Year 9 11 C1

Chapter 1: Atomic structure and the periodic table
Elements and compounds: Worksheet 1.1.1
Symbols, elements, compounds and chemical reactions

1. Use your copy of the periodic table to find the chemical symbol for:
a) carbon ________; b) oxygen ________; c) calcium ________; d) copper ________
e) sodium _______ ; f) hydrogen _______; g) potassium ________; h) iron________
2. a) Suggest why the symbol for silicon is Si and not S.
___________________________________________________________________________
b) Most chemical symbols are derived from the English names for the element. Give the names
and symbols of four exceptions.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Read this description of two elements reacting together to make a compound.

A piece of clean, grey, shiny sodium metal was heated on a deflagrating spoon
until it started to burn. It was then put into a gas jar of chlorine gas. Chlorine gas
is green/yellow. The sodium burnt vigorously with a brilliant white light and a
white powder was left on the walls of the gas jar.
a) Name the elements. ________________________________________________________
b) Name the compound made. __________________________________________________
c) Which chemical symbols make up the formula of the compound?______________________
d) What evidence is there that a chemical reaction has taken place?
_________________________________________________________________________
e) How does this description show that new substances are made in chemical reactions?
_________________________________________________________________________
f) What is needed to change the compound back into the elements?
_________________________________________________________________________
AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Elements and compounds: Worksheet 1.1.2

What’s in a compound?
Compounds are named from the elements they are made from. If the compound contains a metal and
a non-metal, the metal element is usually listed first and the non-metal last.
For example, a compound made from magnesium and oxygen is called magnesium oxide. The name
of the metal part does not change, but oxygen is changed to oxide.
The table shows what some names mean in compounds.
Name used in a compound The compound contains …
Oxide oxygen
Sulfide sulfur
Nitride nitrogen
Chloride chlorine
Bromide bromine
Iodide iodine
1. Complete the table below to show which elements the compounds contain.
Name of compound Elements it contains …
Magnesium oxide
Calcium sulfide
Sodium bromide
Potassium iodide
Lithium oxide
Aluminium chloride
Copper nitride
Copper sulfide
2. These are the formulae for some compounds. Name the compounds and the elements they
contain.
a) MgS _____________________________________________________________________
b) FeS _____________________________________________________________________
c) CuO _____________________________________________________________________
d) KI _______________________________________________________________________
e) NaCl _____________________________________________________________________
f) CaO _____________________________________________________________________
g) LiBr _____________________________________________________________________
h) MgO _____________________________________________________________________

Developing the periodic table: Worksheet 1.10.1
79
7 75 24
Selenium
Lithium Arsenic Magnesium
grey solid
reactive grey fairly reactive
fairly reactive
metal metalloid metal
non-metal
16 19
137 39
Oxygen Fluorine
Barium Potassium
colourless gas yellow gas
fairly reactive reactive
fairly reactive reactive
metal metal
non-metal non-metal
80
11 ? 12
Bromine
Boron Not Carbon
brown liquid
black discovered black solid
reactive
metalloid until 1886 non-metal
non-metal
35.5 32
23 ?
Chlorine Sulfur
Sodium Not
green gas yellow solid
reactive discovered
reactive fairly reactive
metal until 1875
non-metal non-metal
14
40 9 28
Nitrogen
Calcium Beryllium Silicon
colourless gas
fairly reactive fairly reactive silver
unreactive
metal metal metalloid
non-metal


127
31 88 27
Iodine
Phophorus Strontium Aluminium
grey solid
fairly reactive fairly reactive silver
reactive
non-metal metal metal
non-metal

Changing scientific ideas

New scientific ideas are more likely to be accepted if they can be used to make predictions that turn
out to be correct.
Thomson’s model of the atom had positive charges spread all through it.
1. Explain why this model was refuted by Geiger and Marsden’s scattering experiment.
___________________________________________________________________________
Mendeleev used the patterns and trends he knew about to predict some of the properties of missing
elements. He called the element immediately below silicon ‘eka-silicon’.
Model Prediction Results
Periodic table Eka-silicon’s properties will fit with the rest Germanium discovered
3
of its group density = 5.32 g/cm
3
e.g. density = 5 g/cm
2. Explain why Mendeleev’s model was supported when germanium was discovered.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how the discovery of electrons and their arrangement in atoms gave further support to
Mendeleev’s ideas.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Mendeleev worked with atomic weights – what we call ‘atomic masses’. Find two elements in the
periodic table with atomic masses that seem to be in the wrong order.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What decides the order of the elements in the modern periodic table?
___________________________________________________________________________

