COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A FOUR-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

WITH SOIL-RETAINING STRUCTURE DESIGNED IN MOMENT RESISTING

FRAMING, BEARING WALL, AND DUAL SYSTEM

A Technical Study Presented to

The Faculty of the Civil Engineering Department
School of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis University
Baguio City

In Final Fulfillment
Of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Engr. Ferdean Leroy B. Manzano, CE, ME-1

John Anthony B. Alindogan
Kristine Ann B. Bernal
Christian N. Canlas
Christian Lenard Z. Cornista
Karl Christian J. Fontanilla
Dave Norwyn G. Lalata
Reden Christian T. Mercado
Chris Angelbert M. Sipat
Wvhynn Xylyhnn R. Vergara
Jemar Angelo G. Viloria

December 2021
 ii

INDORSEMENT

This thesis entitled “COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A FOUR-STOREY

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH SOIL-RETAINING STRUCTURE DESIGNED
IN MOMENT RESISTING FRAMING, BEARING WALL, AND DUAL SYSTEM”,
prepared and submitted by John Anthony B. Alindogan, Kristine Ann B.
Bernal, Christian N. Canlas, Christian Lenard Z. Cornista, Karl Christian J.
Fontanilla, Dave Norwyn G. Lalata, Reden Christian T. Mercado, Chris
Angelbert M. Sipat, Wvhynn Xylyhnn R. Vergara, and Jemar Angelo G.
Viloria, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the subject CE Project Study,
has been examined and recommended for the acceptance and approval for Final
Defense.

This is to certify further that the researchers are ready for Final defense.

Engr. Ferdean Leroy B. Manzano, CE, ME-1

Research Promoter

This thesis entitled “COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A FOUR-STOREY

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH SOIL-RETAINING STRUCTURE DESIGNED
IN MOMENT RESISTING FRAMING, BEARING WALL, AND DUAL SYSTEM”,
prepared and submitted by John Anthony B. Alindogan, Kristine Ann B.
Bernal, Christian N. Canlas, Christian Lenard Z. Cornista, Karl Christian J.
Fontanilla, Dave Norwyn G. Lalata, Reden Christian T. Mercado, Chris
Angelbert M. Sipat, Wvhynn Xylyhnn R. Vergara, and Jemar Angelo G.
Viloria, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the subject CE Project Study,
has been examined and recommended for the acceptance and approval for Final
Defense.

Engr. Jaeus M. Segundo

Faculty, Panel Member

Engr. Marlon D. Dumal-Is, MSCE

Faculty, Panel Member

Engr. Lovely L. Rañosa, MAEHP, MSCE

Undergraduate Research Coordinator
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDORSEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Conceptual Framework 5
1.4 Scope and Delimitation 6
1.5 Constraints Used in the Study 8
1.6 Significance of the Study 9
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 11
CHAPTER II: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 16
2.1 Research Design and Methodology 16
2.2 Locale of the Study 17
2.3 Data Gathering Tools 18
2.4 Data Gathering Procedure 19
2.5 Treatment of Data 23
2.6 Management of Multidisciplinary Environments 25
2.7 Project Management 28
CHAPTER III: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 33
3.1 Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Wall 33
3.2 Soil-Retaining Structures 36
3.3 Structural Framing Systems 37
3.4 Landslide and Slope Stability 41
3.5 Seismic Design and Earthquake Resistance 44
OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 49
APPENDICES 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY 52
 iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of The Study. 5

Figure 2. Location of Baguio City in the Philippines. 17
Figure 3. Location of Upper Pias, Camp 7 in Baguio City. 18
Figure 4.1. Flowchart for Data Gathering Procedure. 19
Figure 4.2. Flowchart for Data Gathering Procedure (continued). 20
Figure 5. The Input-Process-Output (IPO) of the Study. 22
Figure 6. Cantilevered Retaining Wall (left) versus Retaining Wall 34
with Relieving Platform (right).
Figure 7. Cantilevered Retaining Wall with Labeled Parts. 35
Figure 8. Steel Framing System as an Example of an SMRF. 38
Figure 9. Isometric Diagram of a Reinforced Concrete Shear 39
Wall.
Figure 10. Dual System Composed of SMRF and Shear Walls. 40
Figure 11. Baguio City Landslide Susceptibility Map. 42
Figure 12. Baguio City Slope Map. 43
Figure 13. Baguio City Local Fault Line Map. 45
Figure 14. Base at Foundation Level where Shear Walls Extend 48
Over the Full Height and Length of the Building.
 v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Team Management and Role Distribution. 28

Table 2. Finance Management for the Project Duration. 30
Table 3. Activity Plan Gantt Chart. 31
Table 4. Schedule of Outputs. 32
Table 5. Landslide Susceptibility in Baguio City. 42
Table 6. Slope Categories in Baguio City. 43
 1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter defines the background, statement of the problem,

objectives, conceptual framework, scope and delimitations, constraints,

significance, and operational definition of terms of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Recent global statistics revealed that at a rate of 1.036 percent, the

world’s population continues to grow and take up space on this planet. The

Philippines alone recorded a 1.3 percent increase in inhabitants based on the

same 2020 data from the World Bank—much faster than several other countries

(World Bank Group, n.d.). The nation’s growth rate has allowed its population

density, which is the number of people within an area of land, to reach 363

persons per square kilometer, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported

in its last year’s census highlight. Moreover, the census also stated that the

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) has the least dense condition with only

91 persons per square kilometer (Mapa, 2021).

However, PhilAtlas data showed that in CAR, the City of Baguio has

housed 366,358 residents in 2020 within its 57.51-km2 boundary, tallying a

whopping 6,370 persons for every square kilometer of land. It makes the
 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 2

country’s Summer Capital the fourth most densely populated among highly urban

cities outside the National Capital Region. The city’s statistics evidently

surpassed the regional and national average and its resident count has also

been continuously rising at a much faster annual rate of 1.25 percent based on

the past five years (Baguio, n.d.; Mapa, 2021).

With a constant positive population growth rate, the demand for livable lots

would also be likely to project an increase. Last 2015, reports from Baguio City’s

local government stated that CAR had a 12.5 percent rise in housing units where

the compact Baguio City totaled 87,731 occupied houses—second to Benguet

with the most housed components during the time. The landlocked city may

already have more house occupancies today than five years ago, especially that

many people would consider to live in Baguio City. The city’s local government

acknowledges that Baguio City is a high migration area, which means many

people from different places move into the city. The city is also said to be highly

urbanized, which may translate to a booming economy. These conditions could

create an upward trend in the demand for lots, not only for housing purposes but

also for commercial and industrial ones (About Baguio City, n.d.; Cordillera

housing occupancy up by 12.5 percent, n.d.).

