PHONETICS

The Lecturer : Mr Rizki Ma'arif S.pd

Presented by Group 1
Sumarized by : Alkhorin Mawarda/ 23020230005
Syalzabilla Sevia Sari/ 23020230002

 Definition of Phonetics
The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
•Articulatory phonetics: How speech sounds are made.
•Acoustic phonetics: Speech sounds as "waves in the air".
•Auditory phonetics: The perception, via the ear, of speech
sounds.

 Articulations: Voiced & Voiceless

How speech sounds are produced using the fairly complex oral equipment we
have. We start with the air pushed out by the lungs up through the trachea (or
windpipe) to the larynx. Inside the larynx are your vocal folds (or vocal cords), which
take two basic positions:
a. Vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them
apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this
way are described as voiced.
b. Vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them
unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.

 Place of articulation : Once the air has passed through the larynx, it comes up and out
through the mouth and or the nose.
•Most consonant sounds are produced by using the tongue and otherparts of the mouth
to constrict, in some way, the shape of the oral cavity through which the air is passing.
•The location inside the mouth at which the constriction takes place.

 Bilabials : These are sounds formed using both Lips come together
o /p/ as in " Purse "
o /b/ as in " Back "
o /m/ as in " Mad "
 Labiodentals : These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip come
together.
o /f/ as in " Family "
o /v/ as in " Vine "
 Dentals : These are sounds formed with the Tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth.
o /θ/ as in " Thick "
o /ð/ as in " Then "
 Alveolars : These are sounds formed with the tongue at ot near the ridge behind the upper
front teeth.
 o /n/ as in " No "
/t/ as in " Tab "
o /d/ as in " Deep "
/s/ as in " Suit "
o /z/ as in " Zip "
/l/ as in " Luck "

 Alveo-Palatals : Tongue raised to the hard palate or roof of the mouth

o /ʃ/ as in " Shot "
o /ʧ/ as in " Chin "
o /ʒ/ as in " Vision "
o /dʒ/ as in " Jam "
o /j/ as in " Yes "
 Velars : Back of the tongue raised to the velum or soft palate
o /ŋ/ as in " Ankle "
o /k/ as in " Kite "
o /g/ as in " Good "
o /w/ as in " Wait "
 Glottals : Sound is produced at the glottis or the space between vocal folds
o ( Glottal Fricative )
/h/ as in " Height "
o ( Glottal Stop )
/?/
Example
•Certain
•Fountain
•Button
 Manner of articulation : This aspect deals with how the sounds are articulated
 Stops : Part of the vocal tract is closed off completely. Then, the air is released suddenly
with a Sharp burst.
o /p/ - Pay, Gap /k/ - Cat, Make
o /b/ - Be, Table /g/ - Go, Bag
o /t/ - Two, Pet /?/ - Uh-Oh
o /d/ - Day, Mad

 Fricatives : Two Articulators move closer so the air flower through a small opening. This
caused air turbulance which becomes audible.
o /f/- Fun, Half /z/- Zebra, Is
o /v/ - Very, Have /ʃ/ - Shoe, Push
o /ɵ/ - Think, Tooth /ʒ / - Pleasure
o /ð/ - They, Breathe
o /s/- See, Less
 Affricatives : If you combine a brief stopping of the airtsream with an obstructed release
which caused some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds:
o /ʧ/ - Child, March
o /ʤ/ - Juice, Orange
 Nasals : The sound is block through the Lips or tongue from leaving the mouth and instead is
released through the masak cavity.
o /m/ - More,Come
o /n/ - No, Sun.
o /ŋ/ - Sing, Think
 Approximants : These are produced when two Articulators come together to form a narrow
space in the mouth through which the air flows, but not close enough to make the air
friction audible. Aprroximants are in between fricatives and vowel sounds.
o /j/ - Yes, Young
o /w/ - When, Between
o /l/ - Light, Milk
o /r/ - Right, Carry
 The glottal stop and the flap : The flap T /r/ is produced when the tongue quickly taps
against taps against the alveolar ridge.
o /r/ - Butter, a lot of of
 Vowels : Vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air.
They are all voiced, to talk about place of articulation, we think of the space inside the
mouth as having a front versus a back and a high versus a low area.
o Heat and hit (high, front vowels
o Hot and hat (low, back vowels)
 Diphthongs : /ɑɪ/, /ɑʊ/, and /ɔɪ/ are diphthongs because they contain two sounds, note
that in each case, they begin with a vowel sound and end with a glide. In pronouncing
diphthongs, we move from one vocalic position to another