Comparing metals and non-metals: Worksheet 1.11
Metal versus non-metal 1

Use the words YES, NO, HIGH and LOW to complete the table below.
Physical property Metal Non-metal
Lustrous
Hard
Density
Tensile strength
Melting or boiling point
Conductor of heat
Conductor of electricity
Metal versus non-metal 2

Use the words YES and NO to complete the table below.
Chemical property Metal Non-metal
Most react with oxygen
Most react with an acid
Their oxides are acidic
Their oxides are basic

Metals and non-metals: Worksheet 1.12.1

Ions
When sodium atoms and chlorine molecules react their atoms become charged ions:
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium are metals. When their atoms react, they lose their outer
electrons. Each electron lost leaves them with one positive charge.
2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3
1. Write the symbols for sodium, magnesium and aluminium ions. __________________________
Nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine are non-metals. When their atoms react, they gain electrons to fill their
outer shells. Each extra electron gives them one negative charge.
flourine
2,5 2,6 2,7
2. Nitrogen forms N3− ions.

Write the symbols for oxide ions and for fluoride ions. ______________________
3. Now write the symbols for the ions these atoms will form:
a) lithium ________; b) chlorine ________; c) calcium ________
d) sulfur ________; e) bromine ________; f) potassium ________

Metals and non-metals: Worksheet 1.12.2
Dot-and-cross diagrams
When sodium and chlorine react, sodium’s outer electron is transferred to chlorine’s outer shell. Dot-
and-cross diagrams model this process.
Models do not need to be exactly like the real thing to be useful. These dot-and-cross diagrams clarify
what happens by showing only the outer electrons.
Draw simplified dot-and-cross diagrams to show how each of the following ionic compounds form:
1. Potassium fluoride (KF)
2. Magnesium oxide (MgO)
3. Sodium oxide (Na 2 O)
4. Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 )

Key concept: The outer electrons: Worksheet 1.13

Exploring Group 0: Worksheet 1.14
The Group 0 elements

These elements don’t react by making ions and don’t make molecules.
They have stable electronic structures because they have full outer shells.
2 2,8 2,8,8
1. What is the same about the electronic structures of these elements?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What makes helium different from the others?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why none of these gases form ions.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Atoms, formulae and equations: Worksheet 1.2.1
Find the formula

Every compound has a specific formula. Elements in the same group of the periodic table form
compounds with similar formulae.
Element 1 Element 2 Ratio of Typical

group group atoms formulas
1 7 1:1 LiCl
2 6 1:1 MgO
2 7 1:2 MgCl 2
1 6 2:1 K2O
Complete the table.
Element Element Compound Compound

Compound Group Group Ratio
1 2 name formula
a Ca 2 O 6 1:1 calcium oxide
b Ca Cl
c Na F
d Be S
e Be F
f Li F
g Mg S
h K Cl
i Mg F
j Li O
k Na O
l Li S

Line up the symbols ... then balance the equation

Equations can show how compounds form. To write an equation, first find every symbol and formula.
The symbols for elements are in the periodic table. Many gases form molecules so their symbols have
a subscript number.
The symbols and formulae below show what happens when magnesium burns:
The equation above is unbalanced. There are more oxygen atoms before the reaction than after. Two
magnesium atoms need to react with each pair of oxygen atoms to form two ‘lots’ of magnesium
oxide. So the balanced equation looks like this:
The equations below are incomplete. Write the formulae of the compounds formed.
Then add any numbers needed to balance the equations (sometimes none may be needed).
REMEMBER a balanced equation has the same numbers of the same atoms before and after the
reaction.
a) Ca + O 2 → .......................... i) Mg + F 2 → ............................
b) Ca + Cl 2 → ........................... j) Li + O 2 → ..............................
c) Na + F 2 → ............................ k) Na + O 2 → .............................
d) Be + S → ............................. l) Li + S → ................................
e) Be + F 2 → ............................
f) Li + F 2 → ..............................
g) Mg + S → .............................
h) K + Cl 2 → .............................

