Study Centre November 20, 2018

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ERIES
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li s h
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on Tech
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► Principles of Accounts 34 – 38
► Integrated Science 39 – 45
► English Literature 46 – 48
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CONT R IBUTOR S
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Charyl Gordon-Brown Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke Michelle Smith-Henry
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely HEART Trust/NTA
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www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 11
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
EXPOSITORY WRITING: EDITING A DOCUMENT
Hello everyone. In today’s lesson we will do some editing Punctuation

exercises. We have gone through the writing process and
it is important to develop the habit of checking over our These are characters or marks that are used to separate
work and making corrections. Some of you might say that sentences or parts of sentences in written language. These
if you made errors in the first place then how do you help to make the meaning clear. Using punctuation
recognise and correct these when you reread your work? incorrectly or not at all can alter the message that you are
This is a legitimate concern and we will try to address
trying to convey. Remember that these marks often
some errors that people commonly make in writing.
substitute for the tone of voice if you were speaking.
There are also many resources available in print and in
digital format to help you to improve your grammar and Vocabulary
expression. I cannot stress enough the importance of
presenting your best possible work as this will enable you This is the collection of words that are used in a language.
to get the best grades on your assignments and in your Having a wide vocabulary helps with both understanding
external exam. Keep in mind always that the examination and expression as you are likely to know the meaning of
profiles for English A are understanding and expression words that you come across while reading and have a
and that the bulk of the score is allotted to what you will variety of words to express yourself while writing. A
write. Let us review some elements that contribute to limited vocabulary makes your writing monotonous and
good written expression. you may not be able to convey the full message that you
would like to. You are not, however, to confuse a wide
Grammar
vocabulary with knowing many “big words”. Too many of
Every language has rules which determine how words are these words, if they are just thrown into your writing, are
put together to create meaning. In the Caribbean, we have more likely to confuse the reader rather than get your
challenges with grammar as there are Creole languages in point across.
use which often interfere with English grammar. It is,
therefore, important to understand grammatical rules of Syntax
English so that you can separate the two codes.
This has to do with how words are ordered in a sentence
Spelling to be meaningful. The position in which you place words
will impact on the meaning of a sentence. Additionally, the
This involves the sequencing of letters according to their same word, depending on its placement in a sentence, can
sound to form a word. There are rules which govern how
have a different meaning and part of speech.
words are spelt in every language but there are always
exceptions to these rules. This is why it is necessary to just
practice how to spell certain words. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
We will now look at two activities and see how best we can identify and correct errors in grammar, vocabulary,
punctuation, spelling and syntax. To make it easier for you to follow I will colour code the errors that I identify
as follows:
! Grammar ! Vocabulary ! Syntax ! Punctuation ! Spelling
ACTIVITY 1
Identify the errors in the following passage then rewrite it making the appropriate corrections.
If I had a boat, I’d sleep on it every once in a while, docked

on the open ocean, but not too terrible far out, because
though I hate the city I’d like the comfort of house lights
twinkling on the shore as the waves would rock me to sleep.
If a storm would come I would jump and immediately bustle
about the ship. Battening hatches that wouldn’t need
battening, tying down things already nailed, and basically
making a great wet fool out of myself. All the while I would
be shouting challenges at the whether to try it’s worst,
because by God, me and the ship weren’t giving up without
a fight! And I’d probably get tremendously wet and catch a
whale of a cold. But it would still be wonderful, because it
would be the boat and me, just the boat and me, alive
against the sea.
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

! “Whether” is an error of vocabulary. This word

DISCUSSION
expresses a choice between two alternatives
and there is no indication of that in this context.
The passage expresses a desire that the narrator has and The passage speaks about heavy rains therefore
what he/she would do in a particular situation. The
the word that should be used is a homophone
dominant tense in this is the conditional tense expressed
which is “weather”.
through the word “would” and signalled by “if”. Because
of the nature of the passage (it is a fantasy or daydream)
! “It’s” is a contraction of ‘it is’. In this context a
the sentences tend to be long and the ideas flow into each
possessive pronoun is needed. This is a common and
other. Despite that there are errors of grammar, vocabulary
logical error as possession is usually signalled by an
and punctuation. I will point these out in the order in
apostrophe and s. Please keep in mind, however that
which they appear.
the apostrophe is added to nouns and not pronouns.
! The word “docked” is not appropriate here as it So the correct word here is ‘its’.
means to stop a ship or boat against the shoreline.
In this case the boat is on the open ocean so a better ! The use of “me” in this sentence is incorrect because
word would be “moored” or “anchored”. it is an object pronoun while what is needed here is
a subject pronoun. If we isolate the clause, “me and
! The use of the conditional in “would rock” is my ship went giving up without a fight” we will see
inappropriate. The sentence focuses on what the that the subject is “me and my ship” hence “I”
narrator would like and not what the waves would should be used instead of “me”.
do. In this case the simple past tense “rocked” needs
to be used. ! The conjunction “and” could be used in this context
because the ideas are joined, but only if the
! “Terrible” is an error in grammar as well as exclamation mark was removed. Given what the
vocabulary. The word is an adjective when what is writer is expressing the punctuation is appropriate
needed in this context is an adverb. The writer as it conveys the narrator’s resolve and
could have either omitted the word or used determination. In revising the sentence the word
“terribly” instead.
could just be removed.
! The full stop between ship and battening should be

! The full stop between cold and but is inappropriate
a comma as the idea is incomplete where the mark
as the idea is incomplete. In fact, no punctuation is
is. Once the punctuation changes then there is no
necessary there as the conjunction “but”
need for a capital letter in ‘but”.
adequately communicates the relationship between
the two clauses.
! The comma before “and” is unnecessary. The
conjunction “and” signals that the list continues
with only one item. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
Do the following activity on your own. You may also copy and paste it into any grammar checking medium and see
what suggestions they make.
ACTIVITY 2
Identify the errors in the following passage and rewrite it correctly.
In the 1970s market researchers discovered that the most young children were unable to
tell the difference between the television shows they watched and advertisements for
products. Because of this discovery, it was an attempt in 1978 to put legal restrictions on
television advertisements aimed at too young children, but advertisers objected. The
industry of marketing to children has being growing steadily since then. Between 1978 and
1998, the amount of money directly spent by children age four to twelve increased form
less than three billion dollars a year to almost twenty five billion, and is not end in sight.
Researchers believe that children in that age group also convince their families to spend
another two hundred billion dollars a year – such as when a young boy, for example,
convinces her mother to purchase a more expensive computer than she might otherwise
have bought. Marketers are easy to decide to target this young market – there is their
job to aim at consumers who can be convinced and who will spend most money.
However, few other groups have also helped marketers figure out the best way to target
a too young audience. Many child psychologists are now been asked to join marketing
firms to provide information about how to reach children more effectively. Some
members of the American Psychological Association lobbied their organisation in 2002
to discipline APA members who have helped advertisers target children, but the APA has
taken no action yet. The most psychologists feel that the marketers and their advisors
are being allowed very much freedom to appeal to children who cannot make informed
decisions about products, but the situation does no seem likely to change.
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School. " E-mail: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
MATHEMATICS Lesson 11
with Charyl Gordon-Brown
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

7 8 9
+
Hello everyone,
Last week we looked at creating pie charts and bar graphs.

There are other diagrammatic representations that we can
4 5 6 –
use to represent data such as histograms, frequency
polygons, ogives, etc.
1 2 3 –:
However, before we explore those we are going to do some
data analysis with raw and ungrouped data.
Measures of Central Tendency 0 • = +

These are values that are used to represent the data set.
They may or may not be actual values that appear in the Example 3: What is the mode of the data set:
data set, but tell us some characteristic of the set. The 5, 4, 6, 7, 4, 6, 7, 4, 5, 3, 6?
three values we will be asked to determine are the mode, This data set is bi-modal. Both 4 and 6 appear three times
median and mean. each, more than any other members of the set.
Point to note: A data set may have no mode, have a

MODE single mode, be bi-modal, or multi-modal.
Example 4: What is the modal number of pencils per bag

This is the value that appears most frequently in the data given that the table below shows the number
set. If the data has been tabulated, it will be the value that of pencils taken to school each day by a group
has the highest frequency. of grade two students?
Example 1: Determine the mode of the set of numbers: No. of pencils 0 1 2 3 4

2, 5, 6, 3, 2, 6, 7, 6, 4, 5
No. of students 4 22 10 9 7
The number that appears most frequently is 6.
Example 2: What is the mode of the set of numbers: The modal number of pencils is 1. Clearly, most of the
2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 3, 5? children only carried one pencil to school.
This data set has no mode as all the numbers appear
exactly once. JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
MEDIAN
This is the value that falls in the middle of the ordered data set. Note that the data must be ordered first or else the
value in the middle of the list may not be the actual median.
Example 1: Determine the median of the data set: 4, 7, 8, 9, 3, 10, 5

