1.

**Difference between Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms:**

- *Unicellular:* Consists of a single cell, performs all life processes independently, and reproduces by
cell division.
- *Multicellular:* Composed of multiple cells with specialized functions, requires cooperation among
cells, and reproduces through the specialized reproductive cells (gametes).

2. **Process of Diffusion:**
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. It occurs due to random molecular motion and is driven by the concentration gradient.

3. **Names of Kingdoms:**
- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

4. **Obligate Parasite:**
- An obligate parasite is an organism that must live on or in a host organism to complete its life cycle. It
cannot survive independently.

5. **Antibiotics and Vaccines:**

- *Antibiotics:* Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Discovered by Sir Alexander
Fleming.
- *Vaccines:* Biological preparations that provide immunity to a particular disease. Edward Jenner is
credited with the development of the first vaccine for smallpox.

6. **Anaerobic Respiration Reaction:**

- In humans: Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy

7. **Flagella:**
- Whip-like appendages on the surface of some cells that provide motility. They help in the movement
of certain cells, such as sperm cells.

8. **Reaction of Photosynthesis:**
- 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

9. **Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration:**

- *Aerobic Respiration:* Requires oxygen and produces more energy (ATP).
- *Anaerobic Respiration:* Occurs in the absence of oxygen, produces less energy (ATP), and often
results in the production of lactic acid or ethanol.

10. **Budding:**
- A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outgrowth or bud from the
parent organism.

11. **Are Viruses Living Organisms:**

- No, viruses are not considered living organisms because they cannot carry out essential life processes
on their own. They require a host cell to replicate and function.

12. **Hygiene:**
 - Hygiene refers to practices that promote health and prevent the spread of diseases. It includes
personal and environmental cleanliness, proper sanitation, and health habits.

13. **Asexual Reproduction:**

- A method of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes. Offspring are genetically
identical to the parent. Common methods include binary fission, budding, and mitosis.

14. **Multicellular Organisms:**

- Organisms composed of multiple cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. They exhibit
division of labor among cells for specialized functions.

15. **Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction:**

- *Reason for Sexual Reproduction:* Introduces genetic variability, which can enhance adaptability to
changing environments and increase the chances of species survival.
- *Reason for Asexual Reproduction:* Efficient and rapid reproduction, no need for a mate, and all
offspring are genetically identical to the parent.