISE
M. Carter has been in business as a trader for many years, but without keeping proper records. He
now decides to implement a double-entry book-keeping system, and was able to provide the following
information relating to assets and liabilities at January 1, 2023:
$
Machinery 8,000
Motor Van 5,000
Stock 4,000
Debtors:
D. Bell 500
B. Cox 750
Creditors:
A. Stone 800
C. Adlam 400
Loan from Finance Ltd. 2,000
Cash at Bank 3,000
Cash in Hand 300
You are required to prepare Opening Journal Entries for the above.

SOLUTION
M. Carter’s General Journal

2023 $
Jan ! Machinery GL 8,000
Motor Van GL 5,000
Stock GL 4,000
Debtors:- D. Bell SL 500
:- B. Cox SL 750
Bank CB 3,000
Cash CB 300
Creditors:- A. Stone PL 800
:- C. Adlam PL 400
Loan from Finance Ltd. GL 2,000
Capital GL 18,350
To record opening entries. 21,550 21,550
Reminders: 1. Assets have debit balances, while liabilities and capital have credit.
2. Capital = Assets – Liabilities.
Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of

Quality Academics.
 E-mail: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
Lesson 19
THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

PART 3
Hello everyone! This is our third lesson on Unit 2 of Section C: Earth’s Place in the Universe where
we will be describing the various types of air masses, distinguishing among the four types of local
front and describing the characteristics of a cyclonic storm.
An air mass is a large volume of air having almost uniform water vapour content and temperature.
The source region is the surface (land, water body) over which an air mass forms.
Humidity is a measure of the quantity of water vapour present in the atmosphere.
An air mass takes on the characteristics (temperature and humidity) of the source region if it spends
a long enough time over that surface. Air masses are named for their distance from the Equator or
latitude (arctic – A, polar – P, tropical – T) and whether they are formed over the waters (maritime
– m) or over the land (continental – c). These names form the bases of a two-letter code system used
to identify the five types of air masses. Each type of air mass has its own identifying nature – humidity
and temperature.
✔ Arctic continental air masses are formed over arctic land areas like Siberia. Hence,
they are very dry and very cold.
✔ Polar continental air masses are formed over land areas near the poles like Canada.
Hence, they are dry and cold.
✔ Polar maritime air masses are formed over polar oceans like the Atlantic Ocean that is
east of Newfoundland. Hence, they are moist and cold.
✔ Tropical continental air masses are formed over tropical land areas like the Desert
Southwest of the United States of America. Hence, they are fairly dry and hot.
✔ Tropical maritime air masses are formed over tropical seas such as the Caribbean Sea
and the Gulf of Mexico. Hence, they are very moist and hot.
Weather changes as air masses constantly move over the surface of the Earth. As cool air masses
fall, they compress the air masses below them. This creates high pressure regions. Warm air masses
rise and spread out. This results in low pressure regions. Breezes are generated when air masses
move from high pressure regions to low pressure regions. Air movement results from convection
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

currents which are caused from temperature changes. During the night, land breezes form when
air moves from high pressure areas over the land to low pressure areas over the sea. During the
daytime, sea breezes form high pressure areas over the sea to low pressure areas over the land.
Anything found on the ground or in the air is transported by air mass movement. Many pollutants like
harmful gases, dust and volcanic ash are transported by these air masses.
 When fuels are burnt in vehicles, factories and homes many gaseous pollutants are
produced – carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. Most of them
(CO2, SO2, nitrogen oxides) will form acid rain when they combine with rain water. Carbon
monoxide is very dangerous as it is poisonous to the body. Some of these gases (SO2, NO2)
cause respiratory illnesses.
 Radioactive fallout due to nuclear explosions like the atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima in Japan and the Chernobyl eruption can be transported far and wide by the
movement of air masses. These pollutants have devastating effects on the living and non-living
components of our environment.
A frontal zone or weather front is a sharp boundary formed when air masses meet and the
difference in their temperatures intensifies.
When different air masses interact, they cause four fronts to develop and bring rain. Below is a table
showing the map symbols for the different fronts.
Cold fronts are formed where advancing cold, dry air masses meet and begin to displace warm,
moist air masses.
The warm air rises, condensation occurs, cumulonimbus clouds form. Before the cold front passes,
there is a rapid fall in air pressure and the surroundings are warm. As the cold front passes, the
clouds produce heavy rains that quickly end (5 to 15 hours) and may have thunderstorms. The
temperature falls and the wind changes direction. Frontal zones are common in the Caribbean.

Warm fronts are formed where advancing warm, moist air masses meet and begin to displace cold,
dry air masses.
Before the warm front passes, there is a gradual fall in air pressure, cirrus and stratus clouds cause
drizzling. As the warm front passes, nimbo-stratus clouds form and produce showers that last 10
to 25 hours. The temperature rises and the wind changes direction. Not common frontal zones in the
Caribbean.
Occluded fronts are formed when cold fronts that are moving fast catch up to and overtake warm
fronts that are moving slowly, lifting the warm fronts off the ground.
This results in the formation of clouds – cumulonimbus and then stratus. Separate cold and warm
fronts exist only high up in the atmosphere. Weather is usually fine or showery with steady rainfall. In
the Caribbean, occluded fronts are not common.
Stationary fronts are formed when passing cold fronts warm up to the point where there is no
difference in temperatures of the warm and cold air masses, therefore neither air mass advances.
The skies are clear or partly cloudy. There is prolonged light or heavy rainfall, stable temperature and
gentle winds associated with this front.
A cyclone is a region in the atmosphere with low pressure surrounded by winds that are rotating
inwards.
The eye of the storm is the very centre of a cyclone where the descending air is moist, still and
warm.

