Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Available
Available online
online at
at www.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Procedia Engineering00
Procedia Engineering 211 (2018)
(2017) 917–924
000–000

The 2017
Study on Influence
8th International of Water
Conference on FireMist
ScienceParticle Size onEngineering
and Fire Protection Fire Smoke
The
The Study
Study on
on Influence
(on the
Influence of
of Water
Development of
Water Mist Particle
Performance-based
Mist Particle Size
Fire on
Code)
Size on Fire
Fire Smoke
Smoke
The
The Migration
Study
Study on
on with
Influence
InfluenceLongitudinal
of
of Water
Water Ventilation
Mist
Mist Particle
Particle in Road
Size
Size on
on Tunnel
Fire
Fire Smoke
Smoke
Migration
The Study on
Migration with
Influence
with Longitudinal
of Water
Longitudinal Ventilation
Mist Particle
Ventilation in
in Road
Size
Roadon Tunnel
Fire Smoke
Tunnel
Migration
Migration with
with Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Yong-bin YANG a,*
, Bo
Ventilation
Ventilation
YANG b
, Zhen
in
in
BING
Road
Road
b Tunnel
Tunnel
Migration with Longitudinal Ventilation in Road Tunnel
Yong-bin YANG a,* b
a,*, Bo YANGb, Zhen BINGb
b
a Yong-bin
Yong-bin YANG
YANG ,, Bo
Bo YANG
YANG ,, Zhen
a,*
Fire engineering department, Chinese people’s Zhen BING
BING
a,* Armed police forceb
b academy, Langfang,bb065000, China
Yong-bin YANG , Bo YANG , Zhen BING
a,* b academy, b065000,
Yong-bin YANG , Bo YANG , Zhen BING
Graduate faculty, Chinese people’s Armed police force academy, Langfang, 065000, ChinaChina
b
a
Fire engineering department, Chinese people’s Armed police force Langfang,
aFire engineering department, Chinese people’s Armed police force academy, Langfang, 065000, China
a
b
Graduate faculty,
aFire engineering Chinese
department, people’s
Chinese ArmedArmed
people’s policepolice
force academy, Langfang,
force academy, 065000,
Langfang, ChinaChina
065000,
Fire engineering department, Chinese people’s Armed police force academy, Langfang, 065000, China
bGraduate faculty, Chinese people’s Armed police force academy, Langfang, 065000, China
b
bGraduate faculty,
Fire engineering Chinese
department, people’s
Chinese ArmedArmed
people’s police force academy, Langfang, 065000, ChinaChina
Armed policepolice force academy, Langfang, 065000,
a
Graduate faculty, Chinese people’s force academy, Langfang, 065000, China
Abstract b
Graduate faculty, Chinese people’s Armed police force academy, Langfang, 065000, China
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the effect of water mist on fire smoke disorder and sinking in road tunnels, it is studied that the influence of water mist
Abstract
In ordersize
particle
Abstract to study thethickness
on the effect ofand
water mist on fire
temperature smoke disorder
distribution and sinking
and carbon monoxidein road tunnels, itdistribution
concentration is studied that thesmoke
of fire influence of absence
in the water mist
of
In order to study the effect of water mist on fire smoke disorder and sinking in road tunnels, it is studied that the influence of water mist
In order
particle to
size
ventilation
In order to study
and
study the
on the effect
thickness
longitudinal
the effect of
of water
and mist
ventilation.
water mist on
temperature
The
on fire
fire smoke
study
smoke isdisorder
distribution and
and carbon
conducted
disorder and sinking
monoxide
on in
the road
sinking in road tunnels,
tunnel
road fireit
concentration
tunnels, it is studied
distribution
smoke
is that the
of fire
migration
studied that the influence
smoke of
in the
characteristics
influence of water
water mist
absence of
research
mist
particle size on the thickness and temperature distribution and carbon monoxide concentration distribution of fire smoke in the absence of
particle
In order
particle size
ventilation
experimentto on
and
study
sizeand the
the
on the thickness
longitudinal
system. And then
effect ofand temperature
ventilation.
preliminary
water
thickness and mist The
