1Kinematics: branch of physics that describes motion

origin:reference point
Position:straight-line distance between the origin and an object’s location
scalar quantity: measurement that has magnitude only
vector quantity: measurement that has both magnitude and direction
Distance: length of the path taken to move from one position to another
displacement :straight line between initial and final positions
Velocity: rate of change in position; includes magnitude
uniform motion : constant velocity
at rest : not moving
Acceleration: change in velocity per unit of time
non-uniform motion : variation in the rate of change in velocity
instantaneous velocity: the velocity of an object in motion at a specific point in
time
Tangent: straight line that best approximates the curve near that point
uniformly accelerated: to the constant acceleration of a body irrespective
Motion: change of position over time
projectile motion: the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air
Projectile: object thrown by exertion of force
acceleration due to gravity:constant acceleration of an object falling near Earth’s
surface

2collinear: lying in the same straight line

resultant vector : the vector sum of two or more vectors
components :Each part of a two-dimensional vector
polar coordinates method: each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a
reference point and an angle from a reference direction
navigator method :gets rid of the arbitrary nature of the
non-collinear :not lying or acting in the same straight line
relative motion : The relative velocity is the velocity of an object or observer B
in the rest frame of another object or observer A
ground velocity: Ground speed is the horizontal speed of an aircraft relative to
the Earth’s surface
air velocity : distance traveled per unit of time
wind velocity : a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high
to low pressure
trajectory : the path followed by a projectile flying or an object moving under the
action of given forces
range:The horizontal displacement of the projectile
3Dynamics: motion of material objects in relation to the physical factors
force : strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement
free-body diagram:diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all
forces acting upon an object in a given situation
normal force :the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with
another stable object
net force :the vector sum of forces acting on a particle or body
inertia : resist change in motion
inertial mass : a mass parameter giving the inertial resistance to acceleration of
the body when responding to all types of force
action force : force acting in one direction
reaction force : what makes you move because it acts on you
friction :a force between two surfaces that are sliding, or trying to slide
static friction :friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving
relative to each other
kinetic friction : a force that acts between moving surfaces
coefficient of static friction:the ratio of the maximum static friction force
between the surfaces in contact
coefficient of kinetic friction: the ratio of the kinetic friction force between
the surfaces in contact during movement to the normal force
4gravitational force :the universal force of attraction acting between all matter
weight :is the force that acts on a mass due to gravity
gravitational mass : determined by the strength of the gravitational force
experienced by the body when in the gravitational field
action-at-a-distance force field : Gravitational forces
gravitational field : a model used to explain the influences that a massive body
extends into the space around itself
gravitational field strength: weight divided by mass
torsion balance : device used to measure the gravitational acceleration at the
Earth's surface
true weight: the product of mass and gravitational acceleration
apparent weight :a property of objects that corresponds to how heavy an object is
free fall :any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it
true weightlessness:Weightlessness, condition experienced while in free-fall, in
which the effect of gravity is canceled by the inertial

5axle :a simple machine that consists of two connected rings or cylinders

axis of rotation : if every particle in the body moves in a circle about a single
line
uniform circular motion: the motion of an object in a circle at a constant speed
centripetal acceleration: Centripetal acceleration, the acceleration of a body
traversing a circular path
centripetal force :a force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is
directed toward the center around which the body is moving
cycle :A cycle is one complete oscillation
revolution: the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical
period : the time for a particle on a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle
frequency: the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time
rpm : the number of turns in one minute
Kepler’s laws: three theorems describing orbital motion
ellipse: a regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane
eccentricity :a measure of how non-circular the orbit of a body is
orbital period: the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit
around another object
orbital radius :A planet's orbital radius is its average distance from the sun
satellite : a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star
artificial satellite: an artificial body placed in orbit around the earth or moon
or another planet in order to collect information or for communication
orbital perturbation: the classical approach to the many-body problem of astronomy
extrasolar planet : any planetary body that is outside the solar system