A vortex of a cyclone is an area of rapidly rising moist air found immediately around the eye.
Cyclones develop where different air masses meet. Eye of a cyclone is an area of calm having a low
pressure, usually 15km to 50km in diameter. Skies are usually clear (no rain or clouds) and there are
almost no winds. Another name for the vortex is Eyewall. It is a region of dense clouds resulting in
thunderstorms where the heaviest rain falls and the winds are violent.
Winds rotate in an anticlockwise direction in Northern Hemisphere and vice versa in Southern
Hemisphere. Wind speeds are measured in miles per hour (mph) or kilometres per hour (km/h).
TYPE OF CYCLONE Hurricanes Tropical depressions Tropical storms
WIND SPEED (mph) Greater than 74 Less than 38 Between 39 to 73
In the Caribbean the hurricane season starts June 1 and ends November 30 each year. There can be
an average of five hurricanes each season. In order to develop, hurricanes need:
 Winds from different directions meeting up
 Seas that have temperatures above 27degrees C (warm)
 Air near the surface of the sea must be almost saturated – contains a lot of water
vapour
The following preparations should be made for a hurricane:

✦ Pay attention to information given by the media (radio, television, print).
✦ Store water, non-perishable foods, essential medicines and batteries.
✦ Any loose objects in the yard are to be placed indoors.
✦ Fruits should be picked and trees near houses and/or powerlines trimmed.
✦ Gas tanks must be filled in case of emergency evacuation.
✦ Know where you and your family will take shelter if needed.
Damage caused by cyclones:

 Buildings (columns ripped away, glass walls shattered, roofs torn off, etc.) and bridges
are partially or fully destroyed by fast-moving winds.
 Flooding occurs as the tides rise due to the high-speed winds and the suction effect of
the vortex.
 Objects and/or humans like powerlines, animals, motor vehicles and trees are lifted into
the air because of the suction effect of the vortex.
 Boats can be damaged and/or swept away by ocean waves.

ACTIVITY
1. a] Define the following terms (i) weather front, (ii) air mass, (iii) vortex, (iv) warm front,
(v) occluded front and (vi) cyclone. 6 mks
b] Complete the table on air masses by filling in the blanks. 9 mks
2. a] Draw the map symbols for (i) warm front, (ii) stationary front, (iii) cold front and (iv)
occluded front. 4 mks
b] List SIX things to be done to prepare for a hurricane. 6 mks
c] Describe SIX examples of the damages that a hurricane can cause. 6 mks
KIND CODE HUMIDITY TEMPERATURE

cP
mT
cA
3. a] How can you know if there is a tropical depression, tropical storm or a hurricane on
its way? 3 mks
b] Carefully examine the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. 11 mks
(i) What kind of front is it? State the kinds of clouds that form.
(ii) Fill in the missing information on the diagram.
(iii) Describe what the weather is like.
Here are the answers to last week’s activity.
1) a] Organic fertiliser is a natural material that is added to soil to provide plants with
nutrients while increasing the health of the soil. Fossilization is the process whereby dead
organisms which do not fully decay form fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas and peat).

Inorganic fertiliser is a material consisting of mineral-based nutrients manufactured for

application on crops. Soil fertility is how well a soil provides the amount of nutrients, water and
air as well as the correct pH for plants to grow and reproduce.
(1 mark each) Total 4 marks
b] It improves the structure of soil by binding loose sand particles together and separating clay
particles that are stuck together. Humus will therefore improve the water-holding capacity of
sandy soils and the drainage of clay soils. Absorbs heat of sun due to the dark colour of humus
and so in spring, soil warms up quicker. Source of mineral ions that will be released into the
soil. Etc. (1 mark each) Total 4 marks
2) a] Organic fertilisers do not contain a lot of mineral ions while inorganic fertilisers
contain a lot of mineral ions. Organic fertilisers help improve soil structure as they improve
drainage and aeration while inorganic fertilisers do not improve the structure of soil as do not
change any of its features. Etc. (1 mark each) Total 4 marks
b] TWO physical properties of soil: mineral nutrients and pH; chemical properties of soil:
aeration (air), hydration (water), etc. (1 mark each) Total 4
marks
c] THREE processes: burning/combustion, photosynthesis, respiration, etc.
3) a] I – percolation, II – respiration, III – infiltration, IV – condensation, V – transpiration, VI

– evaporation, VII – precipitation (1 mark each) Total 7 marks
b] A – animals, B – plants, C – lakes, oceans, rivers, etc. D – rain, snow, etc.
See how well you did by working out your percentage.

Score: ___/30 Mark: ____%
Remember our theme. Until next time everyone. God Bless You!
Michelle Smith-Henry is on the staff of

Excelsior High School.
 E-mail: chellysmithus@gmail.com
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
Lesson 19
FOR THE LIFE OF