on
temperature distribution
firestudy
analysis of
smoke is and carbon
conducted
coupling effect
disorder and monoxide
on
of the
water
sinking roadconcentration
mist
in tunnel
roadand fire distribution
smoke
ventilation
tunnels, it is is of
carried
studied fire
migration
on.
that the smoke
The in
result
influence the
characteristicsabsence
shows
of that
water of
research
the
mist
ventilation longitudinal ventilation. Thedistribution and carbonon
study is conducted monoxide
the roadconcentration
tunnel fire distribution of fire smoke
smoke migration in the absence
characteristics of
research
ventilation
experiment
release
particle of
size
ventilation and
water
on longitudinal
system.
mist
the And
can then
make
thickness
and longitudinal ventilation.
preliminary
the
and smoke The
layer
temperature study
analysis of is
thickening
distribution
ventilation. analysis
The study conducted
coupling
and
and effect on
of
sinking.
carbon
is conducted the
water
The road
mist tunnel
particle
monoxide and
size fire
has
concentration smoke
ventilation is
significant migration
carried
effect
distribution ofon.
on
fire characteristics
The result
thickness
smoke in shows
of
the research
that
smoke the
layer
absence of
experiment system. And then preliminary of coupling effect on the road
of water mist tunnel fire smoke
and ventilation migration
is carried characteristics
on. The result showsresearch
that the
experiment
release
ventilation
experiment system.
of water
and distribution
and mist
of And
can then
makepreliminary
temperature,
longitudinal
system. And then the
butsmoke
ventilation.
preliminary analysis
layer
has less influence
The of
study
analysis of coupling
thickening
on
is and
the
coupling effect of
sinking. water
The
concentration
conducted
effect on
of the
water mist
ofparticle
CO.
road
mist and
sizeventilation
tunnel
and has
fire smoke
ventilation is
significant
is carried
effecton.
on The
migration
carried on. result
thickness shows
of
characteristics
The result shows that
smoke the
layer
research
that the
release of water mist can make the smoke layer thickening and sinking. The particle size has significant effect on thickness of smoke layer
release of
of water
and distribution
experiment
release mist
of
system.
water can make
temperature,
mist And
can then the
butsmoke
the layer
has less
makepreliminary thickening
influence
analysis on the and
of coupling sinking.
effect ofThe
concentration ofparticle
water CO. size
mist and has
has significant
sizeventilation effect
is carried on
effecton. thickness
on The result of smoke
shows layer
that the
and distribution of temperature, butsmoke layer
has less thickening
influence on the and sinking. The
concentration ofparticle
CO. significant thickness of smoke layer
and
© distribution
2017
release
and ofThe
water
distribution of temperature,
Authors.
mist
of canPublished
make the
temperature, but
but has
by
smoke
has less influence
Elsevier
layer
less Ltd. on
thickening
influence on the
Selectionconcentration
and
the sinking. Theof
and peer-review
concentration of CO.
particle
CO. under
size hasresponsibility of the
significant effect Academic
on thickness of Committee
smoke layer
©
© 2018 TheTheAuthors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
and2017
of ICFSFPE Authors.
2017.
distribution Published
of temperature, but by
hasElsevier Ltd. on
less influence Selection and peer-review
the concentration of CO. under responsibility of the Academic Committee
© 2017 Theunder
Peer-review Authors. PublishedofbytheElsevier
responsibility Ltd.committee
organizing Selection of
and peer-review
ICFSFPE 2017.under responsibility of the Academic Committee
©
© 2017
of The
The Authors.
ICFSFPE
2017 2017. Published
Authors. Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd. Selection
Selection and
and peer-review
peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of
of the
the Academic
Academic Committee
Committee
of ICFSFPE 2017.
of
©
of 2017
Keywords: ICFSFPE
Theroad