First we order the numbers: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10.
The number in the middle is 7
Alternatively, we can determine the middle position, then look for the number that fills that position.
1
We can use a formula for finding the position of the median. Position of median = — (n + 1)th term
2
Since there are 7 numbers in our data set, n = 7. Therefore
1 1
Position of median = — (7 + 1)th term = — (8)th term = 4th term
2 2
Counting from the left we see that the fourth term is the number 7
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
3 4 5 7 8 9 10
Example 2: Determine the median of the following set of numbers: 40, 51, 46, 57, 42, 48
Ordering the numbers we have: 40, 42, 46, 48, 51, 57.
Counting from the left it is clear that there is no number that falls in the middle. Therefore the median will fall between
two numbers i.e. between 46 and 48. The median is therefore 47.
Using the method of finding the position first we have:
1 1 1
Position of median = — (n + 1)th term = — (6 + 1)th term = — (7)th term = 3.5th term
2 2 2
3.5 indicates that it is halfway between the third term and the fourth term.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

40 42 46 48 51 57
46+48
We take the average of these two terms to find the median. Hence, median = ——— = 47
2
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
Example 3: Suppose we are given data in a table. Let us look once again at the Grade Two students and their pencil cases.
No. of pencils 0 1 2 3 4
No. of students 4 22 10 9 7
Since the data is about the number of pencils carried by each student, we use the no of students as the frequency.
That means, we can say there are four students who had no pencil, 22 students who had 1 pencil each, 10 students
who had 2 pencils each and so on. If we were to list the data, it would look something like this:
0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, …
This implies that the table already has the data in order, so we don’t have to order it to find the median.
However, since it’s so large, we need to use the formula to find the positon of the median first.
How do we find the value of n? We add all the frequencies together. In this case that’s the total number of students.
Therefore n = 4 + 22 + 10 + 9 + 7 = 52
1 1 1
Position of median = — (n + 1)th term = — (52 + 1)th term = — (53)rd term = 26.5th term
2 2 2
Recall that this means we need to average two terms — the 26th and 27th terms. So what are those? Look back at the table.
No. of pencils 0 1 2 3 4
No. of students (frequency) 4 22 10 9 7
Cumulative frequency 4 26 36 45 52
Start with This is the

These terms These would The final value
the first frequency, first four terms
would follow represent in the
then add in the list
the first four the next set cumulative
each new i.e. the 1st,
i.e. the 5th, i.e. 27th, frequency
frequency figure 2nd, 3rd
6th, ….. 28th, …, must always
as you go along. and 4th terms
be the same
4
as the total
4 + 22 = 26
26th term + 27th term frequency
26 + 10 = 36… Median = —————————
2
1+2
= ——— = 1.5
2
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

Math Antics - Mean, Median and Mode
Mean Median and Mode: Understanding and Calculating Measures of Central …

SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 11
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
CREDIT UNIONS
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

1. Give definitions for the following: credit union, devaluation, depreciation
Objectives: 2. Explain the benefits of credit unions to consumers in the region
3. List at least TWO characteristics of a credit union
4. Give THREE reasons why it may be safe to save with a credit union.
A credit union is a member-owned financial cooperative or economic institution formed and controlled by its members.
Members of a credit union share a common bond such as residence in the same community called ‘field of membership.
BENEFITS OF CREDIT UNIONS TO CONSUMERS IN THE REGION
A credit union has a lot of benefits for its members. Some of the benefits are listed in the True/False Activity below.
ACTIVITY #1 (TRUE/FALSE ITEMS)
Instruction: Answer True/False to the statements below.
TRUE/FALSE STATEMENTS
Some of the excess earnings of the credit union is used to reduce fees and interest rates
1
to members.
2 Some of the excess earnings by the credit union is divided among its members.
Credit union members are encouraged to spend regularly so as to develop a habit of

3
being thrifty.
Credit union members develop a feeling of insecurity from owning shares in the credit
4
union.
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
TRUE/FALSE STATEMENTS
Credit union members are able to earn more on their savings because interest rates on
5
deposits are usually lower than the market rate.
Profits made by credit unions are given back to members in the form of lower interest
6
on loans, higher interest on savings and reduced fees.
7 Credit unions charge fees when a withdrawal is done
Members of a credit union have shares and are able to vote and influence the policies
8
of their credit union.
Credit union members develop a sense of ownership as they are able to hold positions
9 on various committees which allows them to acquire business and leadership
management skills.
Credit unions usually offer higher interest rates on loans and lower fees for financial
10
services than other economic institutions.
It is hard to access loans when needed in an emergency, especially in a situation where

11
a member may have difficulties getting a loan from a commercial bank.
Members of a credit union are able to obtain loans at low interest rates because interest
12
is calculated on the monthly unpaid balance instead of from the total amount borrowed.
The success of the credit union is dependent on the cooperation and support of its
13
members.
A member of a credit union gain control of the credit union by the number of shares he
14
or she owns
15 Members of a credit union receive dividends on his or her shares

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CREDIT UNION REASONS WHY IT CAN BE CONSIDERED SAFE

TO SAVE WITH A CREDIT UNION
ACTIVITY #2 (TRUE/FALSE ITEMS)
IT IS SAFE TO SAVE WITH A CREDIT UNION BECAUSE:
Instruction: Answer True or False to the questions below
! The records of a credit union are inspected regularly
by officers of the credit union.
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS ! The credit is by law required to have money to put

aside as a protection for members savings.
Credit unions are created and ! The risk experienced by credit unions is reduced
1
maintained by its members. because in order for a member to get a loan it has
to be guaranteed by other members and/or by the
borrowers’ assets.
A credit union operates in the
2
same way as bank.
! Loans are approved to members only.
! The credit union officers decide on the investment

Credit unions are financial officers as such they can avoid high-risk
institutions that offer their investments.
3 members a number of banking
services such as savings deposit,
credit and debit cards.
DEVALUATION AND DEPRECIATION
Credit unions accept deposit by Devaluation and depreciation has to do with a reduction
members called shares and in the value of a country’s currency while at the same
4 members, in turn, indirectly time the price/value of foreign currency increases. A
lend this money to other country loses international currencies or international
members who request a loan. reserves (money put aside by the Bank of Jamaica) when
the value of a country’s imports is far more than its
exports. For example, when the value of the US currency
Members of the credit union increases the value of the Jamaican currency depreciates.
5
receive interest on their shares. When this happens, the consumers may receive more
money when collecting money from overseas; however,
the cost of goods and services increases and government
Interest rates on deposits are will have to spend more money to purchase US currency
6 usually lower than the market to pay for imports.
rate.
DEVALUATION, DEPRECIATION AND INFLATION
ACTIVITY #3
The words below are all related to Depreciation, Devaluation and Inflation. Use the words in the box below to match
with the correct definition or statement.
Cost of Living Subsidy Inflation Exchange Rate Devaluation Depreciation
WORD MEANING/STATEMENT
1 This is the reduction in a country’s exchange rate relative to other countries.

This is the rate at which the prices for goods and services in an economy is rising over a period of
2
time and the decline in the purchasing power of currency.
This is money that is paid by the Government of a country to a business to help the business to
3
reduce the cost of producing goods to make the price of the goods more affordable to consumers.
This is the reduction in the exchange value of a currency which occurs whenever the price of foreign
4
exchange increases as a result of scarcity.
This is the price of basic goods and services required for maintaining a minimal standard of life.
5
Basic goods include: food clothes, shelter; basic services include: electricity, health, education.
6 The price for which the currency of a country can be exchanged for another country’s currency.
ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITIY #1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T T F F T T F T T F F T T F T

1 2 3 4 5 6
T F T T F T

1 2 3 4 5 6
Devaluation Inflation Subsidy Depreciation Cost of living Exchange Rate
Have a great week!!
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School. " E-mail: charmief2@yahoo.com
Access 2013: Designing a Simple Query
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
To start any query, you need to go to the query design. See diagram below:
Query design icon in MS Access 2013
You will see that there are not many differences between 2007, 2013 and 2016 as most of the tasks are carried out the
same way. It is a matter of getting familiar with the ribbons. The icons may have been moved around slightly.
A show table dialog box will appear showing the tables available in your database. See example below:
Show table
This database dialog box
has one table
Query design
grid
At this point you will select the table (s) that has the answer to your question (the information you are requesting).
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Let us look at it this way:
DESIGNING A QUERY
Here’s an example of a query in Design View in Microsoft Access. When you run a query like this, the database system
actually uses structured query language (SQL) behind the scenes to generate the query.

THE QUERY RESULTS
Regardless of the method you use to query the database, the results will usually be displayed in tabular format.
Here is another simple query
This database table is storing information on books.
For demonstration purposes, I will be using a database with 2 tables: Books and Author. The primary keys are set and
the relationship is established (CXC expects you to create relational databases for your SBA and will be asking you
questions on them as well).
Query/Question: List the books where the title starts with ‘S’, and the rating is better than 2.

The diagram below shows the Book table being selected for this query.
The area where the query will

be designed.
At this point you choose which of the fields in the table you want to either ask questions about, or wish to include in
the answer. To choose, double-click the field, or drag it to the grid below.
For our example we want to choose Author, Title & Rating (The fields to include are usually given, but if not you choose
the fields based on the answer you want.)
Note all the fields

selected are from
one table. This
often happens
with simple
queries.
The checked box means
that the field will show in
the result.
Once you have the fields in the grid, there are a lot of choices to make. They work line by line.