Considering the small land area of Baguio City and the vast sum of house

structures, the supply of available lots could already be scarce, limiting the

buyers’ ideal options and forcing them to settle on lands that have undesirable

properties. In a Cornerstone article, the author included the ground’s slope in

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 3

choosing where to build their house aside from the area’s accessibility and

location. The author pointed out that opting for a levelled lot—the “regular” one—

is wise. However, Baguio City is known for its mountainous nature; CAR mainly

consists of 139 mountains towering from 1,200 to 2,929 meters above sea level.

Therefore, the location of the remaining lots may already have challenging

sloping terrain, which may be deemed unideal for some people (How to choose

the best lot for your home, 2017; Regional profile, n.d.).

The additional time and cost are the main concerns of building on an

inclined development site. For SOL Construction, an allowance of 1% of the total

expenses is charged for every degree of slope. These extra fees account for the

effective measures to address the problems of excavation and structural support.

Other disadvantages of the sloped lot areas are poor accessibility, utility and

drainage construction difficulty, high building maintenance, and soil erosion,

which is notable in Baguio City. These affect the safety and stability of the

building (Joseph, 2018; SOL Construction, n.d.).

On the other hand, some people prefer a sloping block because it unlocks

more design possibilities than regular lots. It usually boasts of having great views

and abundant natural light with better ventilation or air circulation for the

occupants. Baguio City often uses these to attract tourists, migrants, and future

residents ([AspireID], 2020). Incorporating these into the design of the building

may make them more complicated, which makes sloping lots undesirable for some

people 一 including some engineers. And, there have been some instances wherein
 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 4

architectural designs were not adapted by the engineers due to their structural

complexity and limitations.

Hence, the designers aim to analyze and design a cost-efficient residential

building on an “undesirable” sloping lot without compromising its architectural

and structural integrity. The design should also take advantage of the location’s

positive attributes, such as beautiful sights, natural lighting, and ventilation.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

With the rise of multiple engineering approaches in the structural field,

these bring forth significant effects on the parameters decided in designing a

particular structure. In most cases, the importance of choosing the most

applicable yet economical building system is overlooked. Moreover, the tendency

to approach design in the simplest form may result in lesser impact on other

parameters such as aesthetics and safety.

In this study, the researchers’ main objective is to structurally analyze and

design a four-storey residential structure reinforced with a soil-retaining structure

on a steeply sloping ground. The initial designs will be based on three chosen

building systems: the use of Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF), Bearing

or Shear Wall, and a combination of both or a Dual System.

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 5

Specifically, the research aims to:

a. extensively analyze and design a specific fail-safe structure;

b. design the structure using special moment resisting frames, bearing

or shear walls, and in a dual system;

c. choose the most appropriate design using set up engineering

parameters; and

d. present final design through a compiled structural analysis and

drawings.

1.3 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study.

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 6

The study makes use of independent and dependent variables along with

mediating variables to demonstrate the relationship between the main contents of

the framework of the study. The independent variables include all possible

structural loading applicable to the structure such as gravity and lateral loads, the

type of building systems used for analysis, and the design parameters that depict

significant details of the considerations for analysis.

The dependent variables are the cost determined by quantity surveying,

results of serviceability conditions from the structural analysis, and final reports

for the structural design. Since there would be existing geotechnical data and an

architectural plan, these affect the overall design of the structure. Moreover,

different available approaches for the structural analyses, whether manual or

software-based, affects the results especially for the serviceability conditions.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation

The study aims to design and compare the structure of a four-storey

residential building reinforced with a retaining wall on a steeply sloping ground

when designed as SMRF, bearing wall, and dual system. The design will be

focusing only on the structural design and plans of the project based on the

existing architectural plan. The researchers shall make use of the National

Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (7th Edition; First and Second Printing),

UBC 1997, and ACI 318-14M as reference codes for the comparative paper.

The proposed project is located at Upper Pias, Camp 7, Baguio City,

under Seismic Zone 4. Consistent on both earthquake and wind load analyses,
 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 7

the building is of Occupancy Category 4: Standard Occupancy Structure as it

serves a residential purpose for the occupants. Given the parameters, the

researchers will use Static computation for base shear since the structure

satisfies the criteria mentioned in NSCP 2015 Section 208.4.8.2 (UBC 1997).

Dynamic analysis for base shear determination might be used if there are

findings in the changes in the structure. For the wind load case, NSCP 2015

Section 207 B – Table 207B.2-1: MWFRS Wind Load for Enclosed, Partially

Enclosed, and Open Buildings of All Heights is allowed and shall be used in this

study. The wind speed at the structure’s location ranges between 250-260 kph,

and the group decided to use the upper limit for a more conservative design. For

the soil parameters, professional geotechnical engineers have conducted a

complete geotechnical analysis on the construction site.

The researchers shall resort to engineering software applications such as

STAAD.Pro Connect Edition (Academic License) and STAAD.Pro Advanced

Concrete Design (RCDC) for the analysis and design and AutoCAD for drafting

figures, plans, and similar engineering outputs.

The comparison of the aforementioned systems will be based on their

cost-effectiveness, safety factor, and aesthetic appeal. These factors, however,

delimit only the idealized choices of the group based on the engineering

principles of economy and safeness and do not represent the probable choice of

the generalized common. The study will be conducted within a limited time

framework and with tight resources.

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 8

1.5 Constraints Used in the Study

This section discusses the constraints of the study, which are

characterized by nature, cost, safety, and dependability and varied depending on

the environment of the design project and objectives. The study's restrictions limit

the team's options in performing the project plan.

As the Covid-19 pandemic continues to impose risks on the health of the

people, the study shall be conducted in accordance with health protocols set

upon by experts and implemented by the government. This includes a virtual

setup for all necessary meetings and task enforcements, large dependence on

online-based resource databases, and limited data-gathering and treatment

procedures.

The existing architectural plan, which is agreed upon by the architect and

the client, limits the placement and layout of the building's structural members.

The researchers' options to add lateral load-resisting members such as shear

walls and columns are restricted to the current architectural design.

The dimensions of the structural members are limited by the minimum

dimensions defined in the NSCP 2015. The minimum depth of non-prestressed

beams in different conditions shall satisfy the limits in table 409.3.1.1 and section

409.3.1.1.1 until 409.3.1.1.3 on page 4-62. For the dimensional column limits,

section 410.3.1.1 until 410.3.1.6 on page 4-70 provides regulations for different

columns. Moreover, since the Building is in Seismic Zone 4, structural detailing

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 9

requirements and member limitations shall conform with 208.5.1.5.1.1.2 NSCP

2015 2-214.