ICFSFPE 2017.
Authors. Publishedventilation,
tunnel, longitudinal
2017. by Elsevier Ltd.
water mist,Selection and
particle size, peer-review
smoke disorder under responsibility of the Academic Committee
Keywords:
of ICFSFPEroad 2017.
tunnel, longitudinal ventilation, water mist, particle size, smoke disorder
Keywords: road tunnel, longitudinal ventilation, water mist, particle size, smoke disorder
Keywords:
Keywords: road tunnel, longitudinal ventilation, water mist, particle size, smoke disorder
road tunnel, longitudinal ventilation, water mist, particle size, smoke disorder
Keywords: road tunnel, longitudinal ventilation, water mist, particle size, smoke disorder
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
R Reynolds number
Nomenclature
ed
Nomenclature
R
lRf ed Reynolds
Actual tunnel numberdimension (m)
Nomenclature
ed Reynolds number
lR Reynolds
Actual
Simulated number
tunnel dimension
tunnel dimension (m)(m)
lRm Reynolds number
f ed
f ed Actual tunnel dimension (m)
llR d fmfed Simulated
Reynolds
Actual
Actual tunnel
particle
tunnel dimension
tunnel
number dimension
diameter
dimension ( (m)
µm)(m)
(m)
lfm Simulated tunnel dimension (m)
lldfmfm Simulated
Actual tunnel
particle
tunnel dimension
diameter
dimension ( µm)(m)
(m)
dmf Actual particle diameter (µm()(m)
Simulated
Simulated particle
tunnel diameter
dimension µm)
dlD d mffmn Actual
Simulated
Nozzle
Actual particle
orifice
particle diameter
particle
tunnel dimension
diameter
diameter (((µm
diameter µm
µm())(m)
) µm)
dm Simulated particle diameter (µm)
d
dD D
Qmn  Simulated
Nozzle
Actual
Heat release
Simulated particle
orifice
particle diameter
diameter
diameter
rate
particle (KW) ( (
diameterµm
µm(
) )µm)
(µm)(µm)
m
f n
Nozzle orifice diameter
dA D
Q
D  m n Nozzle
Simulated
Heat
Nozzle
Area orifice
release
of orifice
oil pan diameter
particle
rate (KW)
diameter
(m(KW)
2
) (
diameterµm )
(µm) µm)
(
Qn Heat release rate
A D
Q  n Heat
Nozzle
Area
Heat release
of orifice
oil
release rate
pan
rate(m(KW)
diameter
2
)
(KW) (µm)
AQ Q  Area
Heat of oil pan
release rate 2)
(m(KW)
2
A
A 1 Introduction Area of oil pan
Area of oil pan (m2) (m 2)
1A Introduction Area of oil pan (m )
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1 Introduction and the length of the road tunnels has been increased rapidly with the development of economy. By the year
The Number
1 Introduction
of The Number
2015, there wereand 14006
the length of the
tunnels road tunnels
(12683 has been
km) in China, 1602increased
tunnelsrapidly with the
(1927.2km) moredevelopment of economy.
than last year. By the year
In these tunnels, 744
The Number and the length of the road tunnels has been increased rapidly with the development of economy. By the year
of them The
2015,
The Number
there were
(3299.8km)
Number and
and the
14006
were
the length of
tunnels
extra-long
length of the
the road
(12683
tunnel
road tunnels
km)
and
tunnels has
in3138
has been
China,
of 1602
them
been increased
tunnelsrapidly
(5376.8km)
increased rapidlywerewith
(1927.2km) the
long
with more
the development
than
tunnel [1].
development of
last year.
of economy. By the
In these tunnels,
economy. By the year
744
year
of 2015, there were 14006 tunnels (12683 km) in China, 1602 tunnels (1927.2km) more than last year. In these tunnels, 744
of 2015,
them
Road there
The Number were
(3299.8km)
tunnels are14006
and the
were tunnels
length of the
extra-long
semi-closed (12683
road
tunnel
long km)
andin
tunnels
narrow China,
hasof
3138
space. been1602
them tunnels
increased (1927.2km)
rapidly
(5376.8km) a with
inwere more
the
long than last
development
tunnel [1]. year. In
In these
of economy. tunnels, 744
By the year
of
of them 2015, there were
(3299.8km) 14006
were tunnels
extra-long (12683
tunnel km)
andin 3138 ofInthem
China, case
1602 of a fire
tunnels
(5376.8km) tunnel,
(1927.2km)
were it
longmore will
than
tunnel be
lastgenerated
[1]. year. that complicated
these tunnels, 744
of
combustion,
of them them
2015,
Road (3299.8km)