We have already chosen the fields, and the tables are added automatically. The next thing is the sort.
To sort the books by rating, for instance, click in the sort box for that column, and change the setting to Ascending or
Descending.
You can sort by multiple columns. The priority is from left to right. So if you wanted to sort by Rating and then Title,
you would need to rearrange the columns. You can just select by the grey bar at the top and drag them around. See
diagram below:
The sort row

in the
design grid.
This query
will be
sorted by
rating and
Title.
Criteria row - Here is where
you specify what you want
in your answer/result.
The Criteria row is a little more complex, but it’s very easy to use once you get used to it. Criteria are specifications for
which records (rows) from the table to show.
Compound criteria queries include AND & OR. That is, all of the criteria need to be met.
In our case, we want to

only see books where the
Title starts with ‘S’, and
the rating is better than
2. The ‘S’ criteria also
includes what is known
as a wild card. That is, the
title needs to start with
the letter S, but anything
can come after the ‘S’.
The ‘*’
Numeric criteria are represents the
allowed to be defined wild card
as limits, rather than
specific values, so in
the case we can use
|the ‘>’ operator. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
Now that we have defined the question we wish to ask, we can pose it to Access, and view the answer.
Click the Run button in the ribbon. The view button could also be used to toggle between the
datasheet view (showing the results of the query) and the query design.
These are the records that satisfy the criteria.
It’s important to note that as a general rule, the datasheet view from a query is live. That is, if you make changes to
the table data then you make changes to the query results.
SAVING THE QUERY

Finally, you can save the query for later. There is some confusion with this at times. Saving the query saves the question,
not the answer. So that means that next time you run the query, if the data in the table has changed, then the answer
might also change.
Click the Save button in the quick access toolbar at the top left of
the Access window. Remember that queries are saved along with
the tables inside the one Access file on your hard drive (or the
location you selected when it was being created).
For your SBA you need to print your queries. I also recommend that you print the design view. However, you
do not need to print the SQL.
Candidates tend to find database to be the most challenging of all the applications.
Make sure you understand how to:
1. explain the concept of a database 4. query a database
2. use the terminologies associated with a database 5. generate reports using
3. state the advantages and limitations of a database more than one table

how to make a database query

HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 11
with
Leroy Munroe
FOOD NUTRIENTS CONTINUED
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
1. Identify the different food tests and their result
2. Identify vitamin A to D and mineral salts, their sources and deficiency diseases associated with them
3. State the importance of dietary fibre and water as a source of nutrients
4. Describe constipation and diarrhoea
5. State the causes and effects of constipation and diarrhoea
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic compounds that act as a catalyst. Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble and are
given letters of the alphabet. These vitamins are A, B, C, D, E and K, with vitamins A, D, E and K being fat-soluble vitamins
and vitamins B and C being water soluble.
Vitamin A (Retinol)
This is a fat-soluble vitamin; this means it can only be dissolved in fat and not water. It is called retinol because it
produces the pigments in the retina of the eyes. Vitamin A is important for good vision, a healthy immune system and
cell growth. There are two types of vitamin A, beta-carotene and retinol. Beta-carotene is the yellow and orange pigment
found in fruits and vegetables such as carrots and pumpkins. It is essential for normal growth and development, as
well as functions of the immune system and vision. Retinol is found in liver, whole milk and fortified foods.
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
Good sources of Vitamin A include: Liver, fish liver oil, egg The B vitamins work together to help our body use the
yolk, milk, cheese, dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, energy we get from our food. Some B vitamins are also
spinach, kale, papaya, carrot, pumpkin, pineapple apricot, important in helping the body use protein to build new
mango, sweet potato, cantaloupe, fortified breakfast cells and tissues.
cereal, and tomato.
Good sources of vitamin B include: Yeast, bran from cereal,
groundnuts, whole grain of rice and cereal, cauliflower,
Functions of vitamin A in the body: tuna, garlic, egg yolk, liver, kidney, heart, dried peas and
beans, brown rice, red meat, berries, lean pork
! Helps form and maintains healthy skin, teeth,
skeletal and soft tissue, and mucus membranes
Functions of vitamin B’s in the body
! Form visual purple in the retina of the eyes
promoting good vision, especially in dim lights ! Is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates into
the simple sugar glucose
! The correct functioning of all epithelial cells in the
! Helps aerobic respiration in the mitochondrion. It is
body
required for the body to form adenosine
! Aids in storage of fat
triphosphate (ATP), which release energy in the cell
of the body for energy uses
! Increase resistance against infections
! Helps in the steady release of energy from
carbohydrates in the nerve and muscle cells
A lack of vitamin A causes the following deficiencies in
the body: ! Strengthens the immune system and improves the
body’s ability to withstand stressful situations
! Causes night-blindness which is called
xerophthalmia, here the cornea of the eyes becomes A lack of Vitamin B causes the deficiency disease Beri-Beri.
dry The signs and symptoms of the disease include the loss of
appetite and weakness of the legs. It also affects the
! Poor vision in dim lights nervous system, muscles and heart.
! Dry scaly skin

Vitamins C
! Increased infections
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin. It can
be dissolved in water but not alcohol. Our body cannot
Vitamin B complex store vitamin C; hence, we need a daily intake. Vitamin C
is found mainly in fruits and vegetables.
B Vitamins are referred to as B complex vitamins. These
vitamins are water-soluble because they can only dissolve Good sources of vitamin C include, citrus fruits e.g.
in water and not fat. They are easily destroyed by alcohol (oranges, lemons), guava, papaya, cherries, strawberries,
and cooking. The B vitamins work together to help our broccoli, cantaloupe, grapes, pine apple, tomatoes and
body use the energy we get from our food. Some B green vegetables. Other sources are potatoes and liver.
vitamins are also important in helping the body use
protein to build new cells and tissues. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
Vitamin C is needed in the body to carry out the The vitamin is needed in the body for:
following functions:
! the absorption and utilization of calcium and
! Make collagen, a protein that helps support tendons, phosphorus by the human body
ligaments and blood vessels
! promoting the formation of normal bones and teeth,
! Maintain healthy skin, teeth and gums and the calcification of bones
! Improves the absorption of iron from plant The deficiency disease that is caused from a lack of vitamin D
based foods is rickets in children; here, the bones become soft, they do
not harden properly during growth and development hence,
! Helps to strengthen our immune system increasing they are deformed. The development of teeth is also affected.
our resistance to diseases A deficiency of vitamin D in adults causes osteoporosis where
the bones become weak and osteomalacia (pain in the
! Needed for the growth and repair of tissues in bones). This is caused by poor absorption of calcium and
our body phosphorus, which leads to decalcification of bones. The
cause of rickets and osteomalacia is mainly from a lack of
The deficiency disease that results from a lack of vitamin
exposure to ultraviolet light.
C is called Scurvy, here, the walls of the blood capillaries
weaken, allowing blood to escape through them, the teeth
loosen and fall out, the gums bleed, and the healing of
wounds are retarded. The immune system is also
weakened. MINERAL SALTS
Mineral salts are inorganic compounds present in both

Vitamin D plants and animals that are important for the health and
growth of the human body. They are important for many
Vitamin D (calciferol) is another fat-soluble vitamin. It can cellular processes such as the formation of bones and teeth
be dissolved in fat but not water. Vitamin D is required for and the regulation of body fluids such as maintaining the
the regulating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus,
correct balance between acidic and alkaline fluids in the
and facilitating normal functions of the immune system.
body. They are only required in small quantities in our diet.
It also plays an importance in the development of healthy
A lack of mineral salts in our diet will lead to deficiency
bones and teeth. Exposure to the sun is an easy and
diseases like the vitamin deficiency diseases. These
reliable way for some people to get vitamin D. The vitamin
deficiency diseases can be cured by taking in a small
is produced in the skin by the stimulus of ultra-violet light
amount of these minerals in the diet. Mineral salts supply
from the sunlight.
the elements that are not supplied by fats, carbohydrates
and proteins. The quantity of mineral elements needed daily
Good sources of the vitamin come from egg yolk, fish liver
in the diet to stay healthy may vary from one person to
oil, liver, sardines, mackerel, tuna, herring, butter and
another at different ages.
cheese. Cow’s and human milk contain a negligible
amount of this vitamin. Approximately ninety percent of
Vitamin D is obtained through exposure to the sunlight. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
The deficiency disease from a lack of iron in the body is