1. Find the formula

Every compound has a specific formula. Elements in the same group of the periodic table form
compounds with similar formulas.
Groups the Ratio of Typical formula

elements are atoms in
from compound
1 & 7 or 2 & 6 1:1 LiF or MgO
2&7 1:2 MgCl 2
1&6 2:1 K2O
Write a formula for each of the following compounds:

a) calcium oxide _______________ g) magnesium sulfide _______________
b) calcium chloride _______________ h) potassium chloride _______________
c) sodium fluoride _______________ i) magnesium fluoride _______________
d) beryllium sulfide _______________ j) lithium oxide _______________
e) beryllium fluoride _______________ k) sodium oxide _______________
f) lithium fluoride _______________ l) lithium sulfide _______________
2. Line up the symbols … then balance the equation

Equations can show how compounds form. To write an equation, first find every symbol and formula.
The symbols for elements are in the periodic table. Many gases form molecules so their symbols have
a subscript number.
These symbols and formulas show what happens when magnesium burns:
The equation above is unbalanced because there are more oxygen atoms before the reaction than
after. Two magnesium atoms need to react with each pair of oxygen atoms to form two ‘lots’ of
magnesium oxide. So the balanced equation looks like this:
Write balanced equations to show elements reacting to form the compounds listed in part 1.

Mixtures: Worksheet 1.3.1
Successful separations
Match each separation technique to the correct box in each column.
Separation technique Mixtures separated How it works Typical use
1 Filtration A F K
A liquid from the The solution To identify the dyes
solid dissolved in it becomes too used to colour
concentrated for all foods
the solid to remain
dissolved
2 Crystallisation B G L
Miscible liquids that The liquid To obtain pure
dissolve in each evaporates but the crystals of
other solid does not compounds used in
medicine
3 Simple distillation C H M
Soluble substances An insoluble To obtain fresh
substance cannot water from
pass through filter seawater
paper
4 Fractional distillation D I N
Insoluble solids from One is more To separate crude
liquids attracted to a solid, oil into different
such as paper, so fuels, such as
it doesn’t travel as petrol and diesel
far as the other
5 Chromatography E J O
A solid from the Liquids with higher To remove solids
liquid it is dissolved boiling points stay before waste water
in in the flask until is purified
those with lower
boiling points have
evaporated

Mixtures: Worksheet 1.3.2

Which method?
When a solution of sodium chloride reacts with a solution of silver nitrate, a new compound called
silver chloride forms. This is insoluble so it forms a cloudy precipitate in the water.
1. Which separation method would you use to obtain a pure sample of the silver chloride?
Name the equipment you would need and explain how your method works.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Black ink can be made by mixing different combinations of coloured dyes. The dyes in ink can be
compared to identify the pens used to write notes.
a) Which method would you use to separate the dyes in ink?
___________________________________________________________________________
b) Suggest one other use for this technique and explain how it works.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Many chemical reactions take place in solution. The new compounds formed need to be separated
from water.
How could you get crystals from a concentrated solution of copper sulfate? _______________
Explain how this method works.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Alcoholic drinks contain a mixture of ethanol (boiling point, 78 °C) and water (boiling point, 100 °C).
Spirits such as brandy contain a higher percentage of ethanol than wine and a lower percentage of
water.
When wine is turned into brandy a lot of the water is left behind. Name the method used and
explain how it works.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Changing ideas about atoms: Worksheet 1.4.1
Developing the atomic model

Cut out the cards. Find out when each scientist worked and arrange the cards in order.
The thoughts of Democritus Bohr’s calculations
‘I can improve Rutherford’s model. My

‘I think everything is made of tiny spheres calculations show that electrons only exist in
called atoms that can’t be broken down.’ certain energy levels. You can think of these as
‘shells’ around the nucleus.
Rutherford’s analysis Thomson’s discoveries
‘Geiger and Marsden’s results are shocking. The ‘Dalton’s ideas don’t explain my results. I proved
only explanation is that most of an atom is that atoms contain tiny negative electrons. But
empty space. Nearly all its mass is in a tiny atoms are neutral – so perhaps they are balls of
positive nucleus. The negative electrons must positive charge with negative electrons stuck in –
orbit around it.’ like plums in a plum pudding.’
Dalton’s evaluation of his experiments Geiger and Marsden’s scattering experiment
‘Our experiment was a bit stupid really. We made

‘My work with compounds suggests that a piece of gold thinner than tissue paper and fired
Democritus was right about atoms.’ positive alpha particles at it. They should have
gone straight through like bullets – but amazingly
a few bounced back.’