there
tunnelswere
high
(3299.8km) are were
14006 extra-long
tunnels
semi-closed
temperature,
were fast
extra-long tunnel
(12683
long
spread,
tunnel and
km)
narrow in3138
dense
and 3138 of
China,
space. In
smoke
of them
1602
case
them and(5376.8km)
tunnels
of
lowa fire
(5376.8km) inwere
(1927.2km)
a
visibility.
were long
tunnel,
It has
long tunnel
more
it [1].
than
will
been
tunnel last
be year. In
generated
revealed
[1]. in these
that
many tunnels, 744
complicated
research that
Road tunnels are semi-closed long narrow space. In case of a fire in a tunnel, it will be generated that complicated
of
combustion,
automatic Road
them tunnels
(3299.8km)
high
sprinkler
Road tunnels are semi-closed
were extra-long
temperature,
system fast
havefast long
well tunnelnarrow
spread,
effect and space.
3138
dense
on ofIn
smoke
reducing Inthecase
them and of
lowa fire
(5376.8km) in a
were
visibility.
destruction to tunnel,
long
It
in tunnels has it will
tunnel
been
anditbeen be
[1]. generated
revealed
controlling in that
many
theinspread complicated
research
thatofresearch that
vehicle that
fire
combustion, highare semi-closed
temperature, long narrow
spread, space.
dense smoke case
and of
lowa fire a tunnel,
visibility. It has willrevealed
be generated many complicated
combustion,
automatic
[2-3]. Road high
tunnels
sprinkler
In China, temperature,
are system
automatic havefast
semi-closed well spread,
long narrow
effect dense
on space.smoke
reducing Inthe and
case low
of visibility.
a such
fire
destruction It
It has
in tunnels
to a tunnel,
anditbeen
willrevealed
be
controlling in
generated
the many ofresearch
that
inspread that
complicated
vehicle fire
combustion,
automatic high
sprinkler systemsprinkler
temperature,havefast
wellsystems
spread, are
effect on set in
dense
reducing some
smoke tunnels
theand low toastunnels
Nanjing
visibility.
destruction Yangtze
has
and been River
revealed
controlling Tunnel,
the many
spreadWuhan Yangtze
ofresearch
vehicle that
fire
automatic
combustion,
[2-3].
automatic sprinkler
In China,high system
temperature,
automatic
sprinkler have
systemsprinkler well
havefast
well effect
effect on
spread,
systems are
on reducing
dense smoke
set in somethe
theanddestruction
low such
tunnels toastunnels
visibility. and
It has
Nanjing controlling
been
Yangtze Riverthe
revealed inspread
many
Tunnel, of vehicle
ofresearch
Wuhan fire
that
Yangtze
[2-3]. In China, automatic sprinkler systems arereducing
set in some destruction
tunnels suchtoastunnels
Nanjingand controlling
Yangtze Riverthe spread
Tunnel, Wuhan vehicle fire
Yangtze
[2-3].
automatic
[2-3].* In
In China,
China, automatic
sprinkler system
automatic sprinkler
have well
sprinkler systems
effect
systems are
on
are
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-316-206-8517; fax: +86-316-206-8517.
set
set in
reducing
in some
somethe tunnels
tunnels such
destruction
such toas
as Nanjing
tunnels
Nanjing Yangtze
and River
controlling
Yangtze River Tunnel,
the spread
Tunnel, Wuhan
of
Wuhan Yangtze
vehicle fire
Yangtze
[2-3].
E-mail* In China,
address:
Corresponding automatic
muwu119@163.com
author. sprinkler systems
Tel.: +86-316-206-8517; are set in some tunnels such as Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, Wuhan Yangtze
fax: +86-316-206-8517.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-316-206-8517; fax: +86-316-206-8517.
*
E-mail address: muwu119@163.com
*Corresponding author. Tel.:Authors.
+86-316-206-8517;
1877-7058
E-mail © muwu119@163.com
address:
Corresponding 2018 The
author. Publishedfax:
Tel.: +86-316-206-8517; by+86-316-206-8517.
fax: Elsevier Ltd.
+86-316-206-8517.
E-mail
* address:under
Corresponding
Peer-review muwu119@163.com
author.responsibility
Tel.: +86-316-206-8517; fax: +86-316-206-8517.
of the organizing committee of ICFSFPE 2017
E-mail address: muwu119@163.com
E-mail address: muwu119@163.com
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.093
 918 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