The soil topographic profile and contour map have been prepared by

Engr. Apolonio Walsiyen, GE. On the other hand, Engr. Bonifacio Dela Peña,

MSCE-Geotechnical and the rest of BIP Steadfast Ground, Inc. have provided

the geotechnical report that contained the findings on the location’s soil

properties. They provided the geodetic and geotechnical data, and soil profile

needed for design computations.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study focuses on the comparative analysis of a four-storey residential

building with soil-retaining structure designed in moment resisting framing,

bearing wall, and dual system. The designers aim to structurally develop an

economically efficient system that could accommodate structural loads without

compromising its structural and architectural integrity. Furthermore, the study

could be of importance to the following:

Design and Construction Engineers. The results in this study may be

used to evaluate and ensure a safe and economic structure in steeply sloping

areas, such as Baguio City, under similar conditions. It can be used to review the

design constraints in soil-retaining structures, and it could serve as a reference

on which design system to use to evaluate the buildings’ economic efficiency and

safety. In addition, this study could serve as a concept that could be used in

engineering to produce a well-designed soil-retaining structure that can cope and

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 10

withstand the loads and forces that will act upon the multi-storeyed building

structure.

Engineering Students. The outcome of the study will help the students to

learn how to design and construct residential buildings with soil-retaining

structures. This could also serve as their reference material regarding the design

of the different framing systems and it would allow them to choose the proper

structural design resting on sloping ground.

Real Estate Clients. The information presented could educate the

community in identifying structures in sloping areas, especially in Baguio City,

and allow them to have careful decision-making on which type of framing

structure is the safest choice to prevent immediate or progressive failures,

especially that some clients deem sloping lots undesirable, which may mean

more challenging conditions for the structure.

Cities’ Sustainability. This paper would play a significant role in the

integration of sustainable alternatives for the community. It will help the

community to utilize a sustainable design to compare the economic and

environmental impacts for a four-storey soil retaining structure. Moreover, this

paper would help achieve the efficiency of a structural system while offering

adequate sustainable design solutions in a structures’ performance.

Future Researchers. The ideas presented may be used as a tool in

conducting future designs. It can be a valuable instrument for future researchers

to conduct designs of other similar projects.

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 11

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

This section defines technical and conceptual terminologies used in this

study.

1. Bearing or Shear Wall. A structural load-bearing wall that is commonly

used to resist earthquake and wind loads aside from acting as partitions

and support elements. Some differentiate bearing walls from shear walls

as first made with bricks while latter from reinforced concrete.

2. Deformation. The change in shape or size of a material or structure as a

result of the application of loads and forces. Under elastic deformation,

materials recover their original state when stresses are removed.

3. Design Base Shear. An estimate of the maximum lateral seismic force

expected to act at the structure’s base during earthquakes.

4. Dual System. A structural framework that incorporates both the Moment

Resisting Frames and Shear Wall systems.

5. Elastic Modulus. A material property that describes the material’s

resistance to deformation and its behavior under stress. It is the ratio of

stress (force) to strain (deformation), which means a lower elastic modulus

denotes more deformable bodies.

6. Foundation. A part of the structural system that transfers the loads from

the whole structure to the earth or bedrock underneath.

7. Geogrid. A synthetic reinforcing material used to improve the poor

performance of soils under tension.

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 12

8. Geotechnical Report. An assessment made by the geotechnical

specialist/ engineer that shows the current status and profile of the earth

beneath the structure.

9. Steel Grade. A categorical designation used to differentiate various types

of steel based on their distinct properties usually measured in pounds per

square inch (psi) on the English system and in MegaPascals (MPa) on the

metric grading system. Below are the following types of steel grades

mentioned in this study:

a. Grade 33. A steel grade having a minimum yield strength of 33,400

psi or 230 MPa.

b. Grade 40. A steel grade having a minimum yield strength of 40,000

psi or 280 MPa.

c. Grade 60. A steel grade having a minimum yield strength of 60,000

psi or 420 MPa.

d. Grade 80. A steel grade having a minimum yield strength of 80,000

psi or 550 MPa.

e. Grade 100. A steel grade having a minimum yield strength of

100,000 psi or 690 MPa.

10. Gravity Loads. A type of structural load that is generated by the force of

gravity, such as the dead and live weights of the building.

11. Main Wind-Force Resisting Structure (MWFRS). A group of structural

elements (i.e. beams, columns, slabs, footing, etc.) that is strategically

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 13

constructed together to yield stability to support the applied structural

loads, especially wind pressures.

12. Occupancy Category 4 (Standard Occupancy Structure). From NSCP

2015 Table 103-1 page 1-7, an Occupancy Category 4 (Standard

Occupancy Structure) is considered for all housing occupancies and other

uncategorized structures.

13. Overdesigned. A concept of providing more than necessary. In structural

engineering, overdesign occurs when the design strength of a structural

element is significantly greater than its required nominal or actual strength.

14. Peak Ground Acceleration. The highest ground acceleration transpired

during an earthquake in a specific area.

15. Rebar. A term used to refer to reinforcement bars. Steel bars or meshes

of steel wires are used in reinforced concrete structures to increase its

tensile load capacity and overall strength.

16. Reinforced Concrete. An embedment of both the concrete and steel bars

to produce structures with a more substantial tensile and compressive

strength performance.

17. Retaining Wall. A structure that supports and retains materials, such as

soil and water, for stability and erosion-prevention. The following are types

of retaining walls mentioned in this study:

a. Cantilevered. A semi-gravity type supporting wall with the stem

affixed only on its base.

 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 14

b. Crib. A special type of retaining wall that is formed by assembling

interlocking headers and stretchers.

c. Counterfort. A semi-gravity type similar to cantilevered retaining

walls except for having additional vertical braces.

d. Diaphragm. A flexible retaining wall that is usually used in dams

and to support other existing structures too.

e. Gabion. A special variation that uses wire cages, which are filled

with trap rocks, stacked to form a wall.

f. Gravity. A general type of retaining wall that is usually made with

heavy materials because it uses its weight as the main stabilizer.

g. Semi-Gravity. A variation of gravity type that usually comes in a

trapezoidal cross-section and a reduced weight accounted for by

the added strengthening reinforcements.

h. Sheet Pile. A flexible type of retaining structure that is driven

underneath the soil and is commonly made of steel and timber.

18. Seismic Zone 4. Seismic zones categorize locations based on their

earthquake risks and activities. In the Philippines, Zone 4 includes places

aside from Palawan (excluding Busuanga), Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi, which

are under Seismic Zone 2, according to NSCP Section 208.4.4.1.

19. Soil Profile. The vertical cross-section of a soil sample showing its layers

characterized by their status and type.

20. Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF). A type of stiff structure with

beams that are rigidly linked to its columns. This allows the structural
 Chapter I | The Problem and Its Setting 15

members to bend, which indicates that they are intended to be resilient

against bending.

21. Structural Analysis. The measurement of the outcomes on the structure

concerning its properties used and load-bearing capacity. It determines

the reaction and behavior of the structure when loads are applied.