Geiger and Marsden’s scattering experiment

The evidence for Rutherford’s model of the atom came from some unexpected results obtained by
Geiger and Marsden. They fired a beam of alpha particles through thin gold film. They expected the
radiation to go straight through – like bullets through tissue paper – but some particles didn’t.
Rutherford was shocked. This could only happen if nearly all the mass of the gold particles was in a
tiny positive sphere. This could only be true if most of the atom was empty space.
Rutherford called the positive part of the atom the nucleus. He predicted that there must be neutral
neutrons in the nucleus too. This theory became more convincing years later when another scientist,
called Chadwick, found evidence that neutrons did exist.
1. Explain why most of the alpha particles went straight through the gold foil.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What was sending some alpha particles off course or making them bounce off the foil?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why an atom like Thomson’s ‘plum-pudding’ model would not make alpha particles
change direction?
______________________________________________________________________________

Changing ideas
These four scientists helped develop our model of the atom.
1. The diagrams show four models of a hydrogen atom. Write each scientist’s name under the
model they are famous for.
2. Which scientist said: ‘Atoms are balls of positive charge with tiny electrons stuck in them.’
________________________________________________________________________
3. Which scientist thought atoms could never be broken down?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Who said ‘Electrons occupy energy levels at different distances from the nucleus?’
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which scientist’s model was refuted by Geiger and Marsden’s scattering experiment?
________________________________________________________________________
6. Which scientists’ models are supported by Geiger and Marsden’s results?
______________________________________________________________________________

Modelling the atom: Worksheet 1.5
Atoms
We often use spheres or circles as model atoms, but real atoms are mostly empty space. All atoms
have a similar structure.
1. Label the diagram below to show what atoms are like.
2. The diagram is not a very accurate model of a helium atom. List two differences between real
atoms and the atom in the diagram.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Relating charges and masses: Worksheet 1.6

Inside atoms
1. Add ‘protons’, ‘neutrons’ and ‘electrons’
to the correct sections
of the Venn diagram.
2. Explain what makes elements different from each other.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Which components of an atom are involved when elements react to form compounds?
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how to use the periodic table to state the number of electrons in any neutral atom.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Complete the table:

Atomic Protons Electrons Charge
number
Li atom 3 3 3 0
Li ion 3 3 2 +1
Be atom
Be ion 2 +2
Na atom
Na ion 10
Mg atom
Mg ion 10
Al atom
Al ion 10

Sub-atomic particles: Worksheet 1.7.1
Neutrons
• The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in an atom.
• The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
• So the number of neutrons = mass number − atomic number.
Complete the table to show how many neutrons each atom contains.
Mass Atomic
Atom Symbol Neutrons
number number
Hydrogen 1
Helium 4
Lithium 7
Beryllium 9
Boron 11
Carbon 12
Nitrogen 14
Oxygen 16
Fluorine 19
Neon 20
Sodium 23
Magnesium 24
Aluminium 27
Silicon 28
Phosphorus 31
Sulfur 32
Chlorine 35
Argon 40
Potassium 39
Calcium 40

Sub-atomic particles: Worksheet 1.7.2
Neutrons
• The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.

• The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
• So the number of neutrons = mass number − atomic number
The table shows the mass numbers of 20 different atoms.
Mass Mass Mass Mass

Atom Atom Atom Atom
number number number number
hydrogen 1 carbon 12 sodium 23 sulfur 32
helium 4 nitrogen 14 magnesium 24 chlorine 35
lithium 7 oxygen 16 aluminium 27 argon 40
beryllium 9 fluorine 19 silicon 28 potassium 39
boron 11 neon 20 phosphorus 31 calcium 40
1. Which of the atoms listed have more neutrons than protons?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Do any of the atoms listed have fewer neutrons than protons?
___________________________________________________________________________
Isotopes
The symbol for a specific isotope shows its mass number and atomic number:
This can be described simply as ‘aluminium-27’.
1. Write symbols for sulfur-32, chlorine-35, argon-40, potassium-39 and calcium-40.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. List the number of sub-atomic particles in atoms of carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14.
___________________________________________________________________________

Electronic structure: Worksheet 1.8.1
Electron configurations
The shells closest to the centre (lowest electron energy levels) are filled first.
The first shell can hold two electrons.
The next three shells can hold eight electrons.

Electronic structure diagrams
Complete the grid by drawing diagrams to show the electronic structure of atoms with the following
numbers of electrons.
1 electron 2 electrons 3 electrons
4 electrons 5 electrons 6 electrons

Electronic structure by numbers

1. Use number notation to show the electronic structure of these elements:
a) an atom with 12 electrons
b) an atom with 13 electrons
c) an atom with 1 electron
d) an atom with 20 electrons
e) an atom with 7 electrons
f) an element with atomic number 6
g) an element with atomic number 17
h) an atom with 17 protons
i) an atom with 3 protons
j) an element with a mass number of 23 and atomic number 11.
2. A quick check that your answers to question 1 are correct is that;

the sum of all the numbers = the number of electrons in an atom Or the atomic number.
So, for an atom with 14 electrons and an electronic configuration of 2,8,4, 14 = 2 + 8 + 4,

which is correct.
Check your answers to question 1.
3. Use numbers to write the electronic structure of:

The periodic table: Worksheet 1.9.1

Electronic arrangements
The table shows the electron shells used by elements with atomic numbers from 1 to 20. Turn the page
sideways and add each element’s symbol. Fill in each atom’s electrons and write out their electronic structures.