6energy : the capacity for doing work

work :measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a
distance
gravitational potential energy: energy an object possesses because of its position
in a gravitational field
reference point : a place or object used for comparison to determine if something
is in motion
elastic potential energy :energy stored as a result of applying a force to deform
an elastic object
kinetic energy :a form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its
motion.
mechanics : motion of bodies under the action of forces
mechanical energy: sum of potential energy and kinetic energy
work-energy theorem: the work done by the sum of all forces acting on a particle
equals the change in the kinetic energy of the particle
isolated system :a thermodynamic system that cannot exchange either energy or
matter outside the boundaries of the system
non-isolated system: a system in which the energy can cross its boundary
conservation of energy: to which the energy of interacting bodies or particles in a
closed system remains constant
power : the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time
efficiency:the percentage ratio of the output energy to the input energy

7period :the time for a particle on a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle
 frequency: the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time
oscillation :regular variation in magnitude or position around a central point
cycle :cycle is one complete oscillation
oscillatory motion: repeated motion in which an object repeats the same movement
over and over
Hooke’s law :a law stating that the strain in a solid is proportional to the
applied stress within the elastic limit of that solid
spring constant: a measure of a spring's stiffness which is denoted by a
proportional constant k
restoring force :force which acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position
simple harmonic motion: a special type of periodic motion
simple harmonic oscillator: special type of periodic motion where the restoring
force on the moving object is directly proportional to the magnitude
resonant frequency :the oscillation of a system at its natural or unforced
resonance
amplitude :measure of its change in a single period
forced frequency: Natural vibrations are different from forced vibrations which
happen at the frequency of an applied force (forced frequency). If the forced
frequency is equal to the natural frequency, the vibrations' amplitude increases
manyfold
mechanical resonance:the tendency of a mechanical system to respond at greater
amplitude when the frequency of its oscillations matches

8medium :material, for example, air or water through which waves travel; the medium
does not travel with the wave
wave : a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space-time
equilibrium position: The point in a chemical reaction at which the concentrations
of reactants and products are no longer changing
crest :the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of positive or
upward displacement from the rest position.
trough: the lowest point below the rest position
amplitude :the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating
body or wave measured from its equilibrium position
wavelength: the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave
wave front :a surface over which the phase of the wave is constant
incident wave: a current or voltage wave that travels through a transmission line
from the generating source towards the load
reflected wave: the one that moves away from the boundary
wave train :a group of waves of equal or similar wavelengths traveling in the same
direction
point source: a source of radiation (such as light) that is concentrated at a point
and considered as having no spatial extension
ray :A light ray is a line (straight or curved) that is perpendicular to the
light's wavefronts
pulse: generic term describing a single disturbance that moves through a
transmission medium
interference: net effect of the combination of two or more wave trains moving on
intersecting or coincident paths
principle of superposition: when two or more waves overlap in space, the resultant
disturbance is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual disturbances
constructive interference: Constructive interference occurs when the maxima of two
waves add together
destructive interference :Destructive interference occurs when the maxima of two
waves are 180 degrees out of phase
node :A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude
antinode: the position of maximum displacement in a standing wave system
standing wave: a wave which oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile
does not move in space
resonance :a vibration of large amplitude in a mechanical or
closed pipe :one where one end is open and the other is closed
fundamental frequency: the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform
overtone :the name given to any resonant frequency above the fundamental frequency
or fundamental tone
open pipe: For an open pipe (that is, a pipe with open ends at each side), a
standing wave can form if the wavelength of the sound allows there to be an
antinode at either end
interference pattern: when light from two sources meets up while traveling through
the same medium
maximum :The maximum force in nature is thus equivalent to the full theory of
general relativity. Taken together
minimum :the path difference between waves is a whole number of wavelengths or an
odd number of half wavelengths respectively
phase shift:when the graph of the sine function and cosine function is shifted left
or right from their usual position