22. Tensile Strength. The maximum stress that a material can withstand

when stretched without fracturing.

23. Yield Strength. The maximum amount of stress that may be applied

before it permanently changes shape.

 16

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter indicates the design and methods of the research, the

population and locale of the study, tools and procedure for data collection, how

the data was treated, management of multidisciplinary environments, and the

project management.

2.1 Research Design and Methodology

An experimental-comparative approach will be used in this study. The

structural design shall undergo pre- and post-processing analyses to determine

the needed data for interpretation. The gathered information will be checked for

adequacy and used in comparing the different structural system designs. The

comparison shall be made in terms of the ideal engineering design principles,

such as safety and economy.

Moreover, this study is adopting a historical method approach to assess

the structural performance of the four-storey building. The researchers will be

basing results on the past seismic hazard studies in the Philippines, specifically

in Baguio City, for the parameters to be used in the design.

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 17

2.2 Locale of the Study

The four-storey project is located in Baguio City, specifically at Upper Pias

in Barangay Camp 7, which is the second most populated barangay in the city

according to the 2020 Census. The barangay has a total population of 13,875

within its 3.626-km² land area. Moreover, the residential building is to be

constructed on a hill, greatly putting the structure at higher risk to landslides,

especially that the city has a remarkably high level of landslide susceptibility

(Brinkhoff, 2021; Chapter II: Geo-Physical environment, 2017).

Figure 2. Location of Baguio City in the Philippines.

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 18

Figure 3. Location of Upper Pias, Camp 7 in Baguio City.

2.3 Data Gathering Tools

The researchers will use STAAD.Pro Connect Edition (Academic License)

and STAAD.Pro Advanced Concrete Design (RCDC) for the analysis and design

of the residential structure. The results from the software will provide valuable

data for checking adequacy and will be used in comparing between the structural

framing systems for their safety and economy. Geotechnical reports from the

geodetic and civil-geotechnical engineers are provided for the proper structural

design of the residential structure.

For the document review, reference codes such as National Structural

Code of the Philippines 2015 (7th Edition; First and Second Printing), UBC 1997,

and ACI 318-14M will be used to obtain the needed data for structural design.
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 19

Furthermore, an interview with the geotechnical engineers and architects

assigned to the project will provide information for the proper approach in dealing

with the soil of the property and the appropriate design of the residential

structure.

2.4 Data Gathering Procedure

Figure 4.1. Flowchart for Data Gathering Procedure.

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 20

Figure 4.2. Flowchart for Data Gathering Procedure (continued).

Soil bearing tests are performed in the laboratory on comparatively small

samples to assess the final bearing capacity of the soil mass, the stability of

embankments and cuts, slope stability analysis, and parameters such as the void

ratio at the moist and dry conditions. Using the National Structural Code of the

Philippines 2015, we can determine the structure's dead, live, seismic, and wind

loads. Additionally, other documents, such as the geotechnical reports and

architectural plans, are viewed in detail to better understand the length and

breadth of the study.

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 21

Next is structural modelling, which, in this study, is iterated using several

structural systems such as SMRF, bearing wall, and dual system. The model

shall be made using the STAAD.Pro. The analytical model is then subjected to

assignment of material properties, specifications, and supports. The application

of all required loads comes next before the required analysis and design on the

structure, when the model has passed the checking of errors and warnings.

The adequacy for the designed structure for each of the systems is then

evaluated or assessed and is then subjected to redesigning if it fails or if it is

overdesigned. The gathered data, including the material take-off or the total

volume of concrete and the total weight of rebar, are then treated to achieve a

summarized conclusion of the findings.

In order to attain a structural design that encompasses the main goals of

engineering, i.e. safety and economy, it is necessary to categorize the entire

process into a working method. This method will be the main framework of the

study, and thus will guide the researchers on the whole process of the project,

lessening the chance to study disciplines not necessary for the project itself.

The diagram below illustrates the Input-Process-Output (IPO) workflow of

this study. Meanwhile, since this study focuses on structural engineering analysis

and design, its corresponding flow is also incorporated.

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 22

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

● Review of Related ● Synthesis on Review of ● Comparative Analysis of

Literatures and Studies
Related Literatures and a Four-Storey
Studies Residential Building
with Soil-Retaining
Structure Designed in
Moment Resisting
Framing, Bearing Wall,
and Dual System
(Chapters I, II, and III)

● Site Geotechnical ● Data Interpretation and ● Comparative Analysis of

Report Analysis a Four-Storey
● STAAD.Pro (Structural ● Civil Engineering Residential Building
Analysis and Design Structural Analysis with Soil-Retaining
Software Application) ● Structural Design in Structure Designed in
● AutoCAD (Computer- accordance with the Moment Resisting
Aided Design and NSCP 2015 as the main Framing, Bearing Wall,
Drafting Software structural code, UBC and Dual System
Application) 1997, ASCE 7-10, and (Chapters IV and V)
● National Structural ACI 318-14M. ● A Proposed Structural
Code of the Philippines ● Design of an Design for a Four-
(NSCP) 2015 (7th Independent Soil- Storey Residential
Edition; First and Retaining Structure for Building with Roof Deck
Second Printing) SMRF System and Soil-Retaining
● Uniform Building Code ● Comparative Analysis of Structure
(UBC) 1997 the Designs from the
● American Society of Moment Resisting
Civil Engineers Framing, Bearing Wall,
(ASCE/SEI) 7-10 and Dual System
● American Concrete
Institute (ACI) 318-14M

Figure 5. The Input-Process-Output (IPO) of the Study.

This entire study was made in two different sets and thus, the IPO was

divided as necessary. For the first set, the input variables were the review of

related literature and studies. These were processed through a synthesis that

produced the first three chapters of this project study.

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 23

The input variables included for the second set were the site’s

geotechnical report, STAAD.Pro and RCDC, which are structural analysis and

design software applications, AutoCAD—a computer-aided design and drafting

software application, and various design codes, namely, the NSCP 2015, UBC

1997, and ACI 318-14M. Such variables were used for data analysis as well as

structural analysis and design. The final output were the fourth and fifth chapters

of this study and a proposed final structural design for a four-storey residential

building with roof deck and soil-retaining structure.

2.5 Treatment of Data

After designing the four-storey residential building in different structural

systems, the researchers will then obtain the material take-off or the total volume

of concrete and the total weight of rebars of each system with the help of

STAAD.Pro Advanced Concrete Designer (RCDC). The data will be used to

determine the total material cost for structural works for each of the systems

designed by multiplying the unit quantities to their respective unit cost. The

computed data will now be compared on which is the most economical among

the group.

1. Total Concrete Cost. The following formula is used to compute the total

concrete cost of the building.