LAETITIA – PART 1
THE STORY
The events of the story begin in Sooklal Trace,
Balatier, a hilly village in rural Trinidad, where
Laetitia Johnson (a.k.a. Lacey), the main
character, lives with her extended family. There
is Ma, her grandmother, Pappy, her grandfather,
her uncles and their mates and children. Lacey’s
mother (Mammy Patsy) had gone to New York
to work and ‘find a better life’ and had left her in
the care of her grandparents. Lacey’s father was
estranged, in fact she had only seen him a few
times in her life. He lived in the city (La Puerta)
and had never made a great effort to be an active
part of her life, until now.
Lacey is an avid reader, and does very well at

school. She does so well at her studies that she
passes her examination and is awarded a place
at the government secondary school in La Puerta.
It was then that her father had appeared in Ma’s
front yard with the back seat of his car full of
presents, claiming that he wanted to take up his
responsibility as Lacey’s father and take her to
live with him in the city. Of course Ma is hesitant.
Welcome friends! Today’s lesson will feature Mr. Cephas had showed very little interest in his
Merle Hodge’s novel, For the Life of Laetitia, one daughter’s well-being before, but she knew that
of the prescribed texts on the syllabus. Since this she could not afford to send Lacey back and forth
book is a new addition to the syllabus, I will take from Sooklal Trace, every day to and from school.
the time to summarise it, then next week I will give After much chastisement from Ma, and a long
more information on such things as the various speech from Pappy, they release Lacey to her
themes in it and devices the writer uses as well
as lessons the reader can derive from the novel.
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
father, giving her enough fare to return home on be tired all the time and can barely keep her eyes
the weekend. open during classes. Still, she is determined to
stay in school, as she does not want to inherit the
The car ride down the mountain was not only life of washing, cooking and slaving away for her
uncomfortable, but it was also symbolic of the family, the way her mother does.
relationship between Lacey and her father. He Although Lacey gets along fairly well with Ms.
tried to make small talk and she did not know what Velma and she trains Michael into being less wild
to say to him; after all, apart from the few times and more respectful, it is difficult living in the city
they had met and he had fished in his pockets for with her new family. She misses her relatives in
a dollar to give her to buy ‘snow-cone’, they had Sooklal Trace and also tending to her own little
never really had a conversation. garden along with Uncle Leroy. When Mr. Cephas
In La Puerta, Lacey meets her father’s wife, Ms. was not trying to engage Lacey in some kind of
Velma and her little brother, Michael, for the first conversation, he was in the habit of inviting his
time. It is evident that Ms. Velma and Mr. Cephas friends over to his house to see his intelligent
do not share a close relationship, as Ma and daughter. At these times both Lacey and Ms.
Pappy does. Ms. Velma always seemed to be Velma had to play host while Mr. Cephas and his
nervous around her husband, although he was friends drank and talked loudly late into the night.
rarely at home. When he was at home, he paid After they were gone, Ms. Velma and Lacey had
her very little attention. Further, he did none of to clean up after them.
the house work. It was the same with Michael:
he came and went as he pleased, didn’t clean up Living in La Puerta was too much for Lacey.
after himself, and paid very little attention to his Although she could visit Ma Zelline, her godmother
mother’s requests and instructions. Lacey was who lived in La Puerta, Ma had told her not to
appalled. visit Ma Zelline too often, as Ma Zelline might get
tired of her. She looked forward to going back to
At school things were exciting yet strange. Sooklal Trace on the weekends. Since Ma had
Lacey is thrilled about learning things in her new given her the money to return home, she was
environment and new subject areas. On the first able to do so on the first weekend. Thereafter, it
day of school, the students are paired with another was Mr. Cephas who had to give her the money
student in the class, based on their last names, to return. At first he was happy to give her the
in order to support each other. Lacey’s partner money, to this child of his who he could boast
is Anjanee Jugmohansingh, a pleasant little girl, about to anybody who would listen. As the term
who unfortunately, has an unpleasant life. If Lacey progressed however, his kindness began to
thought that she was poor, she soon discovered diminish. Consequently, Lacey was stuck with her
that Anjanee was in a worse condition. new family for extended periods, with nothing to
On many occasions Anjanee does not even look forward to, as Mr. Cephas refused to give her
have lunch to eat, and worse, her attendance the money to travel back and Ma and Pappy did
is irregular. Further, she does not have the not have the money either.
textbooks, so Lacey shares her books with her.
On the first occasion that they have P.E., Lacey To make matters worse, Anjanee’s attendance
discovers that Anjanee does not have the P.E. was even more irregular. On one occasion when
uniform either. Still she runs around the field
valiantly, then sits down after a while to rest. That
was another thing with Anjanee; she seemed to JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
she was absent for three days Anjanee explained on weekends, it seemed like there were more
that it was her mother who had been taking some negatives in her life than positives. Lacey decided
of the little money she had been given to run the to rebel; if her father would not pay for her to go
house, to send her to school: neither her father home, she would do something to ensure that she
nor her brothers believed that money should be would be sent home. At first she deliberately fails
wasted to send a girl to school. Three days ago, some of her tests by writing incorrect answers:
the little money her mother had salvaged to send that would give Mr. Cephas something to talk
her to school for the week was finished. She about with his friends when her report came
had gone to her father and brothers (all of whom out. Then she starts hanging out with Doreeen
were working) and had asked each one to give Sandiford and her gang, who constantly broke
her some money for school, but all of them had the rules. Among their escapades was skipping
refused. Anjanee decided to start over and asked school and going to the plaza: something the