CALCIUM
Anaemia. In anaemia, the amount of haemoglobin in the
blood is less than normal, and less oxygen is carried from
Calcium is important in the growth of new bones and lungs to tissues causing tiredness and lack of energy due
maintaining bone and teeth strength. to lack of red blood cells. A disease such as malaria causes
this condition in humans.
Good sources include milk, yogurt, cheese, bread, cereals,
legumes, green vegetables and fruits
WATER
! Helps in blood clotting
! Formation of healthy bones and teeth
Water plays an important role in our body, it is important
! Helps in the transmission of nerve impulses
! Helps in the contraction of muscles for all body functions. About two thirds of the body is
! Maintain a regular heartbeat composed of water. Our body cannot store water; hence,
! Regulates blood pressure we need a fresh supply every day to make up for losses
! Helps insulin open cells to glucose from the lungs, skin, urine and faeces. The amount we
need depends on our body size, metabolism, the weather,
The deficiency disease from a lack of calcium in the diet is the food we eat and our activity level. It is the foundation
rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. Some for good health.
symptoms include decaying teeth and white flecks under
the fingernails, numbness in the fingers and toes, muscle Functions of water in the body include:
cramps, loss of appetite and abnormal heart rhythm. 1) the hydrolysis of food during digestion;
2) it is a solvent and fluid for transportation in blood;
IRON 3) helps dissolve food nutrients and minerals during
digestion to make them accessible to the body;
4) it transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and
Iron is a mineral found in every cell of the body. Iron is
remove the waste products carbon dioxide and
considered an essential mineral because it is needed to
make part of blood cells. The human body needs iron to water;
make the oxygen-carrying proteins haemoglobin and 5) act as a cushion for organs and joints;
myoglobin. Haemoglobin is found in red blood cells and 6) regulates the body temperature;
myoglobin is found in muscles. Iron also makes up part of 7) when the sweat evaporates, it cools the body;
many proteins in the body. 8) provides support within the cells by providing turgid
pressure (inflating the cells);
Good sources of iron include liver, red meat, cereals, egg 9) Prevents constipation.
yolk, kidney, yeast and green leafy vegetables (callaloo,
and spinach are good sources), legumes, fish, poultry,
dried fruits. Water must be replaced in our body because we lose it
during sweating, excretion and breathing. It is difficult for
Iron is needed in the body to carry out the following a person to live beyond four days without any water
functions in the body (liquid) intake. Water can be obtained from several sources
! Formation of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin gives the
such as the food we eat, vegetables, fruits and milk.
red colour to the red blood cells and acts as an
Dehydration is caused from a lack of water.
oxygen carrier
! It is also a component in many enzymes
! Needed for energy metabolism JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
ROUGHAGE/DIETARY FIBRE Effects of constipation on the body

! Abdominal pain and cramps
Dietary fibre or roughage is the part of plants that cannot ! Excessive gas and bloating
be digested when eaten. Dietary fibre does not provide us ! Haemorrhoids (perfuse bleeding, pain, itching and
with any nutrients but they play a very important role in extreme sensitivity)
our diet. It is important that some of our food remain as ! Affects one’s quality of life, causes stress, and
bulk in the alimentary canal. This allows the muscular diminishes one’s overall sense of well-being
walls of the intestines to grip the food and push it through ! An increase in harmful bacteria and other parasites
the alimentary canal in a process called peristalsis. Muscle in the colon because it becomes a breeding ground
movements are not stimulated by soft food and foods that for these pathogens
are digested. Such foods do not move through the intestine ! Weakens the body’s immune system and reduces the
and can cause constipation. ability to fight illnesses
! A feeling of lethargy, fatigue, mood swings and
Roughage is important in the large intestine, where with
sleeping disorder
the absorption of water, the faeces are kept soft for
! Loss of appetite
movement passing through the alimentary canal. Good
! Nausea and headaches
sources of dietary fibre are vegetables, fruits, nuts, peas
! Distended abdomen
and beans. The outer husk of cereal grains called bran is a
good source of dietary fibre. A lack of dietary fibre can
cause cancer of the intestines. DIARRHOEA
Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose
CONSTIPATION or liquid stool per day. This is an intestinal disorder in
Constipation is the inability to pass faeces. It is usually which faeces are discharged from the bowels frequently in
caused by the slow movement of stool through the colon. a liquid form. Diarrhoea is associated with frequent, loose,
It occurs when bowel movements become difficult or less watery stools, abdominal cramps and pain, fever, blood in
frequent. Having three or less bowel movement for the stool and bloating.
week may be a sign that you are constipated. It can also
Causes of Diarrhoea
mean straining to have a bowel movement or passing
! Viral infection that include the Norwalk virus, and
stool that are small, hard and dry. Going longer than three
viral hepatitis. Rotavirus is a common cause of acute
days without a bowel movement is too long. After three
childhood diarrhoea.
days, the stool or faeces become harder and more difficult
! Bacteria and parasites (Food poisoning). Common
to pass. A poor diet and an inactive lifestyle are the most
bacterial causes of diarrhoea include, salmonella,
common causes of constipation.
shigella and Escherichia coli. Food may cause
Some common causes of constipation diarrhoea when it is prepared or stored in
! Inadequate intake of water and other fluids. unhygienic conditions.
! Lack of food high in fibre (fruits, vegetables and ! Medications: Many medications can cause diarrhoea.
whole grain) The most common are antibiotics. Antibiotics destroy
! Inadequate activity or lack of exercise both good and bad bacteria, which can disturb the
! Eating a large amount of dairy products natural balance of bacteria in your intestines.
! A disruption in regular diet or routine; travelling ! Lactose intolerance – Lactose is a sugar found in milk
! Stress and depression and other dairy products. Many people have
! Having colon cancer difficulty digesting lactose and experience diarrhoea
! Resisting the urge to have a bowel movement, after eating dairy products.
this is sometimes the result of pain from
haemorrhoid (piles). JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
Effects of diarrhoea on the body

! Dehydration: With the frequent passing of watery stools, the body loses excessive fluids and minerals that lead
to dehydration;
! Thirst and dry mouth;
! Moderate or severe abdominal pain or tenderness;
! Nausea and vomiting may occur;
! Fainting due to hypotension (low blood pressure);
! Irritation of the anus due to frequent passage of watery stools;
! Prolonged and severe diarrhoea that can lead to kidney failure, lack of urine, shock and acidosis (too much of
acid in the blood that can lead to coma if not treated promptly;
! The body loses electrolytes and water;
! Persons may experience loss of energy and weakness
WATCH THE THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.
Have a good week.
Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic College. " E-mail: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com

PRINCIPLES OF
BUSINESS Lesson 11
with
Hilary Bassaragh
INTERNAL ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Objective:
At the end of this lesson candidates should

understand the communication process and strategies for effective communication within an organisation.
COMMUNICATION
Effective communication is needed if a business is to survive and grow. It therefore involves all members of the business
and it must also be understood and acceptable by all people involved. It is important that parties communicate
effectively internally and externally as we are now in a global market, in which competition is fierce, so everyone in
the organisation needs to collaborate closely on solving organisational challenges and on achieving agreed objectives.
Poor communication results in errors, decreased productivity, distrust, absenteeism, and dissatisfaction with one’s job.
Communication is a two-way process that enables information to be transmitted within an organisation. Individuals
can communicate through speech, behaviour (body language), writing or signals (sign language). The objective is to
convey ideas from one person to another or to several people. However, the use of satellites has allowed businesses to
correspond by both sound and vision worldwide either through intranet or internet. Effective communication needs
to be planned and the following needs to be considered:
1. The objective 2. The audience 3. The message 4. The tools 5. The resources
Effective communication involves four elements:
3 the sender - the source of the information
3 the message - the content of what needs to be communicated
3 the channel - method or medium used to send the message
3 the receiver - the person or audience to whom the message is sent
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page

JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
Communication can take place in different ways. These include:
1. Vertical - This is up and down the organisation. Downwards is from the superiors to subordinates. (Examples: giving
orders, setting targets) Upward is employee to employer. (Example: presenting a report)
2. Lateral - This is communication across the organisation (Examples: one team to another or department to
department)
3. Non verbal - This is communication without the use of speaking. (Examples: using body language, using letters,
memo and diagrams)

4. Verbal - This is using words whether they are spoken face to face or by means of the phone or written as in the
form of e-mail.
5. Formal - Following the channels of communication established by the organisation
6. Informal - using channels established by the workers, often called the “grapevine”. This method passes around
information quickly, but it can become distorted.
7. Internal - This is what takes place within the organisation
8. External - This takes place outside the organisation or between other organisations. (Examples: advertising and
annual report)
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
WRITTEN
The method of communication used will depend on the following:
1. time – how quickly do you want to sent the information
2. cost – some methods will cost more than others; however, the need or urgency will dictate the method used
3. distance – how far the message will have to be sent
4. privacy – how private you want the information to remain. If you want few people to access this then direct
contact is necessary