T C =V∗u
❑
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 24

where:

Tc = Total Concrete Cost

V = Volume of Concrete

u = Unit Cost per Volume

2. Total Rebar Cost. The following formula is utilized to compute the total

rebar cost of the building.

T R =W ∗u
❑

where:

Tr = Total Rebar Cost

W = Weight of Rebars

u = Unit Cost per Kilogram

3. Relative Change. The following formula is used to compare the structural

costing in percentage. A negative value shall suggest a much lower cost

on the system denoted as x2 or the other compared system.

x❑2−x ❑1
C= ×100
x1

where:

C = Relative Change in Cost in Percentage

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 25

x1 = Cost of the First Compared System

x2 = Cost of the Other Compared System

Afterwhich, a pie chart will be used for the visual comparison

representation of the costing of each building system. On the other hand, the

interview with the architect will be processed to acquire their important

architectural insights on the design.

2.6 Management of Multidisciplinary Environments

These are the academic disciplines and professional specializations

related to the design and analysis of a residential building reinforced with a soil-

retaining structure on a steeply sloping ground. The relationship of some

disciplines and the study are the following:

Structural Engineering. In developing structures, civil engineers are

mainly concerned with the design, safety, and integrity of buildings. Under this

field, one key element in this study engulfs the core principles of Structural

Engineering, which is a specialization of this discipline that tackles the strength

and stability of building components. Structural engineers must have ample

knowledge on how to analyze structural elements in a wide variety of design

conditions and parameters, including a multi-storey residential building on steep

slopes. This study will help civil engineers know the full process of constructing a

safe and resilient structural framing system built on sloping ground. Moreover,
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 26

this discipline’s purpose is to consider both social and economic factors that

impact building design codes and practices, which are incorporated in this paper.

Geotechnical Engineering. Another major branch of Civil Engineering is

Geotechnical Engineering which plays a huge role in the development of

infrastructures. It is a critical component in the continued progressive evolution of

the main field since it expands new ways of implementing solid foundation and

proper soil interaction to the structure. One common structure that needs sharp

techniques of this specialization are retaining walls. This project includes the

design of a soil-retaining structure to support the basement of the building

against the sloped soil. This course of study helps civil engineers duly design and

safely construct such structures that are hazardous when done incorrectly.

Architecture. Architectural design is primarily concerned with

functionality, practicality and endurance. Since the building needs to be

structurally safe, designed to withstand the test of time and calamity, and built in

accordance with the local building codes and ordinances, it is important to have

architectural design before construction to prevent errors during the construction

process. Drawing blueprints and building models allows the architect to work with

the civil engineer to customize the building exactly what the client wants and

what the structure needs to be practically efficient and relatively low-cost.

Architectural plans are sometimes given less priority when concerns on structural

complexity arise. However, in this study, the group aims to achieve as much
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 27

original design as possible to give proper importance to the works of the

architect.

Engineering Economics. As a subdiscipline practiced by civil engineers,

Engineering Economics focuses on decision-making process and proper

execution and delivery of the infrastructure projects. Civil engineers should have

enough knowledge of this field as a basis of the evaluation of the project’s

lifecycle. In this paper, one goal is to obtain the most economical or cost-effective

design among the choices, especially that the structure does not intend to bring

in return of investments. This objective can be met with the basics of this study,

which is to confront complex problems of allocating resources in ensuring proper

delivery of high-quality, efficient, and relatively low-cost infrastructure projects.

Academics. Researchers and students will benefit as well as contribute to

this comparative analysis on the designs of the structure of a four-storey

residential building with soil-retaining structure designed using concrete framing,

bearing wall, and dual system. They will understand the design process in

constructing economical and safe structures in steep slopes. With that

understanding, they will be able to extensively analyze and design a specific fail-

safe structure and be knowledgeable enough to present the final design through

structural analysis and drawings. Learning about the design using the different

framing systems will help them better understand structural complexity and

limitations.
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 28

2.7 Project Management

Team Management:

With the completion of Chapters 1 to 3, the proponents were handed

pieces to complete. The team was divided into pairs, and each completed their

assigned sections, which were then submitted on the agreed-upon deadline.

All of the work was done using Google Docs to make it easy to track

progress and who accomplished what. After which, the leader and assistant

leader went over the output for checking and minor revisions.

Table 1. Team Management and Role Distribution.

NAME ROLE DESCRIPTION/ REMARKS

● Writer: Chapter 1 Background of the Study and

Operational Definition of Terms,
Chapter 2 Research Design and Methodology, Chapter 3
RRL on Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Wall,
Mercado,
Leader Chapter 4 Project Analysis and Design & Project
Reden Christian T.
Schedule (PERT/CPM),
and whole of Chapter 5
● Proofreader
● Bibliography Manager

● Writer: Chapter 1 Conceptual Framework and

Objectives,
Chapter 3 RRL on Landslide and Slope Stability, Chapter
Viloria, Assistant
4 Project Analysis and Design,
Jemar Angelo G. Leader
and whole of Chapter 5
● Overall Format Manager
● Head of Chapter 3

● Writer: Chapter 1 Statement of the Problem, Operational

Definition of Terms,
Alindogan,
Member Chapter 2 Project Management,
John Anthony B.
Chapter 4 Construction Estimates,
and Chapter 5

Bernal, Member ● Writer: Chapter 1 Significance of the Study,

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 29

Chapter 2 Research Design and Methodology,

Management of Multidisciplinary Environments, Chapter
Kristine Ann B. 3 RRL on Seismic Resistance,
Chapter 4 Project Schedule (PERT/CPM),
and whole of Chapter 5

● Writer: Chapter 1 Constraints used in the Study, Chapter

2 Data Gathering Procedure, Chapter 3 RRL on Surface
Source Characterization in Baguio City Central Business
Canlas,
Member District,
Christian N.
Chapter 4 Shallow Landslide Early Warning in Northern
Philippines,
and whole of Chapter 5

● Writer: Chapter 1 Scope and Delimitation,

Chapter 2 Data Gathering Tools,
Cornista, Chapter 3 RRL on Structural Framing Systems, Overview
Member
Christian Lenard Z. of the Proposed Project,
Chapter 4 Construction Estimates,
and whole of Chapter 5

● Writer: Chapter 1 Statement of the Problem,

Chapter 2 Management of Multidisciplinary
Fontanilla, Environments,
Member
Karl Christian J. Chapter 3 RRL,
Chapter 4 Construction Estimates,
and whole of Chapter 5

● Writer: Chapter 1 Significance of the Study,

Chapter 2 Management of Multidisciplinary Environments
and Project Management,
Lalata,
Member Chapter 3 (Figures on Lateral Earth Pressure and
Dave Norwyn G.
Retaining Wall),
Chapter 4 Project Schedule (PERT/CPM) ,
and whole of Chapter 5

● Writer: Chapter 1 Scope and Delimitation,

Chapter 2 Treatment of Data,
Chapter 3 RRL on Soil-Retaining Structures & Structural
Sipat,
Member Framing System,
Chris Angelbert M.
Chapter 4 Resource Requirements,
and whole of Chapter 5
● Internal Human Resource Officer

● Writer: Chapter 1 Constraints used in the Study, Chapter

2 Population and Locale of the Study, Chapter 3 RRL on
Vergara, Investigations of Soil Retaining Structures Damaged,
Member
Wvhynn Xylyhnn R. Chapter 4 Retaining structures: Displacement and
Design,
and whole of Chapter 5
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 30

Finance Management:

Table 2. Finance Management for the Project Duration.