her oldest brother again; he told her that it made children were forbidden to do. Once when they
no sense to send her to school when she had gang stole some money and skipped school to go
learnt all that a woman needs to learn anyway and to the plaza to buy chicken and chips, they see
that she was wicked for not helping her mother Mr. Tewarie, one of the teachers. The delinquent
more. She then picked some vegetables from her children run away and head back to school. As
mother’s garden and both of them went to sell the usual, the form teacher marks their names in the
produce in the town. After two days of doing this, afternoon register. It seems all is well. Lacey is so
Anjanee had developed a high fever that left her frightened by the incident she decides to cut out
weak and tired. the foolishness and settle down for the midterm
tests. The next morning, her name, along with the
Lacey felt overwhelmed; the only thing she had names of Doreen Sandiford and her gang, was
to look forward to was the upcoming Christmas announced over the intercom. They should all go
holidays when she could go home to Sooklal to the conference room. She had been caught.
Trace. When she returned home that Christmas, Her shame was unbearable. It was one thing to try
she announced to everyone that she was not to embarrass her father, but it was another thing
going back to live in Mr. Cephas’ house. Ma did to let down Ma, Pappy, Mammy Patsy and her
not argue with her but pointed out that for her to uncles. Now she was going to be suspended. To
remain at school, it meant that Mammy Patsy ensure that her loved ones do not find out, she tells
would have to send all the money she had been the secretary that she was living with her father
saving so that Lacey could travel back and forth. and stepmother in La Puerta and asked that the
Not only that, Mammy Patsy would have to stop suspension letter be addressed to Mr. and Mrs.
going to the school she had recently enrolled in Cephas. Lacey takes home the letter, gives it to
to ‘better herself’ and take on another extra job in Ms. Velma and tells her that since her name was
order to make more money. When Ma explained on it, she could open it. Thereafter she convinced
this to her, Lacey came to realise that she had to Ms. Velma not to reveal the contents of the letter
return to her father’s house, for her mother’s sake. to Mr. Cephas. After all he was not there during
With a heavy heart she did so after the holidays. the day time; he would not see that she was not
Things were worse with Anjanee in the new term. going to school.
She was absent even more often and she still did
not have her textbooks. Lacey tried to help her,
but her grades kept falling. Coupled with the fact
that Mr. Cephas was still not sending her home JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
Unfortunately, Mr. Cephas finds out about the that she was there at that time. She had heard
suspension. On day three of the suspension, he the news about Anjanee and assumed that all
arrives at the house at lunchtime. He is angry the children had been sent home early. To make
because it was someone outside of the house matters worse, the pain in her belly turned out to
who had informed him. His anger increased when be the start of her first menstrual cycle. There was
he discovered that Ms. Velma knew about the also a throbbing pain in her head. This was the
suspension and had gone to the school on Lacey’s worse day of her life. Lacey begins to scream, and
behalf and had not told him. As he shouted at her, scream some more. Then she passes out. She is
the half-dead Ms. Velma came to life and told her admitted to hospital.
husband that all of this was his fault, as he had
taken this girl, who he really did not know, to live When she was discharged she was taken to
with them and expected that all would go well. She Sooklal Trace. For weeks she did not get out of
advised her husband that Lacey “should go back the bed or leave her room. Her cousins did not
where she belong before you really get something know what to say to her. They simply came to
you didn’t bargain for.” The argument continued the doorway and peeped in. Everybody spoke
between the two until Mr. Cephas storms out. The in whispers around her. As the weeks went by,
incident haunts Lacey, even in her dreams. the familiar surroundings slowly caused her to
When she returns to school Anjanee is upset with return to life. Slowly but surely, she got out of
her. Anjanee cannot understand why Lacey is bed, steadied herself and returned to normal daily
trying to jeopardise her place at the school when activities. Then it was announced to her. She
she has everything that she (Anjanee) does not wasn’t sure what Uncle Jamesie and Uncle Leroy
have. She soon softened though, as it was in her had said to her father, but somehow they got him
nature to be pleasant and kind. Lacey noticed that to agree to provide Lacey with the money to travel
Anjanee did not look well: she had lost weight, back and forth daily from Sooklal Trace to school.
her clothes seemed unkempt and she was even She had missed quite a bit of school, but she was
more tired than usual. One morning she fainted ready to go back. Ma was not happy about the fact
in assembly and her limp body was taken away that Lacey had to get up so early every morning
from the gathering. The next day, not surprisingly, to catch the bus, but Lacey didn’t mind, she would
she was absent. In fact, she was absent for an enjoy the best of both worlds: going to school and
entire week. It impacts Lacey so much that she staying at her home. Additionally, as she told Ma,
doesn’t realise that a teacher is calling to her it was not a problem really because Anjanee used
in class. The teacher not only berates her, but to get up at 4:00 a.m. to get to school every day.
criticises Anjanee as well. In defense of her friend, That’s the story in a nutshell. Please join me next
Lacey curses the teacher and tells her rude things week as we dive deeper into this novel.
about her mother. Once again she is suspended.
As she takes the letter and heads home forlornly, All the best until next time.
she hears the most horrendous news from a girl:
Anjanee would not be coming back after all, she
committed suicide by drinking poison.
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of
Lacey wandered off the school compound onto the Shortwood Teachers’ College.
streets. She was confused and was experiencing  E-mail: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
the worst pain in her belly. When she arrived
home, Ms. Velma thought nothing of the fact
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
Lesson 19
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (I.A.) -