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
1. Physical - This is often due to the type of equipment used. It may be outdated or fail to function. This may also
include distractions such as noise, poor ventilation and lighting. All this can affect people’s morale and concentration,
which in turn affect communication.
2. Culture and language - Words can have several meaning to different people who are not using the same language.
Similarly, each country has its Creole or slang. Therefore individuals can infer or misinterpret the information.
3. Psychological factors - A person’s state of mind can affect how they communicate. If we are in a bad mood, then our
thoughts will reflect our mood. Equally, if you are happy it is evident in your approach with people. If a person also
chooses to have selective hearing this can become disastrous for business relations.
TECHNOLOGY
Technology has changed how we communicate today. Virtually every day a new and more effective way of
communicating is developed. There are several choices open to the business community, including:
1. voicemail 3. Internet ( E-mail and E-bay)
2. Tele and videoconferencing 4. Voice recognition and touchscreen computers
Hilary Bassaragh is on the staff of The Queen’s School. " E-mail: ac_teacher@yahoo.com

PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 11
with
Tedmore Clarke
DEPRECIATION OF FIXED ASSETS
Fixed assets refer to long-term assets bought for use in the It is possible, however, for depreciation on the
business and not specifically for resale. Such assets will straight-line basis to be calculated as a fixed percentage
not be used up in their entirety in any one trading year of original cost. In this case, the percentage is applied on
and as such should not be treated as expenses in any single the cost of the asset, with the resulting depreciation being
year. Depreciation is used to allocate the cost of fixed charged each year on the asset.
assets to the profit and loss account as expense over the
lives of those assets. Depreciation, representing that part The Reducing Balance Method
of the cost of a fixed asset used up over the life of the asset,
is therefore regarded as an expense of the firm. This method assumes that a decreasing portion of the
asset is used up each period. A fixed percentage is used
DEPRECIATION CALCULATIONS and depreciation is calculated on the balance on the asset
for each period. In the first year the percentage is applied
There are two main methods for calculating depreciation: on the original cost, but thereafter the book value (also
1. The Straight Line (or Fixed Installment) Method; and called the written down value) is used. This means that
the charge for depreciation will become smaller each year
2. The Reducing (or Diminishing) Balance Method. for the asset.
The Straight Line Method

ILLUSTRATION
This method assumes that a constant proportion of the
cost of each fixed asset is used up each year; hence, a fixed
T. Christian, a retailer, purchased a motor van for $100,000
amount is charged as depreciation for each period. The
cash. It is expected that this van will have an effective
amount to be charged as depreciation is calculated as:
working life of four years, with an estimated scrap value
Depreciation = Cost - Disposal Value of $40,960.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
No. of Years (Life of the Asset)
Show your calculation of the figures for depreciation and
NOTE: Disposal value (also known as residual, scrap, or the resulting book value for each of the four years, using:
salvage value) is the value of the asset at the end
of its useful life. a) the Straight Line Method
Where the asset has no disposal value, the formula b) the Reducing Balance Method, with a rate of 20%
becomes: per annum.
Depreciation = Cost
–––––––––––––––
Life of the Asset JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
The Books of T. Christian
For the Straight Line Method:
Annual Depreciation = Cost – Disposal Value

Life
= $100,000 - $40,960
4
= $59,040
4
= $14,760 per annum
DOUBLE ENTRY RECORDS FOR DEPRECIATION
The asset account should record the asset at its original cost. Depreciation is then recorded in a Provision for
Depreciation Account, where the depreciation accumulates each year.
To Record Depreciation:
DR Profit and Loss
CR Provision for Depreciation
At the end of the trading period, the balance (c/d) on the provision for depreciation account (representing the
accumulated depreciation at that date) is subtracted from the original cost of the asset on the balance sheet.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

EXERCISE
On January 1, 2014 G. Ashley, a trader, purchased a computer for $30,000 paying by cheque. The rate of depreciation
being charged on the computer is 12.5% per annum, using the straight-line method.
Assuming that the financial year-end is December 31 annually, prepare the following for the first THREE years:
a) the Computer Account
b) the Provision for Depreciation Account
c) the Profit and Loss Account Extracts
d) the Balance Sheet Extracts
SOLUTION
The Books of G. Ashley
Straight Line Depreciation = 12.5% of $30,000

= $3,750 per annum.

TUTORIAL NOTE
Each year, the credit side of the Provision for Depreciation Account should be prepared BEFORE the debit side.
TUTORIAL NOTE
In order to demonstrate the double entry principle, it is necessary to use the horizontal format for the profit and
loss account.

Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics.

" E-mail: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com
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INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 11
with
Michelle Smith-Henry
RESPIRATION AND POLLUTION (Part 2)
Hi one and all. This is the second of our three-part series on the unit on respiration and air pollution. For today’s lesson
we will be explaining the mechanism of breathing and discussing the process of gaseous exchange.
RESPIRATION
A bell-jar model is used to simulate the actions of the human respiratory system.
Pulling down on the hook causes the space in the bell-jar to increase in size so air is pulled into the balloons through
the glass tubes, inflating the balloons. Releasing the hook causes a decrease in the size of the space in the bell-jar. This
causes the air to be forced out of the lungs, deflating them.
Breathing is the mechanical process that is used to get air into and out of the lungs.
Breathing and respiration are not the same processes. It involves two stages – ventilation and gaseous exchange.
Ventilation deals with inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). Humans possess a respiratory system which
takes part in breathing.
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
Inhalation is the movement of air that is rich in oxygen into the lungs of the body.
Also known as ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
This process occurs because of the increase in size of the thoracic cavity. During the process of inhalation:
# External intercostal muscles contract causing the ribcage to move upwards and outwards lifting the ribcage
# Muscles of the diaphragm contract pulling down on its center causing the diaphragm to flatten
# Causes volume of thoracic cavity to increase
# Air pressure inside the thorax therefore decreases
# Pressure of the air outside the body is higher so air then rushes into the lungs

Exhalation is the movement of air rich in carbon dioxide out of the lungs of the body.
Also known as ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
This process occurs because of the decrease in size of the thorax. During the process of exhalation:
# External intercostal muscles relax causing ribcage to move downwards and inwards lowering the ribcage
# Muscles of the diaphragm relax releasing its center causing the diaphragm to make a dome shape
# Causes volume of thoracic cavity to decrease
# Air pressure inside the thorax therefore increases
# Pressure of the air outside the body is lower so air is forced out of the lungs
Air taken into the body is called inhaled air or expired air while air that is released from the body is known as exhaled
air or expired air. Respiration usually uses up some of the oxygen in the air taken into the body. It produces carbon
dioxide which is then passed into the air already in the lungs. Then this air is passed out of the body to make way for
fresher air. This can be summed up below.

TABLE SHOWING COMPARISON OF AIR DURING BREATHING
PERCENTAGE FOUND (%)

GASES
PRESENT
INHALED AIR EXHALED AIR
Nitrogen 78.00 78.00
Carbon dioxide 0.04 4.00
Oxygen 21.00 17.00
Water vapour varies higher
Other gases about 1 about 1
A respiratory surface enables the rapid and efficient exchange of gases between the organism and its environment. It
must have a good supply of oxygen and must be protected. In mammals the lungs are large and sponge-like and made
of millions of sac-like structures called the alveoli. They are kept moist by the watery liquid secreted by special cells
inside the sacs. Each alveolus is ideally suited for gaseous exchange because together they:
v Provide a large surface area so there is more space for faster diffusion of gases
v Have walls one cell thick so gases diffuse through easily
v Have a moist inner surface for gases to dissolve to diffuse easier
v Surrounded by a dense network of capillaries for gases to diffuse directly into bloodstream

Gaseous exchange is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.
Air that is rich in

oxygen gas passes
into the alveoli of the
lungs. The walls of
the capillaries press
against the walls of
the alveoli (shortens
the distance for the
process of diffusion).
Some of the oxygen
gas inhaled diffuses
across both the thin
cell membranes of
the alveoli and
capillaries into the
blood. This oxygen
combines with the
haemoglobin of
the red blood
cells, forming
oxyhaemoglobin, and
is taken to the cells of
the body. The carbon
dioxide made during
respiration is carried
by the plasma of the
blood to the lungs.
Here the carbon
dioxide diffuses from
the plasma of the
blood across the cell
membranes of the
capillaries and alveoli
into the air in the
lungs. This air that is
rich in carbon dioxide
passes out of the
alveoli of the lungs.