River Tunnel, Shanghai Xiang Yin Road Tunnel, Beijing Olympic Park underground traffic tunnel, etc. In foreign countries,
the systems are set in some important sections. In Japan and Australia, automatic sprinkler systems are set in every newly
built tunnel. In Singapore, they are set in the new tunnels as safety aids [4].
But in academia, it still have dispute on the usage of sprinkler systems in tunnels for its influence on smoke
transportation when ventilation system works. The injection of water mist can aggravate the degree of smoke disorder. And
then, smoke layer sinking will affect the result of ventilation and evacuation environment [5-6]. It was carried on the road
tunnel fire smoke migration characteristics research experiment system that the research of influence of particle size on
thickness of smoke layer, temperature of smoke layer and concentration of carbon monoxide. Meanwhile the coupling effect
of water mist and ventilation was discussed to provide technic reference for the application and design on water mist
systems in Road tunnels.

2 The road tunnel fire smoke migration characteristics research experiment system

The road tunnel fire smoke migration characteristics research experiment system is Self-designed shown in Fig 1. The
system is used to research the effect law of water mist parameter on smoke composition, temperature and visibility.

Fig. 1. The road tunnel fire smoke migration characteristics research experiment system

2.1 Geometric dimensions of simulated tunnel

In the “Code for design of road tunnel” (JTG D70-2004), the building height of tunnels for expressway, arterial road and
secondary road is 5 meters, which for tertiary highway and four highway is 4.5 meters. In the code, taking two lanes tunnel
as an example, in the condition of not setting inspection road and crossroad, the minimum width is 7 meters [7]. According
to the research, generally, small size model whose scale in each direction is not less than 0.3 meters can guarantee the flow
of smoke to achieve full development of the turbulent state [8]. The scale of the simulated tunnel is 1:10 with 0.5 meters
height and 0.8 meters width. Because the goal is to observe the disorder of smoke in longitudinal ventilation and water mist,
the length of simulated tunnel is 5 meters. One side of tunnel is fireproof glass for observation while others are 3 mm iron
plate with insulation gypsum board.

2.2 Composition of the system

The water mist generation system uses the bottle-type water mist generating device, which mainly contains the air
compressor, the water storage tank, the water mist nozzle and the pipeline, etc. The nozzle are the pressure atomizing
nozzles. The nozzle fog structure is Cone.
The longitudinal ventilation of the experimental system consists of two small jet fans with rated speed of 2700 r/min and
air volume of 8.5 m3/min, changing wind speed by the single-phase AC fan governor.
The temperature measurement system consists of thermocouple trees including 20 K-type armored thermocouples which
are divided into 5 groups. The measuring point is arranged as shown in Fig 2. To facilitate the collection and recording of
experimental data, 3D Cartesian coordinate is established, taking the fire source as the origin, tunnel long side as the x-axis,
the tunnel width direction as the y-axis, the tunnel height direction as the z axis. The vertical thermocouple number is TXZ,
where x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which represents the distance from the origin 0.5 m, 1.5 m, 2.5 m, 3.5 m, 4.5 m. Z takes 1,2,3,4,
respectively, on behalf of the thermocouple at 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m height. Vertical arrangement of the thermocouple
depth of the tunnel length of 0.4 m which means y is 0.4.
 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924 919
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 2. Layout of thermocouples

The wind speed measuring device used in the experiment is TES-1340, a telescopic hot-wire anemometer in Taiwan, and
the Vario Plus flue gas analyzer produced by MRU is used for the determination of smoke.

3 The setting of experimental conditions

3.1 Parameters of water mist

So far, there is no experiment can strictly prove the accuracy of the scale relationship between water mist and flame or
smoke. However, there are scholars having carried out scale simulation experiments on the interaction between water mist
and oil pool fire. The Froude modeling was introduced into the study of the size relation of water mist. Based on Froude
modeling, Yu Hong-zeng pointed out that when Reynolds number Red≤1, The scale ratio of particle is (lm/lf)1/4; when
Reynolds number 10< Red <500, The scale ratio of particle is (lm/lf)1/2 [9]. Liu Zhi-qiang proposed two small size models of
water mist. One is geometric similarity, which means probability density distribution of particle size, df/dm and f(df/dm)
should be stable and water mist nozzles must be geometrically similar under different scale conditions, nozzle diameter Dn
∝lm/lf and particle size df∝(lm/lf)1/3. The other is scale similarity, which means without considering the interaction between
evaporation and air ascending, to meet the initial particle trajectory remains unchanged, so that the initial velocity, fog
momentum density and particle size are simulated as the relationship (lm/lf)1/2[10]. Quintiere J G. proposed a standard for
water mist, which is follow the equation dm=df(lm/lf)1/2, in which m means the simulated size, f means the actual size[11].
In the paper, it mainly research the effect of particle diameter on smoke. To ensure that the interaction between the
nozzle and the smoke in the simulated tunnel is similar to that in the actual tunnel, the particle diameter uses the regulation
(lm/lf)1/2.

3.2 Fire settings

According to the suggestion of PIARC and DGTJ08-2033-2088, the heat release rate of cars is 2.5 to 5 MW[12-13]. The
experimental fire use oil pan pool fire whose fuel is gasoline. The size of oil pan is chosen by the equation (1)[14].
Q  430.46 A  0.4978 (1)
In equation (1), Q means the heat release rate, KW; A means the area of oil pan,m2.
According to equation (1), the heat release rate is 2.5 MW. The tunnel fire simulation is based on the similarity of flow
heat transfer smoke plume and Froude modeling[15]. Corresponding simulated tunnel heat release rate is 7.9 KW and the
area of oil pan is 0.0195 m2. In experiments, the size of square oil pan is 0.14 m×0.14 m.