EXTEMPORANEOUS PRESENTATIONS
 Demonstrate excellent level of organisation

with introduction, logical sequence of ideas
and conclusion.
 Speak with a clear, audible voice throughout

the presentation. You should consistently
be fluent and confident, with excellent
paralinguistic control.
This example may lack a few things but you

can decide what those elements may be. Kindly
ensure you review your syllabus requirements
before facing your panel.
Hi everyone. As promised, for today’s lesson, we Harold was a business executive, married with a
will share an example of what could be presented family. Everything was going well for him; he drove
as part of a topic for the orals. I know many of fancy cars, loved and lived his life well. All of this
you have your orals coming up soon and so we changed when he developed bipolar disorder. The
are going to see how you introduce your topic, marriage ended. He has become estranged from
present your ideas and evaluate your sources. his family. His children do not talk about him and
do not make contact with him. “We have never
In your oral presentation, you are expected to be been able to accept his mental illness. As a family,
able to deliver an extemporaneous speech in 7-10 we have suffered a lot, we cannot talk about this,
minutes. The requirements in the syllabus state it is too painful,” said his wife.
that you must do the following to score maximum
points: That was an extract from the article entitled “World
Mental Health Day: Remove the mask of silence,
 Demonstrate substantial knowledge of shame and stigma” by Wendel Abel, a consultant
critical issues related to your topic as well psychiatrist and lecturer of medicinal sciences at
as challenges raised by the issues. the University of the West Indies, published on
Wednesday October 2007.
 Complete an excellent evaluation of the
effectiveness of source, context and
medium on the reliability and validity of
information gathered. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
By now, I am sure you are wondering what is Bipolar II disorder which is hypomania (a mild
bipolar disorder. Well, let me enlighten you. case of mania) and Bi polar III disorder also called
Cyclothmyia (numerous periods with manic and
According to an educational packet entitled depression symptoms but not severe enough to
“Learning about Bipolar Disorder” prepared by be an episode). The causes of bipolar disorder are
the World Federation for Mental health, Bipolar an imbalance of biochemical in the brain, genetics
Disorder, also known as manic depression, is and traumatic experiences.
a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a
person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. How is Bipolar Disorder treated?
Persons who suffer from Bipolar disorder has
moods that range from mania, which can take the On average, people with bipolar disorder see
form of increased energy, racing thoughts and three to four doctors and spend over eight years
aggression, to depression in the form of lasting seeking treatment to receive a correct diagnosis.
sadness, irritability and feelings of hopelessness. There are two stages to treatment: An acute phase
Bipolar disorder is often confused with other where treatment is aimed at ending the current
disorders, including a variety of anxiety and manic, hypomanic depressive or mixed episode.
psychotic disorders. This is because anxiety and Then there is a preventative/maintenance phase
psychotic symptoms often occur during the course where treatment is continued on a long term
of bipolar. basis to prevent future episodes. Treatment also
Who does bipolar disorder affect and how has three components. First, medication - it is
does one get such a disease? necessary for nearly all patients during the acute
and preventative phases. Second, Education - it is
Typically, bipolar disorder develops in late crucial in helping patients and families and friends
adolescent years; however it can occur in early learn how best to manage bipolar disorder and
childhood. From a study done by the World prevent its complications. Third, psychotherapy -
Federation for Mental health, it was revealed that it helps the victim deal with disturbing thoughts,
27 million adults, 18 years or older, in any given year feelings and behaviour in a constructive manner.
suffer from bipolar disorder. The World Federation
for Mental health is the only international, multi- The three most important types of medication
disciplinary grassroots advocacy and education used to control the symptoms of bipolar disorder
organisation, concerned with all aspects of mental are mood stabilisers, anti-depressants and
health, The World Health Organisation also antipsychotics. Doctors may also prescribe
conducted a research that concluded that bipolar medication to help with insomnia, anxiety and
disorder was the sixth leading cause of disability, restlessness. Mood stabilisers help to provide
which adjusted life years in persons aged 15-44. relief from acute episodes of mania or depression
The disorder has a high rate of recurrence and and to prevent them from occurring. Anti-
approximately 15% risk of death by suicide. It is depressants treat the symptoms of depression. In
the third leading cause of death among people bipolar disorder, anti-depressants must be used
aged 15-24 years. with mood stabilisers.
There are three different types of bipolar disorder. A survey done by the World Federation for
Bi Polar I disorder, one episode of severe mania, Mental Health revealed that one third of the total
from which a close friend of mine suffered, a
situation that caused my interest in the topic. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
persons surveyed feel that their social interaction health trends. This makes it a credible and reliable
with others suffers, as many persons tend to source as it provides the globe with information
discriminate. When suffering from mania, the about health and its research is concluded by
victim is unable to work with others because they qualified and trained doctors in the psychiatric
become quarrelsome, dictative and arrogant. On field. The World Federation for Mental Health
the other hand however, a person in a depression is a derivative of the World Health Organization
episode will be withdrawn, have desires to be and has been in existence for over 60 years. Its
alone and incommunicative. As a result, family research is conducted under the standards of
and friends may suffer because they cannot cope the world health organization, which makes the
with the ever changing attitudes of the victim. information provided by them reliable. There
This may lead to a total depletion of social life, as were no fallacies in the reports given by the two
friends may find it impossible to maintain such a organinsations, as the research is conducted on
friendship and family members may neglect the a global basis and is done by persons trained in
victim as was seen in Harold’s situation. There that field
are also situations where family members and
friends are supportive. Helping to take care of the So, I end by saying, bipolar disorder is a mental
person takes time, patience and understanding. illness that affects moods and impacts significantly
Friends and family members can provide support victims and friends and families of victims. The
by encouraging victims to stick to treatment and root cause of all these impacts is the degraded
speaking to the victim about how they are feeling. ability the victim has to “perform” in these different
It is also very important to try to do things with areas of his/her life and the loss of the “social”
the person and not for the person. Sometimes contribution that would customarily be expected
the victim may view concern as interference, it is from the victim in the normal family setting.
essential to remember that this is not rejection but However, with treatment and support from family
solely due to the illness. members and friends, victims can live a normal
life.
Compilation of speech and choosing of relevant I wish you the best in your presentations and an
information were the obstacles I came across while excellent final grade for your I.A. I leave you with
preparing this portfolio. Accessing information two different videos that give a guide to doing a
was relatively easy because mental illnesses and fantastic extemporaneous presentation.
in particular bipolar disorder affects any person,
regardless of social class, race or culture and as
such information is readily available. https://www.youtube.com/
The reference to Dr. Wendel Abel’s Gleaner watch?v=41ZBTgYSl0c
article is solely to provide an anecdote about the
life a bipolar disorder victim can live. Dr. Abel is a https://www.youtube.com/
qualified Psychiatrist, which makes him a suitable watch?v=k2uliXGizD4&t=78s
reference. The World Health Organisation is Until next week when we meet again, don’t stop
responsible for providing leadership on global reading, and see you on our site soon.
health matters, shaping the health research
agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating Peta-Gaye Perkins is on the staff of
evidence-based policy options, providing technical The Queen’s School.
support to countries and monitoring and assessing  E-mail: perkins.pg@gmail.com
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, February14, 2023 Page 55
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Lesson 19
with
Novia James
Subject: Caribbean Studies

APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT
Module Two: Issues in Caribbean
Development There are three main approaches to
Theme: Concepts and Indicators of development:
Development
1. Economic Development
Topic: Conceptualising Development
2. Human Development
Welcome to another lesson. We 3. Sustainable Development
will be focusing on module 2,
which covers Issues in Caribbean ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Development. In understanding this
 Economic development is the reflection of
module the important concepts to
the increase in the value of goods and
development have to be covered.
services produced by a country within a
OBJECTIVES: specific time period.
 In the past, economic development was the

At the end of the lesson, students should be
main tool that was used to assess
able to describe and assess the influences
of extra-regional societies on the Caribbean: development in the Caribbean, because it
was believed that the problems of poverty
● Analysis of the concepts of development could be solved once the region experienced
economic growth. So they emphasised
● Demonstrate an understanding of the increasing production and controlling
interrelationships among the different population growth by creating economic
approaches to development (human, policies throughout the 1960s to 1980s.
economic, sustainable)
 This approach to achieving economic
● Grasp of the different indicators of development was unsuccessful and only
development proved that the problems faced by the
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

citizens were not addressed. 1. That people are the end means of development:
so if our quality of life increases we observe
 Economic development has evolved since development.
then to focus not only on economic growth
but also on the welfare of the people and 2. That development is largely about broadening
poverty reduction. people’s choices, so they’ll have more
opportunities to improve themselves in ways that
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
will make them happy and bring income.
 Human development is defined as the 3. That poverty and income inequality are the
process of creating opportunities that major problems in human societies which prevent
broadens people’s options so they can \ good quality of life.
improve their well-being.
Below is a link to the human development reports:
 Therefore human development as envisaged
by the HDP includes improving the quality of Country Insights | Human Development
life of people through the four areas Reports
of: empowerment, equity, productivity and
sustainability.
The notion comes from ethnocentric views of
 Human development is about the real empowerment i.e. broadening human choices
freedom ordinary people have to decide who differs considerably among countries. In one
to be, what to do, and how to live. country it may be through education.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 This approach to development was coined
because there was a need to include human  Sustainable development is a concept of
welfare in achieving economic development, advancing people’s quality of life, through
resulting in the establishment of the Human both economic growth and development and
Development Paradigm/Human Development human development, without compromising
Index in the 1990s. future generations and their capacity to meet
their own needs.
 It brought together ideas from economic
development and sustainable development,  In this type of development, if human
in order to find a more holistic way of development needs are compromised
describing development while putting humans improvements will be unsustainable and this
at the centre. means that all approaches to development
are connected here.
The HDP/ HDI has three basic views:  If equity is compromised, the same will

happen to the environment. In severely

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
unequal places like Haiti where daily survival
is more of a priority than the well-being
of future generations, the environment will In an effort to measure development, some
be exploited i.e. cutting of forests, which numerical and non-numerical indicators were
leads to soil erosion. created.
 Hence measures must be implemented to Economic Indicators of Development include:

reduce inequality and poverty. Big companies
often exploit the environment to make a profit 1. Gross National Product (GNP): Value of
like destroying forests, overfishing and goods and services from a country plus any
polluting. foreign revenue. GNP per capita is = GNP ÷
population.
 Therefore, improving measures to empower
citizens to raise issues against the interests 2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total
of big businesses is critical to ensure market value of the goods and services of a
sustainability. country in a given year. GDP per capita = GDP ÷
population.
Equity: – Refers to the commitment on the
part of the people and government of a 3. Population Growth Rate: calculated by
country, to enable all social groups to access considering birth and death rates and migration
the opportunities that the country offers and statistics. Therefore if there is a smaller
be fair to all groups as they grasp these population, then GDP and GNP per Capita
opportunities. should rise.
Productivity (Based on equity) – Refers to 4. Age Dependency Ratio: the ratio of people
an understanding that if people have equal under 15 and over 65 (dependents) to the
access to education and job opportunities, working age population (those between15-64).
then their productivity will probably increase. The theory is if there are more working
So if one has adequate job qualifications they aged people to take care of dependents, the
probably won’t be in a ‘dead end job’ where government would spend less taking care of
there is no challenge. them.
Empowerment (Based on equity and 5. Levels of Industrialisation: Industrialisation

productivity) – Refers to the degree to which is often essential for economic growth, and
individuals have a feeling of self-efficacy, for long-run poverty reduction. The pattern of
meaning they are aware that they are capable industrialisation, however, impacts remarkably
of doing things to improve their lives. If people on how the poor benefits from growth.
have equal opportunities to be productive
citizens, they’ll probably be happy and make
decisions in their best interest.
6. National Resource Accounting: How natural 3. Internet Penetration - This indicates how
resources are depleted to drive productivity. many people have access to the internet as
a percentage of the total population. Internet
7. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): Assesses penetration in Caribbean countries typically
the impacts of inflation, shortages and ranges between 50% and 80%.
dislocation of the economy.
8. Employment Levels. 4. Modern Technology - modern technology

and infrastructure can affect many sectors of
9. The Levels of local and foreign debt. a country and it can be very useful in driving
productivity.
5. Good Governance - Good governance has a