Outer electrons and groups
1. a) Complete the table.
Group number Number of electrons Example of element and its electronic structure
in outer shell
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
b) Write a sentence describing the relationship between the group number and the number of
electrons in the outer shell.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Students have been researching some properties of some elements. The table shows their results
(the states are as at room temperature).
Element Properties
Argon Very unreactive gas.
Lithium Reactive grey metal, stored under oil, reacts with water to give off hydrogen gas.
Fluorine Pale yellow gas, very reactive, reacts with metals to produce fluorides.
Sodium Very reactive grey metal, stored under oil, reacts violently with water to give off
hydrogen gas.
Caesium Extremely reactive grey metal, stored under oil, explodes with water, producing
hydrogen gas
Neon Very unreactive gas
Helium Very unreactive gas.
Potassium Very reactive grey metal, stored under oil, reacts violently with water to give off
hydrogen gas.
Chlorine Yellow gas, very reactive, reacts with metals to produce chlorides.
Bromine Red/brown liquid, extremely reactive, reacts with metals to produce bromides.
Decide which elements are in the same group and whether or not these observations support the
idea that elements with the same number of electrons in their outer shell has similar properties.
Groups: _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Atoms and electrons

Group the cards for each element. Then describe the connections between their positions in the
periodic table and the way their electrons are arranged.
Lithium
a Group 1 2,8,2
metal
Magnesium
2,8,7 a Group 2
metal
Chlorine
2,6 a Group 7
non-metal
Neon
2,8 a Group 8
non-metal
Oxygen
2,1 a Group 6
non-metal

Year 9 11 C1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Year 9 11 C1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1: Atomic structure and the periodic table

Elements and compounds: Worksheet 1.1.1

Symbols, elements, compounds and chemical reactions

a) carbon ________; b) oxygen ________; c) calcium ________; d) copper ________

e) sodium _______ ; f) hydrogen _______; g) potassium ________; h) iron________

2. a) Suggest why the symbol for silicon is Si and not S.

3. Read this description of two elements reacting together to make a compound.

a) Name the elements. ________________________________________________________

b) Name the compound made. __________________________________________________

c) Which chemical symbols make up the formula of the compound?______________________

d) What evidence is there that a chemical reaction has taken place?

f) What is needed to change the compound back into the elements?

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Elements and compounds: Worksheet 1.1.2

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Developing the periodic table: Worksheet 1.10.1

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Developing the periodic table: Worksheet 1.10.1

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Developing the periodic table: Worksheet 1.10.2

Changing scientific ideas

Model Prediction Results

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Comparing metals and non-metals: Worksheet 1.11

Metal versus non-metal 1

Physical property Metal Non-metal

Melting or boiling point

Metal versus non-metal 2

Chemical property Metal Non-metal

Most react with oxygen

Most react with an acid

Their oxides are acidic

Their oxides are basic

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Metals and non-metals: Worksheet 1.12.1

2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3

2,5 2,6 2,7

2. Nitrogen forms N3− ions.

a) lithium ________; b) chlorine ________; c) calcium ________

d) sulfur ________; e) bromine ________; f) potassium ________

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Metals and non-metals: Worksheet 1.12.2

1. Potassium fluoride (KF)

2. Magnesium oxide (MgO)

3. Sodium oxide (Na 2 O)

4. Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 )

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Key concept: The outer electrons: Worksheet 1.13

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Exploring Group 0: Worksheet 1.14

The Group 0 elements

1. What is the same about the electronic structures of these elements?

2. What makes helium different from the others?

3. Explain why none of these gases form ions.

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

Atoms, formulae and equations: Worksheet 1.2.1

Find the formula

Element 1 Element 2 Ratio of Typical

Complete the table.

Element Element Compound Compound

a Ca 2 O 6 1:1 calcium oxide

AQA GCSE: Chemistry: Teacher Pack © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2016

a) carbon ; b) oxygen ; c) calcium ; d) copper

e) sodium ___ ; f) hydrogen _; g) potassium ; h) iron__

a) lithium ; b) chlorine ; c) calcium

d) sulfur ; e) bromine ; f) potassium

b) calcium chloride _ h) potassium chloride _

c) sodium fluoride _ i) magnesium fluoride _

d) beryllium sulfide _ j) lithium oxide _

e) beryllium fluoride _ k) sodium oxide _

f) lithium fluoride _ l) lithium sulfide _