3.3 Experimental conditions

It is generally believed that the particle size of water mist fire extinguishing system is 50-400 µm. According to result of
atomization with nozzles under the working pressure of the experiment generating device, three kinds of particle size 120,
210 and 300 µm were selected for experimental studies. The indoor temperature in experiments was about 18 ℃, and the
relative humidity was about 45%. The experimental conditions are shown in table 1.

Table 1. Table of experiment conditions

Serial number Particle size（µm） Ventilation

W1 120 no
W2 210 no
W3 300 no
W4 120 yes
W5 210 yes
W6 300 yes
 920 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

4 Experimental results and analysis

4.1 Effect of droplet size on the thickness of smoke layer

Water mist will destroy the stability of the smoke layer and endanger personnel life safety.
(1) Effect of particle size on the thickness of smoke layer without ventilation
Figure 3 shows that the thickness of smoke layer in the beginning of fire and opening 120µm, 210µm and 300µm water
mist without ventilation. Using the image processing software, the experiment original image is adjusted light and contrast.
The horizontal lines in the pictures are the boundary between the hot smoke and the cool air.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 3. Thickness of smoke layer without ventilation of (a)no water mist, (b)particle size 120 µm, (c)particle size 210 µm and particle size 300 µm

Table 2. Thickness of smoke layer with different particle size without ventilation

Serial Particle size the smoke layer thickness before water the smoke layer thickness after water
number （µm） mist opened(cm) mist opened(cm)
W1 120 8 27.0
W2 210 8 33.5
W3 300 8 36.0

From Fig 3 and table 2, it can be seen that when there is no ventilation, under the same pressure, the larger the droplet
size, the greater the impact of particle, which makes the smoke more violent, resulting in the thickness of smoke layer
shows an increasing trend with the increase of particle diameter.
(2) Effect of particle size on the thickness of smoke with longitudinal ventilation
Figure 4 shows that the thickness of smoke layer in the beginning of fire and opening 120µm, 210µm and 300 µm water
mist with longitudinal ventilation.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 4. Thickness of smoke layer with longitudinal ventilation of (a)no water mist, (b)particle size 120 µm, (c)particle size 210 µm and (d)particle size 300
µm

Table 3. Thickness of smoke layer with different particle size with longitudinal ventilation

Particle size the smoke layer thickness before water mist the smoke layer thickness after
Serial number
（µm） opened(cm) water mist opened(cm)
W4 120 24 33.8
W5 210 24 41.2
W6 300 24 39.0

It can be seen from Fig 4 and Table 3 that the thickness of smoke layer with the longitudinal ventilation is increased
when the water mist is not opened. After the water mist is opened, the thickness of smoke layer increases with the increase
of the particle size. But the thickness of the smoke layer is similar between 210µm and 300µm water mist. The reason
perhaps is the longitudinal ventilation shows a mutual attenuation effect with the water particles due to its gravity increasing.
 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924 921
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

4.2 Effect of particle size on temperature distribution of the smoke layer

(1) Effect of droplet size on temperature distribution of the smoke layer without ventilation
Experimental W1-W3 compare the effect of different particle size on the smoke temperature distribution, which water
mist nozzle are opened 600s after ignition. Figure 5(a), (b) and (c) show that T3 section (distance from the fire source 2.5 m)
temperature changes with time that the particle diameter are 120µm, 210µm and 300µm. Smoke temperature change at
x=2.5 m before and after activating water mist without longitudinal ventilation are shown in Fig 6.
24 20 20

210μmT34 300μmT34
22
120μm T34 18 18 300μmT33
210μmT33
20 120μm T33 300μmT32
120μm T32 210μmT32 16
16 300μmT31
18 120μm T31 210μmT31
14
16 14

温 度 (/℃ )
14

温 度 (℃ )
12
温 度 (/℃ )

12
12
10
10
10
8
8 8
6 6
6
4 4
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 4
2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

(a) 时 间 (/s)
(b) 时 间 (/s) (c) 时 间 /s

Fig. 5. Smoke temperature at x=2.5 m without ventilation of (a)particle size 120 µm, (b)particle size 210 µm and (c) particle size 300 µm

16

14 120μm
210μm
12 300μm
10

6
温 度 (℃ )

-2

-4

-6
T34 T33 T32 T31
测量位置

Fig. 6. Smoke temperature change at x=2.5 m before and after activating water mist without ventilation