NON-ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT direct positive effect on a country’s development.
1. The measurement of development can be 6. Gini Coefficient - The Gini coefficient

done through the human development index (the compares the ideal situation, in which everyone
HDI). in a country would have equal income, to those
This is the most used index to measure who actually receives the income. Values range
economic development. It takes the following from perfect equality at 0 to inequality at 1. Most
three factors into account: Caribbean countries have Gini coefficients of
0.43 to 0.46.
 Health. The HDI measures the average
life expectancy in a specific country and
compares it to the global average.
 Education. The HDI measures the

mean years of schooling and expected
years of schooling in a country.
 Standard of living. The HDI measures

the gross national income (GNI) per head,
using the principle of purchasing power
parity, PPP.
Novia James is on the staff of
2. Productivity is the level of output produced The Queen’s High School.
for each unit of input. Labour productivity is  E-mail: Jnovia51@yahoo.com
measured by dividing the total output in a given
time by the number of workers employed for that
time.
Lesson 19
with Akim Wallace
CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS –

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The study of relationships between points on the Cartesian plane is known as coordinate geometry.
GRADIENT
Gradient may be thought of as a “rate of change,” meaning that we look at how one thing changes as the other
item changes. For instance, we can boil water and compare the temperature over time, or we might look at the
distance a car travels over time.
The generic form of a straight line is ax + by + c = 0; however, the slope intercept form of a straight line is y =
mx + c and is far more common.
The gradient is represented by the letter m, which is the coefficient of x. The gradient of a straight line remains
constant throughout. Examine the equations below;
Example:
You may also be presented with questions requiring you to determine the gradient from the general form of a
straight line given.
1


We must look at the ratio of the change in y-distance
to the change in x-distance to figure out the gradient of
line AB. The change in y is referred to as the rise, and
the change in x as the run. This can be expressed as
Determine the gradient of the line that passes

through the specified locations
2. sets of coordinates, determine the gradi-

Given two
ent of a straight line
3.
Summary
The method for calculating a graph’s gradient is to:
• On the line, draw an appropriate right-angled triangle.
• Locate the rise and the run.
• Divide the rise by the run.

• If the product of the gradients of two lines is -1,

then the lines are perpendicular.
Example:
1. Write out the gradient of the line that is given by the
equation y = 5x – 3.
a. Parallel to y = 5x – 3
Any line parallel to y = 5x + 3 will yield an
equation with a gradient of 5.
b. Perpendicular to y = 5x – 3
If two lines are perpendicular the product of
their gradients is -1, therefore:
5m = -1
Parallel and perpendicular lines

• If two lines have the same gradient, then they are
parallel.
Akim Wallace teaches at STS Online, www.accajamaica.com

 E-mail: akimwallace@yahoo.com
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continued from previous page

MANAGEMENT
OF BUSINESS Lesson 19
with
Jerome Pitterson
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS FINANCE
Hi everyone. As business students, you no doubt would have

We are now in the last module of the course, which heard the term capital being used regularly. Capital
focuses on business finance and accounting. I is defined as resources (money or physical) that
know that some of you do not have prior knowledge are supplied by the business owner(s). Capital is
of Principles of Accounts because not every school important to a firm because it is used to establish
makes it a prerequisite for MOB. Therefore, I will and continue the operations of the entity. There
try to keep it as simple as possible, while ensuring are three types of capital that are needed by most
you get the necessary information to do well in businesses. These are:
this module.
Before we move into this week’s lesson however,  Start-up capital, which is used to establish
let me share below the answers to the multiple- the business. This capital can come from
choice questions from last week: personal savings, friends, partners or even a
bank loan.
End of Module 2 Test Multiple Choice
Questions Answers  Working capital which is used for the day-
1. C 6. A 11. A 16. D 21. B to-day operations of the entity. It is used
2. B 7. D 12. D 17. A 22. A to pay the firm’s expenses such as
electricity, water bill, wages, and rent.
3. A 8. C 13. C 18. C 23. A
Working capital is calculated as Current
4. C 9. B 14. D 19. B 24. C Assets – Current Liabilities. We will look
5. D 10. B 15. B 20. D 25. D at the calculation of working capital in a
future lesson. Firms are encouraged to
Hope you all did well. manage this capital well as a shortfall
For this and the next lesson, we will be focusing in working capital could prove devastating,
on the theoretical aspects of accounting and especially since it would not have the funds
delve into the figures thereafter. To this end, we to take care of its daily operations. A firm
will be looking at the first three sub-topics of the having working capital problems could
module in this lesson. explore the following options:
OBJECTIVES:
 Increase the sale of stock (inventory),
Students should be able to: through advertising or having sale outs or
1. Explain the need for capital. even offering customers discounts.
2. Evaluate the sources of finance.