Gas Exchange in Alveoli Animation - Pathway of Air through Respiratory Syste…
d. Name the gas that does NOT change in amount 2. a. Define the terms
when exhaled in air. (i) breathing,
A. Carbon dioxide (ii) gaseous exchange,
B. Water vapour (iii) respiration.
C. oxygen
D. nitrogen b. Complete the following table on the mechanics
of breathing.
e. Which of the following will be able to respire
anaerobically? EXHALATION INHALATION
A. Muscle cells of running lion
B. Cells of seeds planted in soil Diaphragm
C. Yeast cells between toes External intercostal
D. all of the above muscle
f. One difference between aerobic respiration and Ribcage

anaerobic respiration is that
A. aerobic respiration releases more energy than Volume of thorax
anaerobic respiration
B. aerobic respiration does not produce CO2 Air pressure inside thorax
while anaerobic respiration does
Air pressure outside body
C. anaerobic respiration always produces water
while aerobic respiration does not
Therefore air
D. anaerobic respiration produces more energy
than aerobic respiration
c. Explain what happens during gaseous exchange,
g. Complete the word equation for anaerobic with the aid of a diagram.
respiration in animals that is given.
Glucose ➞ ________________________________________ 3. a. Define the terms
(i) aerobic respiration,
A. Carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy (ii) anaerobic respiration.
B. Lactic acid + energy
C. Ethanol + lactic acid + energy b. Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.
D. Water + carbon dioxide + energy
c. State the features of a respiratory surface.
h. Which of the following is the balanced chemical
equation for aerobic respiration? Remember our theme (“What my mind can conceive and
my heart truly believe, I will achieve” ). Until next time
A. C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ➞ CO2 + H2 O + energy everyone. God bless you!
B. C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ➞ 6CO2 + H2 O + energy

Michelle Smith-Henry is on the staff of
C. 6C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ➞ 6CO2 + 6H2 O + energy Excelsior High School.
" E-mail: chellysmithus@gmail.com
D. C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ➞ 6CO2 + 6H2 O + energy

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 11
with
Simone Gibbs
TI-JEAN AND HIS BROTHERS

(Part 2)
Welcome to this week’s lesson. Two weeks ago I began a
lesson on Derek Walcott’s Ti-Jean and His Brothers. This
week I will continue to look at various aspects of that
prescribed play. I ended that lesson with themes, in
particular, the theme of Appearance versus Reality. I will
continue this week’s lesson with themes.
THEMES
Good versus Evil

The poverty of the family can also be seen as evil. It puts them
at a disadvantage. That is, it makes them vulnerable and
susceptible to temptation. In other words, it is their abject
poverty that makes each one of the sons want to go out and
make his fortune; there is nothing at home to inherit or even
to make their lives comfortable. Furthermore, because they
have not had many opportunities, each one jumps at the first
offer of employment and sticks to it despite the fact that it is
very difficult.
Although poor, there is goodness in the lives of the mother

and her three sons. As simple as it may sound, they have
the benefit of being a family – togetherness, a history of
love, sound advice, and a mother who prays for them and
is concerned about their well-being.
When the Devil throws out the challenge to the three sons,
it sets in motion a war between evil and good. At first it
appears as if evil is winning the war. Every time the white
The obvious symbol of evil in the play is the Devil. He has
planter (disguised as the Devil) tricks and defeats one of the
been the cause of confusion, pain and suffering in the lives brothers, evil has won a battle. Ti-Jean’s ultimate defeat of
of human beings for centuries. He goes out of his way to the Devil is, therefore, the triumph of good over evil.
deceive human beings so that he can disrupt their peace
and destroy their lives. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
Not only does Ti-Jean kill and eat the planter’s goat, turn his
Further, the planter who employs the brothers appears to
workers against him and burn his cane fields and house, but be benevolent. Even when he engages the brothers in
Ti-Jean’s bravery in the face of difficulty causes the Devil to
conversation it is not because he is interested in their
feel rage and to cry; hence, showing human weakness. well-being or because he even wants to have a
conversation with them, it is simply that he wanted to
COLONIALISM trick them into becoming enraged so that they could lose
The history of the West Indies includes slavery and the challenge.
colonialisation. European (white) owners of plantations
were masters of the black people whom they had taken Irony can also be found in the other characters. Gros Jean
from Africa to work as slaves and later labourers after who boasts of his great strength, which he claims is able
slavery was abolished. Blacks were treated terribly, both to conquer the world, becomes frustrated when he is given
as slaves and labourers. a lot of work to do and, instead of smashing his way to
victory, he is easily overpowered by the Devil and loses the
The white planter in the play is typical of the plantation challenge. Mi-Jean, who professes that he is more
owners that existed in the past. He treated his workers intellectual than everyone else around him, is outwitted
poorly; they were overworked and (in the case of Gros Jean),
first by the planter’s goat, then by the planter himself, who
poorly paid. Yet he lived lavishly from the wealth that he
goads him into losing his temper, and therefore the
made from the hard work of the black labourers. It is no
challenge. Ti-Jean, on the other hand, the youngest and
wonder that Walcott made the character interchangeable
smallest of the three brothers, does not claim to have any
with the Devil. He was simply wearing a mask.
particular ability, yet he is the one who defeats the Devil
When Ti-Jean encourages the labourers to burn the cane with his wit and, of course, with assistance from God (via
fields it can be seen as an act of insurrection reminiscent the prayers of his mother).
of the riots that took place on the plantations years ago;
the blacks fighting against the oppressive whites who
were in control of them and as a protest against the BIBLICAL ALLUSION
system that existed in the West Indies. The burning of the
cane fields can also be seen as a victory for the blacks who The play is filled with references to God (of the Christian
lived then and as a statement of defiance as well. faith) and the Devil. In fact the plot is centred on the
eternal struggle which has existed between good (God)
LITERARY DEVICES and evil (the Devil). In the play, Walcott is careful to point
out that God is benevolent. He wants the best for human
IRONY beings. Not only does God care for humanity, but he also
As you can recall, irony occurs when something appears to listens to humans and answers their cries for help.
be one way on the surface but, upon investigation, it is
found to be something else. The simple creatures (the bird,The Devil, on the other hand, has been the enemy of
the frog, the cricket and the firefly) in the forest, for humanity seemingly from the beginning of time and has
example, give the humans (the three brothers) advice: been the source of much suffering among humankind. In
They warn them against the wiles of the Devil. the play, the Devil makes reference to the fact that he was
once in heaven where he had a special place in God’s heart,
The Old Man, also, appears to be helpful, as he is the one
but he had lost that place because of his own selfish
who tells the brothers about the job on the plantation
actions. All these are references to stories in the Bible
after they tell him of their desire to make their fortune.
regarding the Devil.
Unfortunately, the Old Man was not assisting the young
men; he was sending them into a trap — a situation that
he planned to end in their deaths. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
The biblical references in the play serve to provide a sense With the use of stage directions, Walcott is able to dictate
of hope both to the characters and to the audience. Even the moods and movement within the play. These stage
when the Devil was lamenting his lost place in heaven, he directions include [Roll of drums. Comic quarto], [Sad
sang the song Leaning on the Everlasting Arms. Quite music on flute], [The music stops. The brothers GROS
ironic. Clearly, even he wanted support and
JEAN and MI-JEAN put their arms around each other, and
encouragement and was aware that God could provide
to heavy drums tramp home], and [Crash of cymbals…].
them. This further highlights the strength of God and his
ability to overcome evil.
In several instances also the characters’ lines are lilting
and lyrical. It is unlikely that any audience would be bored
SYMBOLISM
when all these aspects are employed.
A symbol is an object that is used to represent

something else. As mentioned before the characters of SUSPENSE
the Planter, the Old Man, and the Devil are one and the
same. All three are symbolic of what is evil. It can be
argued that Walcott uses these various characters to A skilful playwright knows that he must include
make the point that evil can come in many different events/instances in the play that will cause the audience
forms. This might cause audience members to think to wonder what will happen next? How will this situation
twice about those with whom they come into contact: turn out? What will happen to …(a character)?
Are they really who they claim to be?
At the end of the prologue, for example, the Devil issues
Ti-Jean can be seen as a symbol of the developing West
the challenge to the woman’s sons, and he and his demons
Indian territories. He is young and inexperienced. He does
sing “Give the Devil a child for dinner”. Then the scene
not have ‘military might’ (like some developed countries,
or the strength of Gros Jean’s arm) nor is he known for changes to the mother and her three sons in their hut.
being a rhetorician (like Mi-Jean). Instead, all he has is the Here the audience is left to wonder – Will the devil in fact
desire to do well, an appreciation for the things of God, win and eat the woman’s children?
and the prayers of his mother.
Another example occurs at the end of Act One when Gros
Ti-Jean is smart. He assesses the situation he is in, adapts Jean loses his temper and the challenge and the Devil
to it, then uses his wits to overcome the difficulties that devours him. The audience will no doubt feel sympathy for
he faces (including the white planter).
him. They will also wonder what will be the fate of the
other brothers.
DRAMATIC TECHNIQUES
I hope you have benefited from the above discussion.
Dramatic techniques are tools that the playwright/ Please join me next week when I will give an example
dramatist uses to enhance the play. These tools work of an essay question that you might get on Paper 02
to keep the audience interested and entertained.
of the examination, as well as my essay in response to
that question.
MUSIC AND SINGING
The play is a musical. There is much music and singing Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School.
and dancing by the characters. Even the animals " E-mail: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
participate in the singing.
www.jamaicaobserver.com
Article
with Career Development Services 11
THE NATIONAL TRAINING AGENCY
EXAMINING CAREER CLUSTERS
AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Agriculture, food, and natural resource workers produce
agricultural goods. This includes food, plants, animals,
fabrics, wood, and crops. You might work on a farm, ranch,
dairy, orchard, greenhouse, or plant nursery. You could also
In the previous article we learnt about career clusters, why work in a clinic or laboratory as a scientist or engineer.
we need to be aware of them and how we can use them Some agriculture, food, and natural resource workers
to research and explore careers. It also introduced 16 market, sell, or finance agricultural goods. For example,
popular clusters that are widely used in many countries. you might market products made from plants and animals.
In this article we will take a more detailed look at the 16 Or, you might sell services that farmers and ranchers use
clusters that were mentioned. There are different
to improve products. You could also work to conserve
variations of career clusters and cluster groups. In other
natural resources or protect the environment. Example:
words, you may find a set of clusters with different names,
sale of fertilisers for plants.
but they are usually just as effective. The 16 clusters
chosen were actually selected because of their link to
education. Education programmes and what is available ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION
in the world of work must be similar so these clusters are
ideal for persons to use for career exploration. Architecture and construction workers work on buildings
and other structures. This includes highways, bridges,
1. Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources houses, and buildings. You might create the designs or
2. Architecture and Construction plans for new structures. Or you might use the plans to
3. Arts, Audio/Video Technology and Communications build or manage the workers on the project.
4. Business Management and Administration
5. Education and Training
6. Finance
ARTS, AUDIO/VIDEO TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS
7. Government and Public Administration Arts, audio/video technology, and communications
8. Health Science workers use creativity and their talents on the job. You
9. Hospitality and Tourism might work for an audience as a performer or artist. This
10. Human Services includes painters, dancers, sculptors, actors, and singers.
11. Information Technology You might work behind the scenes to make a performance
12. Law, Public Safety, Corrections and Security
successful, this includes set designers, editors, broadcast
13. Manufacturing
technicians, and camera operators.
14. Marketing
15. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
16. Transportation, Distribution and Logistics HEART CAREER TALK continues on next page
HEART CAREER TALK continued from previous page
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION HEALTH SCIENCE