With the endothermic and impact effect of droplets without ventilation, hot smoke layer sink and thicken. And the
temperature of the upper smoke layer reduce and the lower smoke layer rise. With the particle size increasing, the degree of
changing of smoke temperature decreased. The reason is perhaps the effect of water mist on smoke is enhanced in the same
system pressure due to the droplets’ gravity increasing.
(2) Effect of particle size on temperature distribution of the smoke layer with longitudinal ventilation
Experimental W4-W6 compare the effect of different particle size on the smoke temperature, which fans are opened 300s
after ignition and then water mist is opened after 300s. Fig 7(a), (b) and (c) show that T3 section (distance from the fire
source 2 m) temperature changes with time that the particle diameter are 120µm, 210µm and 300µm. Smoke temperature
change at x=2.5 m before and after activating water mist with longitudinal ventilation are shown in Fig 8.
32 32 40
120μm T34 210μm T34 300μm T34
28 120μm T33 28 36
210μm T33 300μm T33
120μmT32 300μm T32
24
210μm T32 32
120μm T31 24 210μm T31 300μm T31
28
20
20
24
温 度 (℃ )

温 度 (℃ )

温 度 (℃ )

16
16
20
12
12 16
8
8 12
4 8
4
0 4
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
(a) 时 间 (/s) (b) 时 间 (/s) (c) 时 间 (/s)

Fig. 7. Smoke temperature at x=2.5 m with longitudinal ventilation of (a)particle size 120 µm, (b)particle size 210 µm and (c) particle size 300 µm
 922 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

14
12 120um
10 210um
8 300um
6
4
2

温度（℃）
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14

T34 T33 T32 T31

测量位置

Fig. 8. Smoke temperature change at x=2.5 m before and after activating water mist with longitudinal ventilation

According to Fig 7(a), (b) and (c), after the opening of the fan, the temperature of smoke increases rapidly. Then the
smoke tends to stable. The first reason is that the opening of the fan intensifies the combustion. The second reason is that
heat transfer increases rapidly by accelerating the flow of the air in the upper part of the fire.
From Fig 8, it can be seen that under the condition of longitudinal ventilation, the change degree of temperature at
different measuring points is different from that situation without ventilation. At T33, T32 and T31, the maximum
temperature increase is caused by the particle size of 210µm, which is followed by the particle size of 300µm and the
particle size of 120µm is minimum. The reason for this phenomenon is the longitudinal ventilation interacting with water
mist creates a more complex distribution of the flow field characteristics.

4.3 Effect of particle size on CO concentration

(1) Effect of different particle size on CO concentration without ventilation

Fig 9(a) and (b) show CO concentration at x=3.5 m before and after activating water mist in Experiments W1, W2 and
W3. The height of the measuring point are 0.22 m, 0.28 m, 0.34 m, 0.40 m and 0.46 m. CO concentration change at x=3.5 m
of different particle size without ventilation before and after activating water mist are shown in Fig 10.
80
140
120 μm 120 μm
210 μm 70
120 210 μm
300 μm 300 μm
60
100
50
CO浓 度 (ppm)

CO浓 度 (ppm)

80
40
60
30
40
20
20
10
0
0
0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48
(a) 高 度 (m)
(b) 高 度 (m)

Fig. 9. CO concentration at x=3.5 m of different particle size without ventilation (a) before activating water mist and (b) after activating water mist

60

40

20
CO浓 度 (ppm)

-20

-40

120 μm
-60 210 μm
300 μm
-80
0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48
高 度 (m)

Fig. 10. CO concentration change at x=3.5 m of different particle size without ventilation before and after activating water mist

From Fig 9, it can be seen that CO concentration increases with the height rising before and after opening the water mist.
And from Fig 10, it can be seen that changing trend is that CO concentration of upper smoke is decreasing and the lower
smoke is increasing. The main reason for the change is that the water mist exacerbates disturbance between the upper and
 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924 923
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

lower smoke. Comparing the effect of three kinds of water mist, the change of CO concentration at each height is similar
with and without longitudinal ventilation. It can be seen that the difference of particle size has not obvious effect on CO
concentration distribution.
(2) Effect of different particle size on CO concentration with longitudinal ventilation
Fig 11(a) and (b) show CO concentration at x=3.5 m before and after activating water mist in Experiments W4, W5 and
W6. CO concentration change at x=3.5 m of different particle size with longitudinal ventilation before and after activating
water mist shown in Fig 12.
250 225
120 μm 120 μm
210 μm 200 210 μm
200 300 μm 300 μm
175

150 150
CO浓 度 (ppm)

CO浓 度 (ppm)
125

100
100

75
50
50

0 25
0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48

(a) 高 度 (m)
(b) 高 度 (m)