BUDGET ITEM PARTICULARS ESTIMATED COST

I. Materials/Supplies

1.1. PaperOne Digital 100 GSM

Bond Paper P1,050.00
8.5x11 (P350.00/pc. x 3)

P1,050.00

II. Travel/
Transportation

Trip to school for data

2.1. Jeepney fare (P11.00/trip x 2
gathering P132.00
pax x 6 trips)

P132.00

III. Others

3.1. 100 pages (P1/page x 15

Printing of Documents P1,500.00
copies)

3.2. Hardback Binding Service @

Hardbound P250.00
P250.00

P1,750.00

PROPOSED BUDGET P2,932.00

 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 31

Time Management:

Table 3. Activity Plan Gantt Chart.

Month
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A. Proposal preparation

1 Project brainstorming

2 Review of literature

3 Identifying the research problem and

objectives

4 Writing Introduction

5 Research design and methodology

6 Finalizing research proposal

B. Data gathering

1 Geotechnical Data

2 Document Review

3 Conducting Interviews

4 Outputs from Staad.Pro & RCDC

C. Processing of data

1 Synthesis on Review of Related Literatures

and Studies

2 Data Interpretation and Analysis

3 Civil Engineering Structural Analysis &

Design

D. Final report/output preparation

1 Writing

2 Editing

E. Paper presentation/Publication
 Chapter II | Research Design and Methodology 32

Table 4. Schedule of Outputs.

Activity Timeline Expected output Deadline

A. Proposal Preparation

1. Project brainstorming Aug , Last Week Project title Oct 6

Sept, 1st week - Oct, 3rd

2. Review of literature Literature review Oct 23
week

Oct, 3rd week - Nov, 2nd

3. Writing Introduction Chapter 1 Nov 13
week

4. Research Design & Oct, 4rth week - Dec , 1st Chapter 2 and proposal
Dec 3
Methodology week defense manuscript

5. Finalizing research proposal Dec , 1st - 3th week Revised Manuscript Dec 18

B. Data Gathering

1. Geotechnical Data Dec , 1st - 3th week Collected data Dec 18

2. Document Review Jan, 1st - 2nd week Collected data Jan 15

3. Conducting Interviews Jan, 2nd - 3rd week Collected data Jan 22

4. Outputs from Staad.Pro & Jan, 4rth week - Feb, 2nd

Collected data Feb 12
RCDC week

C. Processing of Data

1. Data Interpretation and

Analysis Feb, 2nd - 3rd week Structural Analysis Report Feb 19

2. Civil Engineering Structural Feb 4th week - mar, 3rd Final Structural Design of
Mar 19
Analysis & Design week the Structure

D. Final output preparation

Mar, 4th week - apr 4th

1. Writing Initial defense manuscript Apr 16
week

2. Editing April, 5th - May 2nd week Final Manuscript May 9

Acknowledgment receipt
E. Sending manuscript for
May 2nd - 3rd week from conference May 20
presentation or publication
organizer/Journal Editor
 33

CHAPTER III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, data, and information from related

literature or studies collated to form statements beneficial to this research project.

3.1 Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Wall

One common structure that is built to hold the pressure/s surrounding it is

called a retaining wall. Diwalkar (2020) said that these walls support different

stresses generated by the backfill or the retained material (e.g., lateral earth

pressure from soils). When traveling along mountainous or sloping places,

retaining walls may be seen preventing the soil beside the road from sliding down

and they may look different from one place to another. It is because it has

numerous types such as gravity, cantilevered, counterfort, sheet pile, diaphragm,

gabion, and crib retaining walls. The first three types mentioned use their weight

for stability and may be considered as the most common ones (Diwalkar, 2020).

Retaining walls often come as cantilevered vertical structures under the

semi-gravity type. However, Jiwankar et al. (2021) found that a special

modification of the cantilevered retaining wall (CRW) is more effective in terms of

minimizing the bending moment and, in turn, the bill of materials. They conducted

a comparative study between CRW and retaining wall with relieving platform
 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 34

(RWRP) quite similar to the paper by Dhamdhere et al. (2018) that they cited,

which also concluded with a relatively better RWRP. According to the earlier

study, the introduction of the platform paved the way to a much safer and more

stable retaining wall, especially against sliding and overturning. Dhamdhere et al.

(2018) also noted that RWRP becomes more economical than CRW when the

structure stretches more than 5.50 meters high (Dhamdhere et al., 2018;

Diwalkar, 2020; & Jiwankar et al., 2021).

Jiwankar et al. (2021) expanded Dhamdhere et al. 's (2018) version and

incorporated varying wall heights at 5m, 6m, 7m, and 8m. The more recent study

set the relieving plate’s dimensions to equal length as the heel slab and same

thickness as half of the base slab, and its location at first-quarter of the height

from the top. Jiwankar et al. (2021) determined that the difference in construction

cost between CRW and RWRP becomes significant for wall heights greater than

six meters. In the group’s quest to achieve a more economical design, both

studies gave new options to consider when the design of retaining walls

commences (Dhamdhere et al., 2018; & Jiwankar et al., 2021).

Figure 6. Cantilevered Retaining Wall (left) versus

Retaining Wall with Relieving Platform (right).

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 35

Earlier stated, the lateral earth pressure is the resultant force from the soil

acting horizontally. According to Dr. Hadush Seged (2014) in his lecture notes on

Soil Mechanics, the basic soil characteristics of the backfill such as cohesion,

angle of friction, and unit weight affect the gravity of the said pressure. In this

study, a complete geotechnical report has been professionally provided to aid the

analysis, especially on this aspect. Dr. Seged (2014) defined the active and

passive soil pressures as stresses moving away from and towards, respectively,

the retained material, which is usually referred to as the active zone (Dr. Seged,

2014).

Figure 7. Cantilevered Retaining Wall with Labeled Parts.

The research of Medina et al. (2018) suggested that the lateral earth

pressure coefficients in designing retaining walls be equal to 0.80 for the active

side and 1.20 for the passive one if minimal displacement of the wall is permitted.