3. Outline the criteria for seeking finance.
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continues on next page
 Shorten the payment period given to Sources of Finance

debtors (people who owe the firm money).
Equity Financing Debt Financing
 Source funding from the bank or discuss a 1. 1.
bank overdraft arrangement. 2. 2.
3. 3.
 Sell unproductive and used assets. 4.
 Investment capital is the funds used to CRITERIA FOR SEEKING FINANCE:

expand the business during its operation. So, we have explored two main sources of finance
The owner of the firm may choose to above, but it is also important for businesses to
invest more money in the business. In most know which source of finance is appropriate to
companies this money could come from the use in which situation. The rule of thumb is that
sale of additional shares or from the you would not want to use long term financing
company’s retained profit, also known as for funding a short-term need for cash. For
undistributed profit or retained earnings example, you would not issue a corporate bond
(money set aside from previous profits to be just to buy stock (inventory) for the business. This
reinvested in the business). objective will help you to determine which source
of financing is best suited to which financial need.
The important thing to note here ladies and
gentlemen is that firms need money to operate Before we proceed, let us examine the following:
and to expand. Securing sufficient capital in each
of the above categories is very important to the  Short-term finance: The short-term refers
success of the business, regardless of the type of to a period within a year where at least one
business organisation that it is. factor of production is fixed. The funds
NOW LET US TURN OUR ATTENTION TO THE
required are often used to take care of daily
SOURCES OF FINANCE.
expenses and to fund short-term projects.
A firm’s funding could come from one of two
categories, or it could be a combination of both.  Long term finance: The long term refers to
These are equity and debt financing. To arrive a period of more than a year, where all
at the difference between the two concepts and factors of production are variable. The
determine the examples of each category, please source of finance that falls under this
watch the following video on ‘Introduction to category are often used to fund long-term
Debt and Equity Financing.’ projects or expenditure.
EXAMPLES OF SHORT-TERM FINANCING:
 Trade credit – this is what Jamaicans refer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fH_ to as ‘trust.’ It is where merchandise is sold
gQmiVZgU&t=18s to the buyer, and he/she pays for them at a
later agreed date.
 Bank overdrafts – this is an arrangement
Now can you identify some other examples of between a bank and depositor to withdraw
equity and debt financing? Copy and complete funds over and above one’s account
the table below: balance. However, the interest charged
We will now turn our attention to the final
objective for this week.
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continues on next page
tends to be very high on this type of  Small Business Associations – the

financing. associations may not necessarily be
called by this name. However, their aim is
 Short-term loan – these loans would to encourage the establishment of small and
become due within a year. They could be medium size enterprises (SMME) and
acquired from banks, credit unions or short- to expand those that have already been
term funding agencies. established. These organisations may offer
financial assistance to these firms among
 Hire purchase – This is a popular source other things.
of funding when purchasing appliances and
equipment. The buyer would make a down  Family – This form of funding could come in
payment and pay regular (monthly) the form of debt or equity. It is a fact that
installments until the balance is repaid. there are several Private Limited Companies
The item does not belong to the buyer until and Partnerships that are owned by family
all installments have been paid. Hire members.
purchase agreements could run into the
medium term also.  Issue of shares – an investment in shares
is usually long term. Public limited
EXAMPLES OF LONG-TERM FINANCING: companies can offer additional shares to the
 Bank Loans – These loans could be public to raise additional capital. These
acquired through a commercial bank or shares could be either ordinary shares or
development bank. The borrower and preference shares.
lender would discuss the repayment terms
and requirements e.g. collateral. Loans Time for you to test your knowledge.
are usually used for long term financing.
This could also include a mortgage which is PRACTICE QUESTION
a loan to purchased property. Unorganised Limited has been experiencing
working capital problems for the last two years.
 Venture capital funds – this is where This is becoming unbearable for the company and
private investors, known as venture the management thinks that the company could
capitalists, invest in someone else’s go under any time soon.
business to carry out a particular task. Describe four options that can be explored by
The agreement usually ends once the task this company to manage and improve its working
is accomplished. In recent times, we have capital.
seen this type of agreement being used (12 marks)
to fund some of the road construction in the As we close this lesson, please remember that for
country. the remainder of the series we will be exploring
accounting principles. Therefore, take the time
 Development funds – this could include to read ahead as we complete the final leg of the
funds set aside by the government to assist journey.
small business owners. Development Until we next time, take very good care of
funds are usually geared towards yourselves.
improving a particular sector. For example,
the Development Bank of Jamaica could aid Jerome Pitterson is on staff at
small farmers in the country in a bid to Immaculate Conception High School
develop the agricultural sector.
 E-mail: pittersonj@gmail.com

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THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, February 14, 2023 Page 2

TREES FOR LIFE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ►CALL: (876)936-9458 OR (876)401-7717 ►E-MAIL: asherk@jamaicaobserver.com

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

WRITING THE EXPOSITORY ESSAY:

THE INTRODUCTION point

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

I have colour-coded the opening sentence in red,

► Revise your thesis by ensuring all words

SAMPLE INTRODUCTION Until next week.

ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

Hello Everyone. This lesson we continue looking at APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC

Elevated Line of Sight

Angle of Elevation Horizontal Line of Sight

Depressed Line of Sight

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

Horizontal Line of Sight

Actual Line of Sight

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

Horizontal Line of Sight

Actual Line of Sight

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

The horizontal line represents the ground

Since this is a right-angled triangle and we know

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

Horizontal Line of Sight

ALS = Actual Line of Sight

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

This week’s lesson will cover:

CONCEPTS AND TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMER AFFAIRS

Black market Disposable income Luxuries

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

17 This is a financial institution that is owned and managed by its members.

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

Have a happy and safe week!

Charmaine Fuller-Wallace.  E-mail: charmief2@yahoo.com

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page

Watch the following video before attempting the starter activity

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page

Check your answer at the end of the lesson.

The objective of today’s lesson is for you to be able to:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VPvQ_dXMhw – introduction to Pascal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2l5WpP49ms – Pascal syntax

There are many different types of programming languages. But

• input data from a device such as a keyboard

• output data to a device such as a screen

• process calculations like addition and subtraction

• process decisions based on certain conditions being met

• process repetition for a certain number of times, or while a

Languages are defined as human-readable or machine-readable.

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page