Management and administrative workers give the Health science workers promote health and wellness. They
necessary support needed to make a business operate diagnose and treat injuries and disease. As a physician,
effectively. You might check employee time records or train dentist, or nurse, they work directly with patients. You
new employees, or you might work as a top executive and could also work in a laboratory to get information used in
provide the overall direction for a company or department. research or provide administrative support by keeping
You may also create and manage your own business. medical records, work in pharmaceuticals or work with
medical technology. For example, conducting X-rays or
ultrasounds.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Education and training workers guide and train persons HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM
from early childhood throughout their lives. As a teacher,
you could influence people’s lives. You could also support Hospitality and tourism workers help people enjoy
the work of a classroom teacher as a counsellor, librarian, vacations and entertainment activities. You might work at
or principal. You could coach sports activities or develop a restaurant, resort, sports arena, theme park, museum,
learning programmes. or hotel.
You can also work with organisations and universities. For
example, you could lead training to employees in a HUMAN SERVICES
business as a human resource employee or a job developer,
or work as a university or college lecturer/professor. Human services workers help individuals and families meet
their personal needs. You might work in a government
office, hospital, non-profit agency, nursing home, spa,
FINANCE hotel, or school. Or you might work in your own home.
Finance workers keep track of money; individuals might Some other examples include Salvation Army or the Red
work in financial planning, banking, or insurance. Cross Society.
For example, persons might provide financial services to a
business or individual or they could maintain financial INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
records or give advice to business executives on how to
operate their business. Information technology workers are in a growing and
always changing field. You might work with computer
hardware, software, multimedia, or network systems. You
GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION might design new computer equipment or work on a new
Government and public administration workers help pass computer game or software or develop websites.
and enforce the law as well as work on public policies and
serve the general public. Individuals could work in LAW, PUBLIC SAFETY, CORRECTIONS, AND SECURITY
national or local government or in a government-funded
institution. You will find almost every type of occupation Law, public safety, corrections, and security workers are
within the government, including some jobs that are only found in a variety of settings. For example, you might
found within government. guard the public and enforce the law as a police officer or
For example, you might inspect new or remodelled security guard or a military officer. Individuals might
buildings for safety, help people file the paperwork for a provide fire protection as a firefighter or a correctional
marriage licence, or create proposals for urban officer at a penal institution (prison).
development and even record births and deaths as in the
case of the Registrar General’s Department (RGD). HEART CAREER TALK continues on next page
HEART CAREER TALK continued from previous page
MANUFACTURING CONCLUSION
Manufacturing workers work with products and There is a lot of information available on each cluster;
equipment. You might design a new product, decide how information that will be important to your career
exploration. Although it is important to explore the cluster
the product will be made, or make the product. You might
or clusters that match your interest, it will never hurt to
work on cars, computers, appliances, airoplanes, or expand your knowledge of careers by exploring the other
electronic devices. clusters as well. You might just find a career that you have
never previously considered and it may even become an
area of interest.
MARKETING, SALES, AND SERVICE
For detailed information on all 16 clusters, including
Marketing, sales, and service workers help businesses sell
careers, industries, pathways, field of study and businesses
products. You might advertise and promote products so
in the cluster, visit:
customers want to buy them or you might sell products http://www.iseek.org/careers/clusters.html
and services to customers. You can also design
advertisements, develop marketing plans, or do marketing
Erica Williams, Manager,
research. Individuals in this area are usually creative and Career Development Services
interactive. HEART Trust/NTA, National TVET Centre,
Gordon Town Road, St. Andrew.
" E-mail: Erica_Williams@heart-nta.org.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, Telephone: 876-977-1700-5, 876-970-2139
AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) Website: www.heart-nta.org
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

workers do scientific research in laboratories or in the —————————————————————————
field. Others plan or design products and systems that will
support scientists, mathematicians, or engineers as they
do their work.
TRANSPORTATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND LOGISTICS

Transportation, distribution, and logistics workers move
people and products by road, air, trains, and ships. You
might work as a driver, pilot, engineer, or captain as well
as other occupations associated with the field. Some
examples are UPS, DHL and FedEx.
You might repair or maintain the vehicles, trains, planes,
and ships that move people and products, or you might
work behind the scenes to make sure the products and
people get to the right place on time.
ERIES
LECT(3UrdREEditSion) :
E n g li s
tudy gu
CSEC s Language
h
ides
nology,
ALWAYS
on Tech
Informati and History.
Spanish AHEAD
ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, November 20, 2018 Page 52 www.jamaicaobserver.com
Online:
► Communication
Studies 53 – 56
► Caribbean
Studies 57 – 59
AWARDED FOR ART
ST. HUGH’S HIGH SCHOOL, ST. ANDREW:
Kemoy Simpson showcasing the
Institute of Jamaica shield for
outstanding craftsmanship awarded
in 2017-2018 to her school for her
clay piece titled Riverside (inset
top left). [Photo: Jason Tulloch]
LECTURE SERIES (3 rd
Edition)
The most comprehensive collection of CSEC study guides: NOW
English Language and Information Technology, Spanish and History AVAILABLE
Available at JAMAICA OBSERVER LIMITED: • Kingston – (876)926-7655
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 11
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
PORTFOLIO
Hello everyone. Welcome to another week of lessons. We

PRONUNCIATION/PHONETICS
are just about looking forward to the end of the first term
and I hope you are getting comfortable with the subject.
Let us review your answers for last week before we get Firs & secon – no voiced consonant ‘t’ & ‘d’ sound
into looking at your Internal Assessment (IA) and one of at the end of words
the requirements for the IA. You were asked to use your
syllabus to help with identifying the characteristics of
Creole in the song Banks of Hope by Agent Sasco. Tird –no voiced consonant at the beginning of
words with th
GRAMMAR/SYNTAX
Once you used your syllabus your answers will fall under
any of these three categories:
1. Grammar/Syntax 3. Vocabulary/Lexicon ‘never give up an wi never lose hope’ – unmarked
2. Pronunciation/Phonetics action verbs. Here it should be ‘gave up’ and ‘lost
hope’ as it is a past reference to when and where
VOCABULARY/LEXICON he grew up.
‘run boat’– shared word but different meaning in ‘from food stamp to no stamp’ – unmarked count
standard English (S.E.) – to run boat would mean go noun with generic meaning. At this point there is no
sailing, but in the case of the song it means to cook a
‘s’ on stamp and we know that it would be plural as
pot of food with friends).
‘Bus’ in S.E. refers to a means of transportation, but it was regularly used as a way of attaining goods.
in our context it is to be given a great opportunity at
being a success. ‘juvenile nuh put no gun inna yuh jansport’ – In S.E.
‘Miracle fi mek yu ting shot’ – a shot in S.E. is what the use of double negatives is grammatically
comes from a gun but in the song it means something
incorrect while in Creole it is one of the
extremely good has happened.
Chedda –peculiar words (money ) characteristics of the grammar.
Bling bling – peculiar words (nice, flashy items).
Pree – peculiar words (to watch or check someone or
something). JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
2. EXPOSITION (16 marks)
This is the section that covers your oral

presentation. Your presentation should be no longer
than 10 minutes. You are required to use at least 2
issues related to the topic you selected. You are
encouraged to try to find at least one primary source
and one secondary source of information.
The presentation should be well-organised and

effectively delivered in Standard English and should
feature:
a. A discussion of the issues raised and the