When the retaining wall is set undisturbed or at-rest, they concluded that the

pressure coefficient may be taken as 1.00 for normally consolidated soils. These
 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 36

factors are the ratios of the horizontal and vertical principal effective pressures

depending on their condition (whether active, passive, or at-rest). If larger

displacements are to be allowed, they advised that manual application of

Rankine and Coulomb’s theories be used in the calculations. The values above

may be considered for the analysis of the proposed soil-retention measures

(Medina et al., 2018).

3.2 Soil-Retaining Structures

Foundation treatment plays an important role in retaining wall stability and

deformation. Vertical deformation on the retaining wall decreases when there is

an elastic modulus increase to the foundation wall but the horizontal deformation

increases. The reinforcement length impacts the stability of the retaining wall; the

stability increases as the length of reinforcements also increases. As for the

geogrids, the spacing affects the deformation of the wall. The less the geogrid

spacing, the less deformation. Lastly, the soil influence, lime soil standout as the

most suitable filler to lessen the deformation on the retaining wall (Jia, 2018).

Using 3D numerical analysis, the behavior of how the retaining walls fail

on its straight and curved paths. According to their findings, the increase in wall

height raises the tendency of the retaining wall to bulge. Proper reinforcement is

required to avoid bulging of such walls. The ground surface settlement also

increases as the height of the wall increases (Kong, 2018).

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 37

In the time frequency analysis method, it is said that peak ground

acceleration (PGA), duration, and frequency, which are seismic wave factors,

affect the analysis of the internal antiseismic stability of reinforced retaining walls.

Moreover, this method significantly enhances the seismic design and can be of

great use when designing other types of retaining structures. As for the lacing

wire, its required total tensile force is affected by the filling earth internal angle of

friction, intensity of earthquake and the input earthquake wave frequency.

According to their findings, the required lacing wire total tensile force is directly

proportional to the internal friction angle and PGA. Also, non-expendability lacing

wires require larger total tensile force as compared to expendability lacing wires.

Lastly, when the frequency of the input wave is equal to the retaining wall's

natural frequency, the required total tensile force of lacing wires is evenly

distributed, and the force reaches maximum value. Application of these findings

result in reduction of reinforced retaining wall emergency capacity (Changwei,

2015).

3.3 Structural Framing Systems

Lateral Force Resisting Frames are structural systems used to resist

lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes.

The constructability of concrete structures such as frames and its

economy are benefited by high-strength longitudinal reinforcement. Yield

strength, ratio of tensile-to-yield strength, and slenderness of bars between

lateral ties are factors that affect the fracture of the bar and the collapse risk of
 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 38

the structure. As compared to frames with Grade 60, frames with Grade 80 and

100 showed lesser probabilities of bar fracture (Zhong, 2021).

SMRF (Special Moment Resisting Frame):

Bagani (2019) said that Moment Resisting Frames and Shear wall frames

are the principal structural systems used in the reinforced concrete design of a

building. Constructionor (n.d.) states that Moment Resisting Frames are

designed to be rigid where the beams are rigidly attached to the columns. This

causes the structural members to bend, meaning these structural members are

designed to be strong in bending. Multi-storeyed buildings are undesirable for

moment resisting frames to resist lateral forces since the size of frame members

required to ensure adequate rigidity will lead to an increase in storey height, thus

large inter storey displacement for the frames can cause damage to the moment-

resisting frames and the non-structural elements (Bagani, 2019). Moment

Resisting Frames provide flexibility for architectural design but produce greater

deflection and drift and produce stress concentrations at rigid joints ([S3DA],

2021).

Figure 8. Steel Framing System as an Example of an SMRF.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 39

Shear Wall:

A shear wall is a structural member that is parallel to the plane of the wall.

Husaiba (2015) stated that shear walls are to be the most effective in terms of

resisting earthquakes. In addition, shear walls have high in-plane stiffness and

strength, which can withstand horizontal loads and support gravity loads. The

shear wall serves as a triple function: support gravity loads, resist wind and

earthquake loads and act as partitions and enclosures (Husaiba, 2015). Shear

walls are efficient in a high-rise building to withstand large horizontal loads but

prevent architectural design and layout since minimal openings can only be

considered ([S3DA], 2021).

Figure 9. Isometric Diagram of a Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 40

Dual System:

A Dual system is a structural system that consists of both Moment

Resisting Frames and Shear Wall systems. The Dual system is efficient, solid

and reliable, as stated by Baig et al. (2020) in their comparative case study

involving Moment Resisting Frames with Structural Shear Walls (Dual System),

Concentric Braced Frames & Buckle Resisting Braced Frames. Bagani (2019)

supports this, stating that the dual system is the best structural system for

reinforced concrete structures in regions of high seismicity (Zone III to Zone V).

In addition, Bagani (2019) combines the gravity load-carrying capacity of the

Moment resisting frame and the lateral load resistance of a shear wall. In the

dual system, the frame is designed to carry the total lateral force of an

earthquake. The frame alone should resist at least 25% of the total lateral force

even if the shear walls can resist 75% more of the total lateral force (Bagani,

2019).

Figure 10. Dual System Composed of SMRF and Shear Walls.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 41

3.4 Landslide and Slope Stability

The Philippines is not safe from the dangers brought upon by the number

of typhoons hitting the country every now and then. In general knowledge, where

the soil is unstable, landslides are more likely to occur. In a recent news by

Inquirer Northern Luzon (2021), a single 100-kph storm named Maring brought

about at least ten landslide incidents in the city of Baguio alone, one landslide

location trapping a number of four people inside their home.

From a case study of landslide susceptibility of Carabao mountain in

Baguio City by Paringit et al. (2020), it was stated that the city’s topography,

climate, land use, and soil properties make the city per se prone to landslides.

Also, land developments greatly induce additional weights on the underlying soil

in the area of use, and thus decrease the factor of safety of the soil for design.

Based on the 2017 Ecological Profile of Baguio City available from the

Official Website of the City Government of Baguio, only 2.11 percent of the entire

geological area of Baguio has been recorded as “stable areas with no identified

landslide.” The table and figure below show more details regarding the

susceptibility of landslides in the city, accompanied by the corresponding slope

categories from the same ecological profile.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 42

Table 5. Landslide Susceptibility in Baguio City.

Area
Level Percentage Description
(sq.km)

High Landslide 5.96 20.01 Unstable areas, a

Susceptibility and Critical significant portion is
Area affected by mass
movements
High Landslide 17.6 59.08 Unstable areas, highly
Susceptibility susceptible to mass
movements
Moderate Landslide 5.6 18.8 Stable areas with
Susceptibility occasional and
localized mass
movement
Low Landslide 0.63 2.11 Stable areas with no
Susceptibility identified landslide

Total Areas Mapped 29.79 100.00

Figure 11. Baguio City Landslide Susceptibility Map.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 43

Table 6. Slope Categories in Baguio City.