Fig. 11. CO concentration at x=3.5 m of different particle size with longitudinal ventilation (a) before activating water mist and (b) after activating water
mist

140
120
100
80
60
CO浓 度 (ppm)

40
20
0
-20
-40 120 μm
210 μm
-60 300 μm
-80
0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48
高 度 (m)

Fig. 12. CO concentration change at x=3.5 m of different particle size with longitudinal ventilation before and after activating water mist

It can be seen from Fig 11 that the CO concentration increases with the height rising before opening the water mist under
longitudinal ventilation condition. After the water mist is opened, the CO concentration distribution in the vertical direction
is different. The CO concentration increases linearly with the increase of height when using the particle size of 120µm.
When using the particle size of 210µm and 300µm, the CO concentration increases and then decreases slightly.
As can be seen from Fig 12, once water mist is activated, CO concentration of the upper smoke is reduced and the lower
is increased. By comparing the effects of the three particle size water mist, the CO concentration decreased most at the
height of 0.46m that using the particle size of 300µm.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, the influence of particle size on smoke layer thickness, smoke temperature distribution and CO
concentration distribution is studied. The following conclusions are obtained:
(1) The jet of water mist increases the thickness of the fire smoke. In the absence of ventilation, the greater the size of
droplets, the greater the impact on the smoke, the thicker the thickness of smoke layer under same working pressure. Under
the combined effect of longitudinal ventilation and water mist, the thickness of smoke layer increases. And when the
particle size increases to a certain value, the thickness of the flue smoke tends to be relatively stable.
(2) The jet of water mist makes the smoke layer down, causing the temperature of top of the tunnel to drop and the lower
part rising. Under the interaction with water mist, the temperature of the top of tunnel decreased and lower part increased
that because of speeding up the flow velocity of smoke by longitudinal ventilation. The temperature distribution varies with
the particle size distribution in different ventilation conditions.
 924 Yong-bin YANG et al. / Procedia Engineering 211 (2018) 917–924
Yong-bin YANG et al/ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

(3) The CO concentration at the top of tunnel is reduced and the lower is increased when water mist are sprayed. When
there is no ventilation, the change of droplet size has little effect on CO concentration. With the longitudinal ventilation, the
effect of different droplet size on CO concentration is different due to the coupling effect of water mist and ventilation.

References
[1] Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China, China Highway & Transportation Society, 2016. Statistical bulletin on the development of the
transport industry in 2015.
[2] Mawhinney, J R., 2013. Fixed fire protection systems in tunnels: issues and directions, Fire technology 49, pp. 477-508.
[3] CHEN, Zhen., YAO, Bin., WANG, Wenwei., et al., 2013. Design and application of tunnel-type water spray fire suppression system, Journal of safety
science and technology 9, pp. 144-148.
[4] Zhou, Xu., Zhao, Minghua., Liu Yihu., 2002. Study on fire and control design of long tunnel, Central south highway engineering 27, pp. 87-90.
[5] PIARC Technical Committee C3.3 Road tunnel operations, 2008. Road tunnels: an assessment of fixed firefighting systems, World Road Association,
Pairs, France.
[6] Carvel, R., 2016. A review of tunnel fire research from Edingburgh, Fire safety journal 53, pp. 22-32.
[7] China merchants Chongqing communications technology research & design institute co., Ltd, 2004. JTG D70-2004 Code for design of road tunnel,
China communications press, Beijing, China.
[8] Hu, Longhua., Peng, Wei., Yang Ruixin., 2014. Fundamentals of tunnel fire dynamics and prevention technology, Science press, Beijing, China.
[9] Yu, H Z., 2012. Froude-modeling-based general scaling relationships for fire suppression by water sprays, Fire safety journal 47, pp. 1-7.
[10] Liu, Zhiqiang., Huang, Xin., 2011. Scale simulation of reciprocity between water mist and pool fire, Fire science and technology 30, pp. 125-128.
[11] Quintiere, J G., Su, G., 2007. Physical scaling for water mist fire suppression-a design application, International Journal on Engineering Performance-
Based Fire Codes 9, pp. 87-108.
[12] PIARC, 1999. Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, World Road Association, Pairs, France.
[13] Shanghai tunnel engineering & rail transit design and research institute, 2008. DG/T J08-2033-2008 Road tunnel design code, China communications
press, Beijing, China.
[14] Wu, Dexing., 2004. Research on point smoke extraction system of independent smoke exhaust-duct in case of fire for extra-long highway tunnels,
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
[15] Peng, wei., 2008. Effect of longitudinal ventilation on burning and smoke movement in road tunnel, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei, China.