challenges experienced in exploring the
selected topic;
Your SBA/IA is 20% of your total grade for the subject and (This will look at the issues presented in the
I hope by now you and your teachers have been working article or other source of information used
together to get them started. The SBA/IA has 4 sections and personal/emotional or practical
and your portfolio should highlight a theme selected by challenges faced while exploring the theme.)
you and approved by your teacher. Some schools may have
b. An evaluation of the effect of the source,
teachers suggest themes and then you choose but you
context and medium (or channel) on the
must be doing research on a theme your teacher approves.
reliability and validity of information
The guidelines I am sharing with you can be found on page
gathered;
30 of the syllabus, of course with slight differences.
(This will look at the expertise, authority, and
perspective, social and political bias of the
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION (12 marks) author/speaker/source; the social and
historical context in which the piece was
Try not to make this section longer than 200 words. written/presented; the factual accuracy,
Your 12 marks are very important so do not forget logical structure and cogency of the piece.)
to say how you are going to treat your theme in
the story (reflective section) and your oral Students may bring into the room ONE cue
presentation (expository section). It should also card 4” x 6” with headings/main points
indicate why you selected the topic and show how related to their presentation.
the topic relates to your academic, work-related
and personal interests. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
3. REFLECTION (14 marks)
This is your sample of either a short story OR a drama piece and should not exceed 800 words. Please remember
that your sample must relate to the theme you selected.
The reflective piece must include ALL of the following:
! Registers (the range of language choices [the level of formality] available for use in different situations);
! Dialectal variation (the ‘versions’ of a language used, whether standard, non-standard, basilect, mesolect,
acrolect, et cetera);
! Attitudes to language (how the speaker or the audience within the piece feels about the language being
spoken);
! Communicative behaviours (the non-verbal elements of communication namely, proxemics, artifacts,

chronemics, facial expression, vocalics, movement, etcetera).
You must ensure that the creative pieces are thoroughly written, reflecting the elements of creative writing such
as plot, characterisation, setting, dialogue, point of view.
You are also required to write a Preface of no more than 200 words, specifying:
a. the purpose (the reason you are writing the piece);
b. the intended audience (the group(s)of persons for whom the piece is appropriate/ being written);
c. the context (where the pieces can be presented/published in order to reach the target audience)
Ensure that you justify (say ‘why’) for all you mention above.
4. ANALYSIS (18 marks)
Your analysis, also referred to as the language analysis, should not exceed 350 words. Here you are required to
analyse the sample you created for the reflective section. The analysis should address any TWO of the FOUR areas
listed above in the reflection.
As I end today’s lesson I leave a few topics you can work on. Remember to seek permission from your teachers
for approval.
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

Rights of the Child animation

CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 11
with
Debgeri Whitely
CREOLISATION
AND HYBRIDISATION
There are several concepts relevant to exploring
Creolisation and hybridisation:
! process of cultural change in the Caribbean:
acculturation, plural society;
! Creolisation, as argued by Edward Kamau Caribbean Sea
Braithwaite is where Caribbean cultures have
changed, adapting to the practices of its inhibitors;
douglarisation, hybridisation;
! racial admixture and colour in the formation of
Caribbean society and culture, for example, terms
like mulatto, mestizo, dougla, creole;
! erasure, retention and renewal of cultural practices.
There are numerous theories concerning society, culture and change and how these different concepts interrelate at
different times under different circumstances and in different conditions. There are various terms for the different
processes that occur when cultures come into contact and relationships are established between them; terms such as
acculturation, plural society; creolisation, douglarisation and hybridisation.
ACTIVITY
Using a table summarise the terms identified above, say how they create or affect change.
TERMS RELATING TO
DEFINITION/SUMMARY
CULTURAL CHANGE
Acculturation
Plural society
Creolisation
Douglarisation
Hybridisation
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Racial admixture and colour plays a great role in the formation of Caribbean society and culture. For example, terms
like mulatto, mestizo, dougla, and creole have evolved.
RACIAL ADMIXTURE RESULT DEFINITION

Term used predominantly in Latin America to describe people of mixed
White + Indian = Mestizo
race background
Or Dugla is the term historically used, especially by people of Guyana,

African + Indian = Dougla Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, to describe the offspring of an East
Indian indentured labourer and an African enslaved or freed labourer.
White + Black = Mulatto Term used to describe Caribbean people of mixed race background.
Or black Caribs is the term used to describe people of mixed African and
Amerindian descent. More specifically, it can be used to refer to the
African +
Garifuna mixed race people of St. Vincent, expelled from the island by the British
Amerindian
in 1791 and exiled to various parts of Central America (Honduras, Belize,
Guatemala and Nicaragua).
“Culture is subject to the forces of change that from time ! The preservation of an aspect of one’s culture. The
to time characterise man’s development. These have an aspect does not need to survive in its original or intact
impact on the way we act or even think. This eventually form. For example, vestiges of indigenous culture, such
results in erasure, retention or renewal of culture.” as elements of language (eg. hurricane) survive in
CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson various parts of the Caribbean so too their method of
(distributor Pearson Education Ltd) Pg. 125 preparing meat – barbecue. A country’s culture is often
retained through the process of education and practice,
Instruction: From the definitions below, identify each
eg. social studies, Caribbean studies and through the
term (erasure, retention or renewal of
assistance of service clubs – heritage/tourism.
culture) and give an example from a
___________________________________________________________
Caribbean society.
! The act of neglecting, looking past, minimising, ! This refers to efforts to salvage parts of our past or aspects
ignoring or rendering invisible an ‘other’. This of our culture that have been latent. Or to return to, or
oftentimes takes place because of globalisation, the the rediscovery, and refreshing of elements of culture that
impact of other cultures and the day-to-day demands have been forgotten, suppressed or ignored.
of making a living in a highly competitive society. The ___________________________________________________________
television has also played a part in this. Foreign values
and lifestyles have been inadvertently ingrained in the A major example is the resurgence of interest in and a
young minds of our children just because parents are heightening of the value placed on the African legacy and
too busy with chores and have no time for them. African culture, as well as Africa itself developed through
Example: our methods of preparing food have changed Garveyism and the rise of ‘black consciousness’ in the form
- more microwaved food. Erasure of traditional games of negritude. One can see the African dress being worn in
(ring games, Chinese skip, jax, etc) for more modern society today.
computerised games (nintendo, etc)
___________________________________________________________ JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Next week, we’ll look at the impact of geographical phenomena. Have a great week.
References:
1. CAPE Caribbean Studies for self-study and distance learning

(distributed by Nelson-Thornes Ltd)
2. Caribbean Studies: for CAPE Examinations – 2nd Ed by Jennifer Mohamed

(distributed by Macmillan Education)
3. CAPE Caribbean Studies: An Interdisciplinary approach by Jennifer Mohamed –1st Ed

( distributed by Macmillan Education)
4. CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson (distributed by Pearson Education Ltd)
5. CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and Thomas-Hunte
(Distributed by HarperCollins Publishers Ltd)
Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School.

" E-mail: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org

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DEO DUCE QUAERE OPTIMA &

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

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EXPOSITORY WRITING: EDITING A DOCUMENT

Hello everyone. In today’s lesson we will do some editing Punctuation

! Grammar ! Vocabulary ! Syntax ! Punctuation ! Spelling

If I had a boat, I’d sleep on it every once in a while, docked

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

! “Whether” is an error of vocabulary. This word

! The full stop between ship and battening should be

Identify the errors in the following passage and rewrite it correctly.

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Last week we looked at creating pie charts and bar graphs.

Measures of Central Tendency 0 • = +

Point to note: A data set may have no mode, have a

Example 4: What is the modal number of pencils per bag

Example 1: Determine the mode of the set of numbers: No. of pencils 0 1 2 3 4

Example 1: Determine the median of the data set: 4, 7, 8, 9, 3, 10, 5

Using the method of finding the position first we have:

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

No. of students (frequency) 4 22 10 9 7

Start with This is the

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

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At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

BENEFITS OF CREDIT UNIONS TO CONSUMERS IN THE REGION

ACTIVITY #1 (TRUE/FALSE ITEMS)

Instruction: Answer True/False to the statements below.

Credit union members are encouraged to spend regularly so as to develop a habit of

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

7 Credit unions charge fees when a withdrawal is done

It is hard to access loans when needed in an emergency, especially in a situation where

15 Members of a credit union receive dividends on his or her shares

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CREDIT UNION REASONS WHY IT CAN BE CONSIDERED SAFE

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS ! The credit is by law required to have money to put

! The credit union officers decide on the investment

DEVALUATION AND DEPRECIATION

DEVALUATION, DEPRECIATION AND INFLATION

Cost of Living Subsidy Inflation Exchange Rate Devaluation Depreciation

1 This is the reduction in a country’s exchange rate relative to other countries.

ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITIY #1

ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITIY #2

ANSWERS FOR ACTIVITIY #3

Have a great week!!

Query design icon in MS Access 2013

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Let us look at it this way:

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

THE QUERY RESULTS

Here is another simple query

This database table is storing information on books.

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

The area where the query will

Note all the fields

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The sort row

In our case, we want to

These are the records that satisfy the criteria.