Description Slope Grade Area (Has.) Percent

Level to gently sloping 0 - 8% 722 12.56

Gently sloping to undulating 9 - 18% 109 1.89
Undulating to moderately
19 - 30% 3,771 65.59
steep
Moderately steep to steep 31 - 50% 699 12.16
Very Steep >50% 448 7.8

Total 5,749 100.00

Figure 12. Baguio City Slope Map.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 44

3.5 Seismic Design and Earthquake Resistance

Earthquakes are one of the critical natural disasters that strike frequently

at different parts of the world causing severe destruction to life. For thousands of

years, all kinds of structures become vulnerable to ground motions, especially

those located in the vicinity of the epicenter and those structures that have

irregularities in elevation and plans.

For instance, Baguio City has a history of large earthquakes as it lies

several kilometers away from the ground rupture or earthquake epicenter.

According to Agoot (2018), from the Philippine News Agency, Baguio City has

suffered the biggest devastation and extensive structural failures during the

earthquake of 1990 in Luzon, probably because it had the largest population

density and it consists of many tall concrete buildings, which were more

susceptible to seismic damage. Based on the 2017 Ecological Profile of Baguio

City available from the Official Website of the City Government of Baguio, vertical

displacements from 0 to a maximum of 1.5m was measured along the surveyed

fault rupture in the mountain regions (Baguio City Ecological Profile, 2017).
 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 45

Figure 13. Baguio City Local Fault Line Map.

Hopkins (n.d) stated in his technical monograph that establishments such

as schools, hotels, hospitals, public and residential buildings were the most

severely impacted sector during the 1990 Luzon Earthquake, which caused

infrastructure and housing to collapse or crack. Booth et al. (1991) also

conducted a field report on the 16 July 1990 Earthquake and it was assessed

that at least 20 reinforced concrete buildings built in 4 to 10-storeys located in

steep slopes had collapsed. Moreover, he stated that according to the survey

carried out by the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT), the

buildings that were built under 4-storey were less-affected and carried out a

lower percentage than buildings with four or more stories.

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 46

The construction of multi-storey framed buildings in steep slopes has

gained and increased enormously (Birajdar & Nalawade, 2004). As the

population increases, the demand for construction activities has also accelerated.

Some studies emphasized the importance of proper designing and construction

of multi-storeyed buildings on steeply sloping grounds. They stated that the effect

of sloping ground on the structural behavior of the building must not be

overlooked because sloping buildings are designed differently than those built in

plain grounds.

The study of Raja et al. (2017) stated that buildings constructed in sloping

areas have unusual structural configurations. However, they conducted a study

about a multi-storey reinforced concrete building modelled in STAAD.Pro

software which concluded that buildings on sloped ground are more stable and

would be less likely to be subjected to any additional damage due to lateral load

actions when built with shear wall with proper setbacks. They found out that the

effect of the torsional movement in a sloped building with shear wall was less

severe when subjected to lateral movements. Also, they said that storey

displacements are significantly decreased when shear walls are taken into

account. Similar to that, Pawar (2016) has said that the seismic performance of

buildings on slopes provided by shear walls are firmly established. Both authors

concluded that shear walls within multi-storeyed buildings proved to be

recommended among all configurations for resisting the lateral movements.

In the report of Booth et al. (1991), it was stated that most structures in

Baguio City consist of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and concrete

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 47

shear walls. Several establishments with soft (weak) storeys configuration during

the 1990 Luzon Earthquake are the ones that failed and collapsed. Examples

include FRB Hotel and Nevada Hotel. They stressed out that the failure is due to

weak columns in the lower storeys and it appeared that the building has torsional

irregularity which makes it weak in shear. However, buildings of more than four

storeys made with concrete framing survived the earthquake (Booth et al., 1991).

To ensure structural safety, a proper structural design and analysis must

be taken into consideration under the influence of earthquakes. According to

Garrote & Illumin (2017), from the 1990 Luzon Earthquake, there were recurring

revisions of the NSCP especially on its seismic provisions. Seismic design on

structures should be properly assessed based on the seismic building codes

(Garrote & Illumin, 2017).

Kadid A. and Boumrkik A. (2008) pointed out in their experimental

pushover analysis of framed buildings under future expected earthquakes that

buildings with different storey-heights are adequate in generating a design that

resist strong motions. Results on their study were compared by the axial force,

bending moment, nodal displacement, base shear of the designed frames under

seismic codes (Kadid A. and Boumrkik A., 2008).

On concerns of design approach, seismic building design codes are used

to establish adequate structures that resist seismic forces. As stated by Lu et al.

(2014), minimum base shear in the seismic design is an important requirement in

analyzing the seismic response of structures (Lu, 2014). According to ASCE/SEI

7-05 reference standard, published by the Structural Engineering Institute of the

 Chapter III | Review of Related Literature 48

American Society of Civil Engineers, the location of the seismic base depends on

the parameters that influence the location. For buildings on sloping sites, the

base will be located at a level where the elevation of grade on the side of the

building is lowest (ASCE/SEI 7-05).

Figure 14. Base at Foundation Level where Shear Walls

Extend Over the Full Height and Length of the Building.

In the study of Nagargoje & Sable (2012) about the seismic performance

of multi-storeyed buildings on sloping ground, it was said that the setback

configurations may be preferred on sloping areas having base shear as its

parameter. On the other hand, Patel et al. (2014) concluded that the stability of

building slopes needs column hinges at base level and beam hinges at each

storey level at performance point. Both authors have proved that the base shear

on sloping grounds helps study the performance of a building especially when

subjected to seismic loads (Nagargoje & Sable, 2012; Patel et al., 2014).
 49

OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

A Four-Storey Residential Building with Soil-Retaining Structure will be

constructed on an “undesirable” lot with a steeply ground slope. A comparative

analysis of the different structural framing systems chosen will be based on

engineering design principles such as safety and economy.

The different structural framing systems can also be compared based on

their aesthetic appeal if deemed by the client. Reference codes such as the

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (7th Edition; First and Second

Printing), UBC 1997, and ACI 318-14M will be used to analyse the different

structural framing systems.

The researchers will use engineering software applications such as

STAAD.Pro Connect Edition (Academic License) and STAAD.Pro Advanced

Concrete Design (RCDC) for the analysis and design and AutoCAD for drafting

figures, plans, and similar engineering outputs.

Given the parameters, the comparative study will show which of the

structural framing systems is ideal for this case.

 50

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Geotechnical Investigation Report from BIP Steadfast Ground Inc.

 51

After performing necessary tests, the geotechnical report presented above

states that the allowable soil bearing pressure on the project’s location is 2820

psf or 135 kPa, which could be increased to 3750 psf or 179 kPa depending on

the load considerations on the foundation. Soil conditions that have been

determined in the said investigation are significant in the conduction of the

structural analysis and design, especially of footings.

 52

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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